TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[Under the Vienna Convention, a] norm accepted and recognized by the international community as a whole as a norm from which no derogation is permitted, and which can be modified only by a subsequent norm of general international law having the same character.  1, record 1, English, - peremptory%20norm%20of%20general%20international%20law

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 OBS

For example, the prohibition of torture is considered a peremptory norm of [general] international law.  1, record 1, English, - peremptory%20norm%20of%20general%20international%20law

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[Au sens de la Convention de Vienne, norme] acceptée et reconnue par la communauté internationale des États dans son ensemble en tant que norme à laquelle aucune dérogation n'est permise et qui ne peut être modifiée que par une nouvelle norme du droit international général ayant le même caractère.  3, record 1, French, - norme%20imp%C3%A9rative%20du%20droit%20international%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 OBS

La prohibition du génocide est une norme impérative du droit international général.  4, record 1, French, - norme%20imp%C3%A9rative%20du%20droit%20international%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 OBS

[Normas que] se imponen de modo absoluto a la voluntad de los particulares, en el sentido de que éstos no pueden sustituirlas ni alterarlas.  1, record 1, Spanish, - norma%20imperativa

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 2 OBS

norma imperativa: Expresión reproducida del Glosario Provisional de Términos Jurídicos con la autorización de la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas en Ginebra.  2, record 1, Spanish, - norma%20imperativa

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

This duty of honesty "is a general doctrine of contract law that applies to all contracts" and consequently, parties are not free to exclude it... This means simply that parties must not lie or otherwise knowingly mislead each other about matters directly linked to the performance of the contract.... Recognizing a duty of honest performance flowing directly from the common law organizing principle of good faith is a modest, incremental step.  1, record 2, English, - duty%20of%20honest%20performance

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[La partie] s'appuie sur l'obligation d'exécution honnête des contrats énoncée dans l'arrêt Bhasin. Cette obligation, qui s'applique à tous les contrats, «oblige les parties à faire preuve d'honnêteté l'une envers l'autre dans le cadre de l'exécution de leurs obligations contractuelles» [...] Même si cette formulation de l'obligation renvoie explicitement à l’exécution des obligations contractuelles, elle s'applique bien sûr tant à l'exécution des obligations qu'à l'exercice des droits prévus au contrat.  1, record 2, French, - obligation%20d%27ex%C3%A9cution%20honn%C3%AAte

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Publicly available personal information is available to the general public. It can be made public through state or federal records or disclosures that are required by law.  2, record 3, English, - publicly%20available%20personal%20information

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

There are reported Canadian family law cases where the woman has clearly been the aggressor. There is a need to take violence against men by their partners seriously, and to recognize that for some of these men a feeling of humiliation may make disclosure more difficult. However, it is also important to recognize that in general abuse of husbands is a less serious issue than abuse of wives, because of differences in social and economic power as well as strength.  2, record 4, English, - aggressor

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

agresseur; agresseuse : désignations normalisées par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l'accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 4, French, - agresseur

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

As a general rule of Canadian evidence law, the previous out-of-court statements of a witness or victim are not to be the subject of testimony in court. In regard to statements by a child who is not called as a witness, any statements made by the child to others would normally be regarded as hearsay and therefore inadmissible. Although the general rules about the exclusion of previous consistent statements and hearsay are basically sound, they can be problematic when applied to cases involving children who are victims of abuse. Not infrequently in child abuse cases, the initial disclosures of abuse by the child to a parent or another trusted person are graphic and highly revealing. Conversely, if the accused argues that a child has been subject to improper coaching or interviewing to make the allegations, [an] inquiry into the circumstances in which the allegations were first made can be vitally important. As a result of these types of concerns Canadian judges have significantly liberalized the rules about admitting this type of evidence, making changes to the common law that in some other countries have been achieved by legislative reforms.  3, record 5, English, - victim%20of%20abuse

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

victime de maltraitance : désignation normalisée par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l'accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 5, French, - victime%20de%20maltraitance

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

In 2009, the BRLP [Business and Regulatory Law Portfolio] re-established the CLS to assist the Portfolio ADM [assistant deputy minister], who is responsible for the functional coordination of the practice of commercial law across the Department [of Justice]. The CLS is a specialized headquarters unit serving the Department and is the focal point for functional coordination, advice and strategic direction in commercial law. On a limited number of files, the CLS renders its services on a cost recovery basis. For the purposes of the Section, commercial law is broadly defined to include bankruptcy, commercial, communications, competition, contract, corporate, procurement, intellectual property, technology and real property laws, and business law in general.  1, record 6, English, - Commercial%20Law%20Section

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

En 2009, le PDADR [Portefeuille du droit des affaires et du droit réglementaire] a rétabli la SDC pour aider le SMA [sous‑ministre adjoint] du Portefeuille, responsable d'assurer la coordination fonctionnelle de la pratique du droit commercial dans tout le [ministère de la Justice]. La SDC est une unité spécialisée de l'administration centrale qui dessert le Ministère et qui est au centre de la coordination fonctionnelle, de la prestation de conseils et de l'orientation stratégique en matière de droit commercial. Dans un nombre restreint de dossiers, la SDC fournit ses services en mode de recouvrement des coûts. Pour les besoins de la Section, le droit commercial comprend globalement le droit de la faillite, du commerce, des communications, de la concurrence, des obligations contractuelles, des sociétés, de l'approvisionnement, de la propriété intellectuelle et de la technologie, ainsi que le droit immobilier et le droit commercial en général.  1, record 6, French, - Section%20du%20droit%20commercial

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... of precluding the wrongfulness of State conduct not in conformity with one of the rules of the law of war which impose limitations on the belligerents regarding the means and methods of conducting hostilities between them, the general purpose being to attenuate the rigours of war...  3, record 7, English, - law%20of%20war

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Necessity and proportionality have always been core principles of both branches of the jus belli principles that apply to both the authority to employ military force and the regulation of actual employment. However, in the jus ad bellum context, they have never before been viewed as principles to regulate operational and tactical execution. Instead, in that context they frame the legality of national or multinational resort to military force in self-defense. Once the decision is made to employ force pursuant to this authority, the jus in bello variant of these principles (necessity of the mission and proportionality of collateral damage) operate to regulate the application of combat power during mission execution (in other words, they provide the foundation for the regulation of the application of combat power in the context of the self-defense-justified mission).  4, record 7, English, - law%20of%20war

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

DEM systems integrate all digital evidence and information with the main purpose of expediting evidence management in general, and minimizing the amount of time and effort law enforcement must put into the disclosure process.  2, record 8, English, - digital%20evidence%20management%20system

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Un système de gestion des preuves numériques permet aux services de police de conserver toutes les preuves numériques et de les gérer plus efficacement de leur collecte à leur utilisation en cour.  3, record 8, French, - syst%C3%A8me%20de%20gestion%20des%20preuves%20num%C3%A9riques

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The process of inferring a general law or principle from the observation of particular instances.  2, record 9, English, - induction

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Opération mentale consistant à généraliser un raisonnement ou une observation à partir de cas singuliers.  2, record 9, French, - induction

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[Proceso mental de] extraer, a partir de determinadas observaciones o experiencias particulares, el principio general implícito en ellas.  2, record 9, Spanish, - inducci%C3%B3n

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 OBS

inducción: La Fundación del Español Urgente (Fundéu BBVA), con el asesoramiento de la Real Academia Española, indica que la voz "inducción" es un anglicismo desaconsejable con el sentido de "iniciación", "ingreso" o "curso introductorio". […] Sin embargo, los usos propios de "inducción" son mover a alguien a algo o darle motivo para ello, provocar o causar algo o extraer, a partir de determinadas observaciones o experiencias particulares, el principio general implícito en ellas […] Se trata de una traducción inadecuada del inglés "induction", que en esa lengua no solo equivale a lo que en español se entiende por "inducción", sino también a "iniciación", "introducción", "ingreso" o "instalación". A menudo se emplea, incluso, con el sentido más preciso de "curso" o "cursillo introductorio".  3, record 9, Spanish, - inducci%C3%B3n

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... pacific occupation was that which continued after the general close of military operations. In such situations, the occupying state could derogate from the application of the general law of occupation by concluding a special agreement with the occupied state to regulate post-conflict matters. Such occupation was not regarded as belligerent because its objectives were no longer to weaken the military forces of the enemy.  1, record 10, English, - pacific%20occupation

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[...] l'occupation pacifique est celle qui débute à la fin générale des opérations militaires. Dans ce cas de figure, l'État occupant peut déroger à l'application du droit général de l'occupation en concluant avec l'État occupé un accord spécial régissant les questions ayant trait à l'après-conflit. Cette occupation n'est pas considérée comme belligérante, son objectif n'étant pas d'affaiblir les forces militaires de l'ennemi.  2, record 10, French, - occupation%20pacifique

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[According to] Nielsen's law[, ] in general, the speed of network connections for home users like you and me increases approximately 50% per year...  2, record 11, English, - Nielsen%27s%20law

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La «loi de Nielsen» permet aujourd'hui de constater que la vitesse de connexion au réseau pour l'utilisateur final [...] augmente de 50 % par an en moyenne.  2, record 11, French, - loi%20de%20Nielsen

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 12,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

[First published in 1994, the] UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts(UPICC) constitute a non-binding codification... of the general part of international contract law.  2, record 12, English, - UNIDROIT%20Principles%20of%20International%20Commercial%20Contracts

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Publiés pour la première fois en 1994, les Principes d'UNIDROIT relatifs aux contrats du commerce international constituent une codification non contraignante de la partie générale du droit des contrats internationaux.  2, record 12, French, - Principes%20d%27UNIDROIT%20relatifs%20aux%20contrats%20du%20commerce%20international

Record 12,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 13,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 CONT

"Doctrine" means "the teaching of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations. "It is considered a subsidiary means for the determination of the law, i. e. resorted to only in the absence of treaty, custom or general principles of law.  5, record 13, English, - doctrine

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 OBS

legal writings: Expression reproduced from the Glosario Provisional de Términos Jurídicos with the permission of the United Nations Office at Geneva.  6, record 13, English, - doctrine

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Conception et interprétation du droit présentées par les auteurs dans leurs ouvrages de science juridique.  2, record 13, French, - doctrine

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La Cour, dont la mission est de régler conformément au droit international les différends qui lui sont soumis, applique [...] les décisions judiciaires et la doctrine des publicistes les plus qualifiés des différentes nations, comme moyen auxiliaire de détermination des règles du droit.  3, record 13, French, - doctrine

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Se distingue et parfois s'oppose à la jurisprudence, c'est-à-dire à la conception et à l'interprétation du droit qui se dégage des décisions arbitrales ou judiciaires.  2, record 13, French, - doctrine

Record 13,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 DEF

doctrina científica: Es la doctrina de los autores que no constituye parte del ordenamiento jurídico pero tiene influencia en la vida jurídica.  1, record 13, Spanish, - doctrina%20cient%C3%ADfica

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 OBS

doctrina científica: Expresión y definición reproducidas del Glosario Provisional de Términos Jurídicos con la autorización de la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas en Ginebra.  2, record 13, Spanish, - doctrina%20cient%C3%ADfica

Record 14,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[The] land, buildings, and anything attached to the land.  4, record 14, English, - real%20property

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In early law, property was deemed "real" if the courts would restore to a dispossessed owner the thing itself[, ] and not merely give compensation for the loss... Consequently, a distinction was made between real property(or "realty"), which could be specifically recovered, and personal property(or "personalty"), which was not thus recoverable. In general, all interests in land are real property, with the exception of leaseholds[, ] which are classified as personalty.  5, record 14, English, - real%20property

Record 14,  Textual support,  French

Record 14,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[...] terreno o cualquier propiedad o mejora localizada en este, como pueden ser casas, jardines, pozos [u otros.]  1, record 14, Spanish, - bienes%20ra%C3%ADces

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 OBS

bienes raíces; bienes inmuebles; bienes inmobiliarios: La Fundación del Español Urgente (Fundéu BBVA), con el asesoramiento de la Real Academia Española, indica que la expresión "real estate", que puede aludir a un terreno o propiedad física o también al sector inmobiliario, puede traducirse al español como "bienes raíces". [...] Otras opciones también válidas podrían ser "capital inmobiliario" o "bienes inmobiliarios".  1, record 14, Spanish, - bienes%20ra%C3%ADces

Record 15,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 CONT

… in the course of dispute settlement by means of international arbitration, arbitral tribunals are in general more readily disposed and able to apply non-State rules of law. This is due in part to the peculiarity of arbitration as a private dispute settlement process ordinarily outside the regular domestic judicial system.  2, record 15, English, - private%20dispute%20settlement%20process

Record 15,  Textual support,  French

Record 15,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 16,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 CONT

"Good faith, "as a technical legal term, has been recognized in many legal systems around the world as a general principle of contract law.  1, record 16, English, - technical%20legal%20term

Record 16,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le mot charte-partie est un terme juridique technique à appartenance exclusive. Il ne s'emploie guère aujourd'hui qu'en droit maritime.  1, record 16, French, - terme%20juridique%20technique

Record 16,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 17,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... the equality of all persons regardless of sex, race, religion, or ethnic background has become a "general principle of law. "  3, record 17, English, - general%20principle%20of%20law

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 OBS

general legal principle: terminology related to the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) negotiating process.  4, record 17, English, - general%20principle%20of%20law

Record 17,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... l'égalité de toutes les personnes sans égard au sexe, à la race, à la religion ou à l'horizon ethnique constitue maintenant un «principe général de droit».  2, record 17, French, - principe%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral%20de%20droit

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 OBS

principe général de droit : terminologie du processus d'établissement de la Zone de libre-échange des Amériques (ZLEA).  3, record 17, French, - principe%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral%20de%20droit

Record 17,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 DEF

principios generales del derecho: Principios de derecho natural consistentes en un conjunto de verdades jurídicas establecidas universalmente por la recta razón (doctrina iusnaturalista).  2, record 17, Spanish, - principio%20general%20del%20derecho

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 OBS

principio general del derecho: designación utilizada generalmente en plural.  3, record 17, Spanish, - principio%20general%20del%20derecho

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 2 OBS

principio general del derecho: terminología relacionada con el proceso de establecimiento del Área de Libre Comercio de las Américas (ALCA).  4, record 17, Spanish, - principio%20general%20del%20derecho

Record 18,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A crime or series of crimes, such as genocide, directed against a large group because of race, religion, country of origin, or other reason unconnected with any individual’s responsibility for having committed a criminal act.  2, record 18, English, - crime%20against%20humanity

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Crime against humanity means murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation, imprisonment, torture, sexual violence, persecution or any other inhumane act or omission that is committed against any civilian population or any identifiable group and that, at the time and in the place of its commission, constitutes a crime against humanity according to customary international law or conventional international law or by virtue of its being criminal according to the general principles of law recognized by the community of nations, whether or not it constitutes a contravention of the law in force at the time and in the place of its commission.  3, record 18, English, - crime%20against%20humanity

Record 18,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Meurtre, extermination, réduction en esclavage, déportation, emprisonnement, torture, violence sexuelle, persécution ou autre fait — acte ou omission — inhumain, d'une part, commis contre une population civile ou un groupe identifiable de personnes et, d'autre part, qui constitue, au moment et au lieu de la perpétration, un crime contre l'humanité selon le droit international coutumier ou le droit international conventionnel, ou en raison de son caractère criminel d'après les principes généraux de droit reconnus par l'ensemble des nations, qu'il constitue ou non une transgression du droit en vigueur à ce moment et dans ce lieu.  2, record 18, French, - crime%20contre%20l%27humanit%C3%A9

Record 18,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Crimen de especial gravedad, como el asesinato, el exterminio, la esclavitud, la deportación o el traslado forzoso de población, la privación grave de la libertad o la tortura, que se comete como parte de un ataque generalizado o sistemático contra una población civil y con conocimiento de dicho ataque.  3, record 18, Spanish, - crimen%20de%20lesa%20humanidad

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 OBS

crimen de lesa humanidad; delito de lesa humanidad: La Fundación del Español Urgente (Fundéu BBVA), con el asesoramiento de la Real Academia Española, recomienda utilizar la expresión "crimen de lesa humanidad" y no "delito de lesa humanidad".  2, record 18, Spanish, - crimen%20de%20lesa%20humanidad

Record 19,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In International Law, equity may be considered a secondary source, and by Article 38(2) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, referring to Article 38(1), «This provision shall not prejudice the power of the court to decide a case ex aequo et bono, if the parties agree thereto». Though the Court has thus not been expressly authorized to apply equity as distinguished from law, Article 38(1) c) expressly directs the application of «general principles of law recognized by civilized nations»... and in several States, as noted above, principles of equity have an established place in their municipal legal systems. No doubt the international judge can decide according to principles of equity in absence of rules of positive law, but it is doubtful whether he can decide «contra legem», i. e. contrary to such rules when they exist.  1, record 19, English, - equity

Record 19,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 CONT

En Droit International, l'équité peut être considérée comme une source secondaire et, selon l'Article 38(2) du Statut de la Cour Internationale de Justice qui renvoie à l'Article 38(1), «la présente disposition ne porte pas atteinte à la faculté pour la Cour, si les parties sont d'accord, de statuer ex æquo et bono». Bien que la cour ne soit pas ainsi expressément autorisée à appliquer le principe d'équité, tel qu'il est conçu distinct du droit, l'Article 38(1) c) met la Cour dans l'obligation d'appliquer «les principes généraux de droit reconnus par les nations civilisées» [...] et dans plusieurs États, comme mentionné plus haut, les principes d'équité ont une place bien établie dans les systèmes de droit national. Il ne fait aucun doute que le juge international peut trancher suivant le principe de l'équité en l'absence de règles de droit positif, mais il est moins sûr qu'il puisse décider «contra legem», i.e. contrairement aux règles de droit quand elles existent.  1, record 19, French, - %C3%A9quit%C3%A9

Record 19,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 20,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The proportion payable by one of the parties involved in a general average act to make good the loss suffered in that act.  2, record 20, English, - general%20average%20contribution

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Subject to the conditions imposed by maritime law, a person who incurs a general average loss is entitled to receive from the other interested persons a rateable contribution, known as a general average contribution, in respect of the loss.  3, record 20, English, - general%20average%20contribution

Record 20,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Sous réserve des conditions imposées par le droit maritime, l'avarie commune donne le droit à la personne qui la subit de recevoir des autres intéressés, à l'égard de la perte, une contribution proportionnelle appelée contribution d'avarie commune.  2, record 20, French, - contribution%20d%27avarie%20commune

Record 20,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Participación económica que, en caso de avería común, corresponde a los interesados en el buque y/o en su cargamento.  1, record 20, Spanish, - contribuci%C3%B3n%20a%20la%20aver%C3%ADa%20com%C3%BAn

Record 21,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A law student undergoing training.  3, record 21, English, - articling%20law%20student

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[An] articling student is not a barrister or solicitor and is not a member of [a law society] until they have been admitted following the completion of articles.  4, record 21, English, - articling%20law%20student

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The concept designated by the French term "stagiaire en droit" is more general than that designated by the English term "articling law student. "  3, record 21, English, - articling%20law%20student

Record 21,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 OBS

En français, on ne fait pas de distinction entre un étudiant en droit lié par une convention de stage («articled law student»), un étudiant en droit en train de faire son stage («articling law student») et le titre que porte cet étudiant pendant un tel stage («student-at-law»).  2, record 21, French, - stagiaire%20en%20droit

Record 21,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 22,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A law student bound under articles of apprenticeship.  3, record 22, English, - articled%20law%20student

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The concept designated by the French term "stagiaire en droit" is more general than that designated by the English term "articled law student. "  3, record 22, English, - articled%20law%20student

Record 22,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 OBS

En français, on ne fait pas de distinction entre un étudiant en droit lié par une convention de stage («articled law student»), un étudiant en droit en train de faire son stage («articling law student») et le titre que porte cet étudiant pendant un tel stage («student-at-law»).  2, record 22, French, - stagiaire%20en%20droit

Record 22,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 23,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The vision of the Receivables Management Association of Canada (RMA) is to become the first National association of its kind; extending into every province and territory to set the professional standards of [the] industry. RMA Canada works with its members to promote the activities of all those connected to the industry by bringing their concerns to the attention of the authoritative bodies that control day-to-day activities.  2, record 23, English, - Receivables%20Management%20Association%20of%20Canada%20Inc%2E

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 2 OBS

RMA's mission as a National organization is to ensure that it reaches out to all those who have an interest in the Accounts Receivable Management industry representing credit grantors in the financial, telecommunication, retail, utility sector, government bodies, law firms, debt buyers and sellers, collection agencies and other regional ARM associations. [Its] aim is also to expand the Professional Development of [its] members through educational forums, round table discussions, and [its] annual General Meeting. [This association is] further committed to acting as a comprehensive, knowledge-based resource by sharing best practices, offering professional advice, and increasing member awareness on industry trends and issues through active communications. Additionally, RMA's intention is to give its members an opportunity to network with other professionals and to speak with industry experts on relevant topics.  2, record 23, English, - Receivables%20Management%20Association%20of%20Canada%20Inc%2E

Record 23,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 1 OBS

En tant que porte parole de l'industrie et gardien de ses normes et pratiques professionnelles au Canada, l'ACGC est une initiative unique et entièrement originale. L'association s'engage à protéger et défendre les droits de ses membres et de faire appel à sa collectivité pour appuyer des positions qui favorisent son développement, sa rentabilité et avancent le bien être et l'accroissement de toutes ses disciplines.  2, record 23, French, - Association%20canadienne%20de%20la%20gestion%20de%20cr%C3%A9ances%20Inc%2E

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 2 OBS

L'ACGC a pour mission de regrouper, d'informer et d'engager tous ceux qui travaillent dans le domaine de la gestion de créances de toutes les industries et secteurs: télécommunications, finance, vente au détail, services publics, secteurs gouvernementaux, cabinets d'avocats, courtiers, agences de recouvrement et toutes leurs associations professionnelles. L'ACGC a comme objectif de promouvoir le développement professionnel de ses membres par l'entremise de programmes d'éducation, de tables rondes et d'activités diverses durant sa conférence annuelle. Des ressources d'éducation et de développement propres au meilleures pratiques et procédures, gestion ainsi qu'un code d'éthique seront disponible pour le bénéfice des membres. L'association [vise] aussi à sensibiliser ses membres aux réalités et courants économiques actuels.  2, record 23, French, - Association%20canadienne%20de%20la%20gestion%20de%20cr%C3%A9ances%20Inc%2E

Record 23,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 24,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The International Association of Refugee Law Judges seeks to foster recognition that protection from persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion is an individual right established under international law, and that the determination of refugee status and its cessation should be subject to the rule of law. The Association's membership consists of specialists in refugee law issues, members of specialized tribunals such as Canada's Immigration and Refugee Board(IRB) ;members of courts of first instance having general jurisdiction, similar to Canada's Federal Court; and members of appellate courts having powers of review over administrative determinations.  2, record 24, English, - International%20Association%20of%20Refugee%20Law%20Judges

Record 24,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L'Association internationale des juges aux affaires des réfugiés veut faire davantage reconnaître que la protection contre la persécution en raison de la race, de la religion, de la nationalité, de l'appartenance à un groupe social ou des opinions politiques est un droit individuel reconnu par le droit international et que l'attribution, ou la perte, du statut de réfugié doivent être décidées en conformité avec le principe de la légalité. L'Association regroupe des spécialistes des questions touchant le droit des réfugiés, des membres de tribunaux spécialisés (du genre de la Commission de l'immigration et du statut de réfugié au Canada (CISR)), des membres de tribunaux de première instance ayant une compétence générale (comme la Cour fédérale du Canada) et des membres de cours d'appel habilitées à réexaminer des décisions administratives.  3, record 24, French, - Association%20internationale%20des%20juges%20aux%20affaires%20des%20r%C3%A9fugi%C3%A9s

Record 24,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 25,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A work for hire is an exception to the general rule that the person who creates a work is the legally recognized author of that work. Under U. S. copyright law and in some other jurisdictions, if a work is "made for hire, "the employer, not the employee, is considered the legal author.  3, record 25, English, - work%20for%20hire

Record 25,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Une œuvre à louer constitue une exception à la règle voulant que la personne qui crée une œuvre est juridiquement considérée comme son auteur. Selon la loi américaine du droit d’auteur et dans certaines autres juridictions, lorsqu’une œuvre est faite sur commande et payée (œuvre à louer), c’est l’employeur et non l’employé qui est considéré comme son auteur.  4, record 25, French, - %26oelig%3Buvre%20%C3%A0%20louer

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 OBS

En matière de droit d'auteur, on préfère la notion «œuvre sur commande» au lieu de «travail à la commande» pour traduire «work for hire».  5, record 25, French, - %26oelig%3Buvre%20%C3%A0%20louer

Record 25,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 26,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The concept designated by the English terms "old law, ""earlier law" and "former law" is more general than that designated by the French term "droit ancien. "In English, no distinction is made between a law no longer in effect that is only of historical interest("droit ancien") and the law that precedes the amendment of rules in effect and the state of the law("droit antérieur").  4, record 26, English, - old%20law

Record 26,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[Droit] maintenant révolu, aboli, disparu, périmé, caduc, dépourvu d’effet et de réalité actuelle, ne présentant plus qu’un intérêt historique.  2, record 26, French, - droit%20ancien

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 OBS

En français, on utilise le terme «droit ancien» pour désigner le droit qui n'est plus en vigueur et qui ne présente plus qu’un intérêt historique et le terme «droit antérieur» pour désigner le droit qui précède la modification de règles en vigueur, de l’état du droit, suivant l’adoption de nouvelles règles ou l’abrogation de règles de droit. Dans les deux cas, les équivalents anglais sont «old law», «former law» et «earlier law».  3, record 26, French, - droit%20ancien

Record 26,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 27,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The concept designated by the English terms "old law, ""earlier law" and "former law" is more general than that designated by the French term "droit antérieur. "In English, no distinction is made between the law that precedes the amendment of rules in effect and the state of the law("droit antérieur") and a law no longer in effect that is only of historical interest("droit ancien").  4, record 27, English, - old%20law

Record 27,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[Droit qui précède] la modification de règles en vigueur, de l’état du droit [...]  2, record 27, French, - droit%20ant%C3%A9rieur

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 OBS

En français, on utilise le terme «droit antérieur» pour désigner le droit qui précède la modification de règles en vigueur, de l’état du droit, suivant l’adoption de nouvelles règles ou l’abrogation de règles de droit et le terme «droit ancien» pour désigner le droit qui n'est plus en vigueur et qui ne présente plus qu’un intérêt historique. Dans les deux cas, les équivalents anglais sont «old law», «former law» et «earlier law».  3, record 27, French, - droit%20ant%C3%A9rieur

Record 27,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 28,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 28, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... the clearest instance of concurrent torts is one where the injury in question would not have occurred but for both torts: where, if only one had been committed, the injury would not have occurred at all.  2, record 28, English, - concurrent%20torts

Record number: 28, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The study mainly concerns the position of the rules of concurrent torts in tort law, but it also deals with their position in the law of obligation in general and their relationship to the criminal law rules governing complicity.  3, record 28, English, - concurrent%20torts

Record 28,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 28, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Délits civils qui concourent au même préjudice.  1, record 28, French, - d%C3%A9lits%20civils%20concurrents

Record number: 28, Textual support number: 1 OBS

délits civils concurrents; délits concurrents : termes habituellement utilisés au pluriel dans ce contexte.  2, record 28, French, - d%C3%A9lits%20civils%20concurrents

Record 28,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 29,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 29, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The liability of occupiers hinges on the inveterate distinction... between activities creating risks of harm and the failure to take affirmative action to prevent harm.... the common law... was generally cool to the plea that anyone should be obliged to exert himself on behalf of another, at least in the absence of some corresponding benefit. This factor goes far to explain the erstwhile reluctance to expose occupiers to the discipline of a general duty of care....(However) the mere fact that the defendant happens to be an occupier does not mean his duties are necessarily and exclusively defined by his "occupancy" duties : they may well be augmented by a general duty of care as the result of some additional factor colouring his relationship to the plaintiff...  1, record 29, English, - general%20duty%20of%20care

Record 29,  Textual support,  French

Record 29,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 30,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 30, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The Solicitor General was the Cabinet minister with primary responsibility in the fields of corrections and law enforcement. He/she was also responsible for the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, the Correctional Service of Canada, the Canadian Security Intelligence Service, and the National Parole Board.  2, record 30, English, - Solicitor%20General%20of%20Canada

Record number: 30, Textual support number: 2 OBS

The office of Solicitor General of Canada was created in 1892. The incumbent was then designated an officer to assist the Minister of Justice. When the office was abolished in 1935, its former responsibilities were taken over by the Attorney General of Canada. The office was reestablished in 1945 and became a cabinet post. Sixty years later, the office of Solicitor General was abolished, when the office of Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness was created on April 4, 2005.  3, record 30, English, - Solicitor%20General%20of%20Canada

Record 30,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 30, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Le solliciteur général [était] le ministre du cabinet principalement chargé des questions correctionnelles et d'application de la loi. Il [était] également responsable de la Gendarmerie royale du Canada, du Service correctionnel du Canada, du Service canadien du renseignement de sécurité et de la Commission nationale des libérations conditionnelles.  3, record 30, French, - solliciteur%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral%20du%20Canada

Record number: 30, Textual support number: 2 OBS

La fonction de solliciteur général du Canada fut créé en 1892, le titulaire était alors un agent chargé d'aider le ministre de la Justice. Lorsque la fonction fut abolie en 1935, c'est le procureur général du Canada qui assuma ses responsabilités. La fonction fut rétablie en 1945, et le solliciteur général devient membre du cabinet. Soixante ans plus tard, la fonction de solliciteur général fut abolie alors que celle de ministre de la Sécurité publique et de la Protection civile fut créée le 4 avril 2005.  4, record 30, French, - solliciteur%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral%20du%20Canada

Record 30,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 30, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Solicitador General de Canadá; Solicitadora General de Canadá: cargo anulado en 2005.  2, record 30, Spanish, - Solicitador%20General%20de%20Canad%C3%A1

Record 31,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A general truth or law, either assumed or proved.  2, record 31, English, - principle

Record 31,  Textual support,  French

Record 31,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 32,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 32, Textual support number: 1 CONT

"Where a public employee is employed under a contract of employment, regardless of his or her status as a public office holder, the applicable law governing his or her dismissal is the law of contract, not general principles arising out of public law. "  2, record 32, English, - contract%20of%20employment

Record 32,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 32, Textual support number: 1 CONT

"Dans le cadre d'un contrat d'emploi à durée indéterminée, une partie peut procéder à la résiliation unilatérale du contrat. Cette résiliation est qualifiée de congédiement, si elle origine de l'employeur, ou de démission, si elle origine de l'employé."  2, record 32, French, - contrat%20d%27emploi

Record number: 32, Textual support number: 1 OBS

contrat d'emploi : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l'accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  3, record 32, French, - contrat%20d%27emploi

Record 32,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 33,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 33, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Under the general law of contract, said Lord Wilberforce, acceptance of a repudiatory breach does not bring about rescission ab initio’. It follows, therefore, that if an innocent party, the victim of a breach of contract that is sufficiently important, chooses to treat the contract as discharged, for example, where goods sold to a buyer are defective and the buyer rejects them, his conduct is not to be looked upon as involving rescission of the contract.  2, record 33, English, - rescission%20ab%20initio

Record 33,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 33, Textual support number: 1 OBS

anéantissement rétroactif : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l'accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 33, French, - an%C3%A9antissement%20r%C3%A9troactif

Record 33,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 34,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 34, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The classical pronouncement of a general formula for "duty" is Lord Atkin's... "neighbour test" in Donoghue v. Stevenson :... You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour. Who then, in law, is my neighbour? The answer seems to be-persons who are so closely and directly affected by my act that I ought reasonably to have them in contemplation as being so affected when I am directing my mind to the acts or omissions which are called in question.  2, record 34, English, - neighbour

Record number: 34, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Technical sense.  3, record 34, English, - neighbour

Record 34,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 34, Textual support number: 1 OBS

prochain : : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l'accès à justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 34, French, - prochain

Record 34,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 35,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 35, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The classical pronouncement of a general formula for "duty" is Lord Atkin's... "neighbour test" in Donoghue v. Stevenson :... You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour. Who then, in law, is my neighbour? The answer seems to be-persons who are so closely and directly affected by my act that I ought reasonably to have them in contemplation as being so affected when I am directing my mind to the acts or omissions which are called in question.  2, record 35, English, - neighbour%20test

Record 35,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 35, Textual support number: 1 OBS

critère du prochain : : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l'accès à justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO). 2  2, record 35, French, - crit%C3%A8re%20du%20prochain

Record 35,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 36,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 36, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Some uncertainty remains regarding the position of commercial credit agencies and trade protection societies which supply information concerning the financial credit of others at the request of trade subscribers.(It has been held that) a defendant's contractual duty to supply the information desired by customers could not by itself create a social duty recognized by law for the welfare of the general public.  3, record 36, English, - contractual%20duty

Record 36,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 36, Textual support number: 1 OBS

obligation contractuelle : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l'accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 36, French, - obligation%20contractuelle

Record 36,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 37,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 37, Textual support number: 1 OBS

... the word "anticipatory" describes the fact that the promisee’s damages are assessed by reference to those obligations which would have fallen due for performance at some time in the future.  2, record 37, English, - anticipatory%20secondary%20obligation

Record number: 37, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Where such an election is made(a) there is substituted by implication of law for the primary obligations of the party in default which remain unperformed a secondary obligation to pay monetary compensation to the other party for the loss sustained by him in consequence of their non-performance in the future and(b) the unperformed primary obligations of that other party are discharged. This secondary obligation is additional to the general secondary obligation; I will call it "the anticipatory secondary obligation".  3, record 37, English, - anticipatory%20secondary%20obligation

Record 37,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 37, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Anticipative est une dérivation nominale d'«anticipée», qui rend le sens de quelque chose qui sera effectuée dans un temps futur.  2, record 37, French, - obligation%20secondaire%20anticipative

Record number: 37, Textual support number: 2 OBS

obligation secondaire anticipative : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l'accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 37, French, - obligation%20secondaire%20anticipative

Record 37,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 38,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 38, Textual support number: 1 CONT

This state of the law sometimes causes dissatisfaction, particularly when it is alleged that "excessive" profits have been made out of government contracts; or, when, in times of scarcity, it is said that "excessive" prices are charged for goods or services or accommodation. But the courts are not well equipped to deal with the social and economic questions involved in determining whether a bargain is fair; and it seems that their refusal in general to judge the adequacy of consideration is correct.  2, record 38, English, - adequacy%20of%20consideration

Record 38,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 38, Textual support number: 1 OBS

adéquation de la contrepartie : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l'accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 38, French, - ad%C3%A9quation%20de%20la%20contrepartie

Record 38,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 39,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 39, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Damage in law, or general damage, is where no actual damage has been caused, but where the person whose right has been infringed brings an action to vindicate that right.  3, record 39, English, - general%20damage

Record 39,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 39, Textual support number: 1 OBS

dommage de droit, préjudice de droit: termes normalisés par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l'accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 39, French, - dommage%20de%20droit

Record 39,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 40,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 40, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The act itself that causes injury to the plaintiff’s person, property or rights which involves immediate force or violence.  2, record 40, English, - trespass

Record number: 40, Textual support number: 1 OBS

General sense. "All forcible, direct and immediate injury to the plaintiff's person, land or goods. "Dukelow and Nuse, Dictionary of Canadian Law, 2nd edition, pp. 1284-1285.  3, record 40, English, - trespass

Record 40,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 40, Textual support number: 1 OBS

En droit anglais moderne on peut employer «atteinte» tout court, en raison de l'évolution jurisprudentielle en Angleterre, ou lorsque le contexte est clair.  2, record 40, French, - atteinte%20directe

Record number: 40, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Pour la forme verbale, on peut dire «commettre une atteinte directe».  2, record 40, French, - atteinte%20directe

Record number: 40, Textual support number: 3 OBS

atteinte directe : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l'accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  3, record 40, French, - atteinte%20directe

Record 40,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 41,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 41, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A branch of the law of obligations, where the legal obligations to refrain from harm to another, and, if, harm is done, to repair it or compensate for it are imposed not by agreement, but independently of agreement by force of the general law.  3, record 41, English, - law%20of%20tort

Record 41,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 41, Textual support number: 1 CONT

En droit de la responsabilité délictuelle, une règle fondamentale veut que le demandeur prouve deux choses. D'abord, il doit prouver que le défendeur a manqué à une obligation envers lui. Ensuite, le demandeur doit prouver que le manquement a causé la perte dont il veut être indemnisé.  3, record 41, French, - droit%20de%20la%20responsabilit%C3%A9%20d%C3%A9lictuelle

Record number: 41, Textual support number: 1 OBS

droit de la responsabilité délictuelle; droit de la responsabilité civile délictuelle : termes normalisés par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l'accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  4, record 41, French, - droit%20de%20la%20responsabilit%C3%A9%20d%C3%A9lictuelle

Record 41,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 42,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 42, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The idea that contractual obligations are based on agreement must... be qualified in relation to the scope of the principle of freedom of contract. In the nineteenth century, judges took the view that persons of full capacity should in general be allowed to make what contracts they like, the law only interfered on fairly specific grounds such as misrepresentation, indue influence or illegality.  3, record 42, English, - freedom%20of%20contract

Record 42,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 42, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Principe consacrant le droit de toute personne de s'engager librement dans un contrat.  2, record 42, French, - libert%C3%A9%20contractuelle

Record 42,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 42, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Principio económico del liberalismo que defiende la posibilidad de concluir toda clase de acuerdos o convenios privados, para la realización de cualquier tipo de obra, proyecto, compraventa, etc.  2, record 42, Spanish, - libertad%20de%20contrataci%C3%B3n

Record 43,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 43, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Under the PPSA, the general rule is that the first creditor to register or take possession has priority. This rule is different from the rule that applies under the existing law. Currently, if a company created two charges in favour of two separate creditors, it is the creditor whose charge was created first that takes priority(so long as that creditor has registered within the 30-day period required by the Companies Act). The general rule under the PPSA is that first to register or take possession takes priority no matter which charge is signed first. One consequence is that creditors, such as banks, are likely to require registration of a financing statement as a condition precedent to advancing funds to a debtor.  2, record 43, English, - first%20creditor

Record 43,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 43, Textual support number: 1 OBS

créancier de premier rang; créancière de premier rang : termes normalisés par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l’accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 43, French, - cr%C3%A9ancier%20de%20premier%20rang

Record 43,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 44,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 44, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The recourse to general principles of justice(the naturalis equitas of Roman jurists) to correct or supplement the provisions of the law.(Oxford)  2, record 44, English, - equity

Record number: 44, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The term is used as contrasted with strict rules of law, aequitas as against strictum jus or rigor juris; in this sense equity is the application to particular circumstances of the standard of what seems naturally just and right, as contrasted with the application to those circumstances of a rule of law, which may not provide for such circumstances or provide what seems unreasonable or unfair. (Walker, p. 424)  2, record 44, English, - equity

Record 44,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 44, Textual support number: 1 OBS

équité : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation dans le cadre du Programme national de l'administration de la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 44, French, - %C3%A9quit%C3%A9

Record 44,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 45,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 45, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The rules of the common law, including the law merchant, save in so far as they are inconsistent with the express provisions of this Act, and in particular the rules relating to the law of principal and agent and the effect of fraud, misrepresentation, duress or coercion, mistake, or other invalidating cause, continue to apply to contracts for the sale of goods.  3, record 45, English, - law%20merchant

Record number: 45, Textual support number: 1 OBS

... that part of the law of England which governs mercantile transactions. It is founded upon the general custom of merchants of all nations, which, though different from the general rules of the common law, has been gradually engrafted into it and made to form part of it.  2, record 45, English, - law%20merchant

Record 45,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 45, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Branche du droit qui a pour objet, au Moyen Âge, l'activité de la catégorie sociale des marchands.  3, record 45, French, - loi%20marchande

Record 45,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 46,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 46, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Other titles for treaty instruments, sometimes used, are : accord... ;act(French equivalent : acte) for a treaty laying down general rules of international law...  1, record 46, English, - act

Record 46,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 46, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Titre donné, souvent avec un complément qui le précise, soit officiellement, soit par la doctrine, à certains accords internationaux [...]  1, record 46, French, - acte

Record 46,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 46, Textual support number: 1 OBS

acta: sustantivo femenino que comienza por /a/ tónica. Obligatoriamente el artículo femenino "la" toma la forma "el" cuando se antepone inmediatamente a "acta". Si entre ambos se interpone otro elemento, se conserva el artículo "la": "la última acta". Los adjetivos referidos a este sustantivo exigen la concordancia en femenino: "el acta constitutiva".  2, record 46, Spanish, - acta

Record 47,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 47, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The definition of "bastardy" at common law was complex. It distinguished between "general bastardy, "where the parents did not marry after the child's birth, and "special bastardy" where they did later marry.  2, record 47, English, - general%20bastardy

Record 47,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 47, Textual support number: 1 OBS

bâtardise générale : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l'accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 47, French, - b%C3%A2tardise%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale

Record 47,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 48,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 48, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The definition of bastardy at common law was complex. It distinguished between general bastardy, where the parents did not marry after the child's birth, and special bastardy where they did later marry.  2, record 48, English, - special%20bastardy

Record 48,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 48, Textual support number: 1 OBS

bâtardise spéciale : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l'accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 48, French, - b%C3%A2tardise%20sp%C3%A9ciale

Record 48,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 49,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 49, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... there are three theories of detterence that contribute to the accident prevention role of tort law : specific deterrence, general deterrence and market deterrence.  2, record 49, English, - market%20deterrence

Record 49,  Textual support,  French

Record 49,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 50,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 50, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... "it is difficult to make any general statement about the law of hearsay which is entirely accurate. "  1, record 50, English, - law%20of%20hearsay

Record 50,  Textual support,  French

Record 50,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 51,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 51, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The general economic and social facts that the judge uses in determining the law have been referred to as legislative facts. In the past judges have most frequently taken judicial notice of them expressly in determining the constitutional validity of statutes. For instance in determining the constitutional validity of a provincial statute imposing a tax on banks, the courts have taken judicial notice of economic facts in assessing the impact of the tax on banks. Also in determining customary international law, courts have taken judicial notice of general and particular acts of state practice.  2, record 51, English, - legislative%20fact

Record number: 51, Textual support number: 2 OBS

... adjudicative facts are so named because they pertain to factual basis of the case ... legislative facts concern matters of law and policy ...  3, record 51, English, - legislative%20fact

Record 51,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 51, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Élément d'information d'ordre économique ou social dont le juge se sert dans la détermination de la loi. Il se distingue notamment du fait d'intérêt privé.  1, record 51, French, - fait%20d%27int%C3%A9r%C3%AAt%20public

Record number: 51, Textual support number: 1 OBS

On parle de faits législatifs pour désigner les éléments généraux d'ordre économique et social dont le juge se sert dans la détermination de la loi. Dans le passé, il est arrivé très souvent à des juges de les prendre expressément sous connaissance d'office en déterminant la validité constitutionnelle d'une loi. C'est ainsi qu'en scrutant la constitutionnalité d'une loi provinciale frappant les banques d'une taxe, les tribunaux ont pris connaissance d'office de certains faits d'ordre économique en évaluant les effets de la taxe sur les activités bancaires. De même, les tribunaux appelés à déterminer le droit international coutumier ont pris sous connaissance d'office des pratiques générales et particulières propres aux États.  2, record 51, French, - fait%20d%27int%C3%A9r%C3%AAt%20public

Record 51,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 52,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 52, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Bowmans counsel objected to Smith s testimony, arguing that his statements constituted "non-verbal hearsay," improper lay testimony, and opinion testimony offered to prove an ultimate issue of fact.  1, record 52, English, - non%2Dverbal%20hearsay

Record number: 52, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Hearsay in its most general and oldest meaning is a term used in the law of evidence to describe an out of court statement offered to establish the facts asserted in that statement. Hearsay is generally not admissible in common law courts because it is of suspect value, but there are many exceptions to this prohibition.  3, record 52, English, - non%2Dverbal%20hearsay

Record 52,  Textual support,  French

Record 52,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 53,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 53, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A law suit.  2, record 53, English, - litigation

Record number: 53, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Though it may seem unidiomatic to make litigation a count noun(hence a plural), the usage is old and is today common. "E. g. ", "[The] first and second parties now have certain litigations pending in the Mercer Circuit Court. "... "a single automobile litigation... consumed sixty-three trial days". "The firm engages in general civil practice with emphasis on business litigations". "No court in which a litigation to that end might be brought... This word is best not used, however, as an equivalent of action or suit :"Whether such claims are just need not be decided to determine the rights of the parties to this litigation [read suit]". Properly, litigation=the action or process of carrying on a suit in law or equity("OED") ;thus it does not refer to the suit itself, but to the maintenance of it. Here it seems to be used for trial :"As the rules became more numerous and more nicely distinguished, they became also less easily understood and applied by the great mass of people, until finally no one who had not given the subject particular attention could safely assume to conduct a litigation [read trial]".  3, record 53, English, - litigation

Record 53,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 53, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Désaccord entre deux ou plusieurs personnes porté devant un tribunal.  2, record 53, French, - litige

Record 53,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 54,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 54, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The Public Prosecution Service of Canada(PPSC) is a federal government organization, created on December 12, 2006, when the Director of Public Prosecutions Act, Part 3 of the Federal Accountability Act, came into force. The PPSC fulfills the responsibilities of the Attorney General of Canada in the discharge of his criminal law mandate by prosecuting criminal offences under federal jurisdiction and by contributing to strengthening the criminal justice system. In this regard, the PPSC assumes the role played within the Department of Justice Canada by the former Federal Prosecution Service(FPS), and takes on additional responsibilities for prosecuting new fraud offences under the Financial Administration Act as well as offences under the Canada Elections Act. Unlike the FPS, which was part of the Department of Justice, the PPSC is an independent organization, reporting to Parliament through the Attorney General of Canada.  1, record 54, English, - Public%20Prosecution%20Service%20of%20Canada

Record 54,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 54, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Le Service des poursuites pénales du Canada (SPPC) est un organisme du gouvernement fédéral créé le 12 décembre 2006, lorsque la Loi sur le directeur des poursuites pénales, partie 3 de la Loi fédérale sur la responsabilité est entrée en vigueur. Le SPPC assume les fonctions du procureur général du Canada dans l'exécution de son mandat dans le domaine du droit pénal, en poursuivant les infractions criminelles relevant de la compétence du gouvernement fédéral et en contribuant à renforcer le système de justice pénale. À cet égard, le SPPC assume les fonctions de l'ancien Service fédéral des poursuites (SFP) du ministère de la Justice, tout en prenant des responsabilités supplémentaires en matière de poursuites relatives aux infractions de fraude prévues à la Loi sur la gestion des finances publiques ainsi qu'aux infractions en vertu de la Loi électorale du Canada. À la différence du SFP, qui était une composante du ministère de la Justice, le SPPC est un organisme indépendant, qui rend compte au Parlement par l'intermédiaire du procureur général du Canada.  1, record 54, French, - Service%20des%20poursuites%20p%C3%A9nales%20du%20Canada

Record 54,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 55,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 55, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The Fédération Internationale de Football Association(FIFA) is an association governed by Swiss law founded in 1904 and based in Zurich. It has 209 member associations and its goal, enshrined in its Statutes, is the constant improvement of football. FIFA employs some 310 people from over 35 nations and is composed of a Congress(legislative body), Executive Committee(executive body), General Secretariat(administrative body) and committees(assisting the Executive Committee).  3, record 55, English, - F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration%20Internationale%20de%20Football%20Association

Record 55,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 55, Textual support number: 1 OBS

La Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) est une association de Droit Suisse fondée en 1904 dont le siège se situe à Zurich. 209 associations nationales la composent. Son but, énoncé dans les statuts, est d'améliorer constamment le football à travers différentes actions. La FIFA compte quelque 310 employés venant de plus de 35 pays et s'organise comme suit : le Congrès (organe législatif), le Comité Exécutif (organe exécutif), le Secrétariat Général (organe administratif) et les Commissions (qui assistent le Comité Exécutif).  2, record 55, French, - F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration%20Internationale%20de%20Football%20Association

Record 55,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 55, Textual support number: 1 OBS

La Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) es una asociación de derecho suizo fundada en 1904 con sede en Zúrich. Está compuesta por 208 asociaciones nacionales. Su objetivo es mejorar constantemente el fútbol. La FIFA cuenta con unos 310 empleados procedentes de más de 35 países y está organizada como sigue: el Congreso (órgano legislativo), el Comité Ejecutivo (órgano ejecutivo), la Secretaría General (órgano administrativo), y las Comisiones (que asisten al Comité Ejecutivo).  2, record 55, Spanish, - Federaci%C3%B3n%20Internacional%20de%20F%C3%BAtbol%20Asociaci%C3%B3n

Record 56,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 56, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A court’s authority to hear a wide range of cases, civil or criminal, that arise within its geographic area.  2, record 56, English, - general%20jurisdiction

Record number: 56, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Involving the European Parliament in the decision making process and giving the European Court of Justice general jurisdiction over these policies is vital to respecting democratic values and the rule of law.  3, record 56, English, - general%20jurisdiction

Record 56,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 56, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La participation du Parlement européen au processus décisionnel et l'attribution à la Cour de justice des Communautés européennes d'une juridiction générale pour ces politiques joueraient un rôle primordial dans le respect des valeurs démocratiques et des règles de droit.  2, record 56, French, - juridiction%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale

Record 56,  Textual support,  Spanish