TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

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The two main types of data generalization are automated generalization and declarative generalization [...] Declarative generalization involves manually deciding how large your data bin sizes will be in any given scenario.  2, record 1, English, - manual%20generalization

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

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La généralisation manuelle est un type de généralisation de données.  1, record 1, French, - g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ralisation%20manuelle

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

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A de-identification technique that consists of making the attributes of a single person in a dataset less specific so that they could be associated with any number of people.  1, record 2, English, - data%20generalization

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Automatic generalization and manual generalization are types of data generalization  1, record 2, English, - data%20generalization

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

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Technique de dépersonnalisation qui consiste à réduire la précision des attributs d'une personne dans un jeu de données de manière à ce qu'ils puissent être associés à un ensemble de personnes.  1, record 2, French, - g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ralisation%20de%20donn%C3%A9es

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

La généralisation automatique et la généralisation manuelle sont des types de généralisation de données.  1, record 2, French, - g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ralisation%20de%20donn%C3%A9es

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

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[...] la generalización de datos abstrae grandes conjuntos de datos en una forma de resumen o de nivel superior, lo que reduce los detalles y facilita la comprensión de los datos.  1, record 2, Spanish, - generalizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20datos

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

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Automated generalization uses algorithms to determine the minimum amount of generalization or distortion required to ensure proper privacy while retaining accuracy.  2, record 3, English, - automated%20generalization

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Automated generalization is a type of data generalization.  3, record 3, English, - automated%20generalization

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

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La généralisation automatique est un type de généralisation de données.  1, record 3, French, - g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ralisation%20automatique

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Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Many... explanation-based generalization algorithms also cannot alter the structure of their explanations. No additional objects nor inference rules can be incorporated into the explanation. These algorithms work by changing constants in the observed example to variables with constraints.  2, record 4, English, - explanation%2Dbased%20generalization%20algorithm

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

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Record 5,  Textual support,  English

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A generalization of arc consistency where instead of considering pairs of variables, one examines triples of related variables, for example.  1, record 5, English, - path%20consistency

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

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Record 6,  Textual support,  English

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counterexample : A counterexample is any exception to a generalization. In logic a counterexample disproves the generalization, and does so rigorously in the fields of mathematics and philosophy.  2, record 6, English, - counterexample%20logic

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

contre-exemple : En logique, en rhétorique et en mathématiques, un contre-exemple est un exemple, un cas particulier ou un résultat général, qui contredit les premières impressions.  2, record 6, French, - logique%20de%20contre%2Dexemple

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The candidate elimination algorithm applied to these data cannot produce a correct hypothesis. This is because there exist positive examples, whose least generalization covers some negative examples.  2, record 7, English, - candidate%20elimination%20algorithm

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

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[...] l'algorithme d'élimination des candidats [...] est un algorithme très simple d'apprentissage incrémental à partir d'exemples [...]  2, record 7, French, - algorithme%20d%27%C3%A9limination%20des%20candidats

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In cases in which the violent relationship between the parents involves situational couple violence or separation-instigated violence, there may not be increased risk to children in all cases, particularly if either type of violence is singular and mild. If the situational couple violence is chronic or severe, what is needed is a more nuanced analysis of the situational causes of the violence and whether it is only one or both of the parents who escalate to physical aggression. If one partner has an anger management problem, then he or she is the parent most at risk for child abuse. If the problem is one of couple communication or chronic conflict over one or several relationship issues, generalization to child abuse is unlikely.  2, record 8, English, - situational%20couple%20violence

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

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[...] dans la violence de couple situationnelle, l'intention n'est pas de contrôler et de dominer l'autre personne. Les conjoints qui sont dans une dynamique de violence de couple situationnelle peuvent avoir de la difficulté à communiquer et à gérer leurs conflits, les principales sources de mésentente étant les enfants, le travail domestique, la consommation d'alcool et de drogues, ainsi que les difficultés financières.  1, record 8, French, - violence%20de%20couple%20situationnelle

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

This data has unique characteristics that make it challenging to model : signal data resolution affects the training and generalization of models, signal data is sampled at high rates, resulting in dense data with long-range dependencies, and signal data is highly diverse, with application areas including healthcare, video processing, and industrial sensing.  2, record 9, English, - signal%20data

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

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Record 10,  Textual support,  English

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In mathematics, a hypergraph is a generalization of a graph in which an edge can join any number of vertices.  2, record 10, English, - hypergraph

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

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Les hypergraphes généralisent la notion de graphe non orienté dans le sens où les arêtes ne relient plus un ou deux sommets, mais un nombre quelconque de sommets [...]  2, record 10, French, - hypergraphe

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A rule that produces new assertions from old, either by the application of strict logical principles or by more imperfect, plausible methods.  3, record 11, English, - inference%20rule

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The inference rules include generalization rules. Their application to descriptions is constrained by problem background knowledge.  3, record 11, English, - inference%20rule

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forward inference rule.  4, record 11, English, - inference%20rule

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To teach the geography of Africa we would need to change only the entries in our semantic network, the structure of the network and the rules of inference remaining largely unchanged.  5, record 11, English, - inference%20rule

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Règle qui permet de créer de nouvelles assertions à partir d'assertions déjà existantes; les deux règles principales sont le modus ponens [...] et la "spécialisation universelle" consistant à remplacer une variable quantifiée par une constante.  2, record 11, French, - r%C3%A8gle%20d%27inf%C3%A9rence

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On peut distinguer des stratégies qui sont principalement inductives, déductives, abductives ou analogiques selon la nature des règles d'inférence appliquées.  3, record 11, French, - r%C3%A8gle%20d%27inf%C3%A9rence

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Record 12,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Stochastic gradient algorithms are widely used for large-scale learning and inference problems. However, their use in practice is typically guided by heuristics and trial-and-error rather than rigorous, generalizable theory.  5, record 12, English, - stochastic%20gradient%20algorithm

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Stochastic gradient descent(SGD) and its variants have established themselves as the go-to algorithms for large-scale machine learning problems with independent samples due to their generalization performance and intrinsic computational advantage.  3, record 12, English, - stochastic%20gradient%20algorithm

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

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Record 13,  Textual support,  English

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The Dirac equation is a generalization of Schrödinger's equation, in a relativistic setting... It thus combines quantum mechanics with the theory of relativity. In addition, the Dirac equation also describes the intrinsic "spin" of fermions and, for this reason, solutions of the Dirac equation are often called spinors.  2, record 13, English, - Dirac%20equation

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

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Record 14,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In statistics, the generalized linear model(GLM) is a flexible generalization of ordinary linear regression that allows for response variables that have error distribution models other than a normal distribution.  2, record 14, English, - generalized%20linear%20model

Record 14,  Textual support,  French

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Un modèle linéaire généralisé (GLM) est un modèle qui permet différentes distributions des fonctions résiduelles et non linéaires. Il utilise essentiellement une transformation qui redresse la régression. Différentes distributions sont gérées selon le maximum de vraisemblance.  3, record 14, French, - mod%C3%A8le%20lin%C3%A9aire%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ralis%C3%A9

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Record 15,  Textual support,  English

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... too simple a model might also result in poor generalization to unseen data; this problem is called underfitting.  3, record 15, English, - underfitting

Record 15,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Biais caractérisé par l'incapacité d'un modèle à capturer la variabilité présente dans les données en raison de sa trop grande simplicité.  3, record 15, French, - sous%2Dapprentissage

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Record 16,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A process in which the meaning of an existing word is significantly altered.  1, record 16, English, - semantic%20shift

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Types of semantic shift include specialization, generalization, metaphor, simile, and synecdoche(a part is put for a whole, or the whole for a part :"creature" for "man" and "boards" for "stage").  1, record 16, English, - semantic%20shift

Record 16,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Par exemple : fourchette (de salaires), navette (spatiale), faim (d'azote), œil photoélectrique.  2, record 16, French, - changement%20s%C3%A9mantique

Record 16,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 17,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A generalization of previously known symmetries of elementary particles to new kinds of supermultiplets that include both bosons and fermions...  3, record 17, English, - supersymmetry

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 OBS

... it is based on graded Lie algebras rather than on Lie algebras.  3, record 17, English, - supersymmetry

Record 17,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 CONT

On s'est rendu compte que les particules dites «exotiques» auraient des sections efficaces de l'ordre de grandeur de celles des toutes nouvelles particules requises par les récentes théories de supersymétrie [...]  3, record 17, French, - supersym%C3%A9trie

Record 17,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 18,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Vector quantization is a generalization of the scalar quantization method... It is used for both image and audio compression. In practice, vector quantization is commonly used to compress data that has been digitized from an analog source, such as audio samples and scanned images.  5, record 18, English, - vector%20quantization

Record 18,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Technique de quantification souvent utilisée dans la compression de données avec pertes de données [...] pour laquelle l'idée de base est de coder ou de remplacer par une clé des valeurs d'un espace vectoriel multidimensionnel vers des valeurs d'un sous-espace discret de plus petite dimension.  3, record 18, French, - quantification%20vectorielle

Record 18,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 19,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Fiber to the x(FTTX) is a generic term for any broadband network architecture using optical fiber to provide all or part of the local loop used for last mile telecommunications. The term is a generalization for several configurations of fiber deployment, ranging from FTTN(fiber to the neighbourhood) to FTTD(fiber to the desktop).  2, record 19, English, - fibre%20to%20the%20x

Record 19,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 CONT

FTTX (fiber To The X, la fibre jusqu’à ...) [est un] terme générique qui désigne les différentes techniques grâce auxquelles la fibre optique est amenée jusqu’aux usagers finaux. Le «X» devient un H quand la fibre est amenée directement au domicile du client final (FTTH, fiber to the home), B quand la fibre s’arrête en bas de l’immeuble (FTTB, fiber to the building), N quand la fibre est amenée pour un quartier (FTTN, fiber to the neighbourhood), C quand la fibre s’arrête au niveau de la rue, du trottoir (FTTC, fiber to the curb), O quand la fibre est reliée jusqu’au bureau (FTTO, fiber to the office).  2, record 19, French, - fibre%20jusqu%27%C3%A0

Record 19,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 20,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Potential of conditioned inhibition as a result of stimulus generalization.  1, record 20, English, - generalized%20inhibitory%20potential

Record 20,  Textual support,  French

Record 20,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 21,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 CONT

At some levels of beginning play, some coaches decide to have players play the position they rotate into rather than specialize. This concept is called generalization. When generalization is used, there's no need to discuss rotational transition, in which players move to their assigned front-or back-row position on the contact of the serve. With generalization, players simply stay where they are-a different position in every rotation.  1, record 21, English, - generalization

Record 21,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L’universalisme est une conception de jeu caractérisée par l’attribution de rôles en fonction des postes occupés par les joueurs sur le terrain à chaque rotation. [Par] exemple, le joueur se trouvant au poste 3 aura le rôle de passeur et les joueurs des postes 4 et 2 auront le rôle d’attaquant.  2, record 21, French, - universalisme

Record 21,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 22,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A left surface representation which constitutes a generalization of the B-Splines allowing to control the form of a surface in each point.  1, record 22, English, - beta%2Dspline%20surface

Record 22,  Textual support,  French

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Record 23,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... modern law has come to attach crucial significance to the use of unlawful means; justifying the generalization that the infliction of intended economic loss(including frustration of contractual expectations) is actionable...  1, record 23, English, - intended%20economic%20loss

Record 23,  Textual support,  French

Record 23,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 24,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Cognitive self-guidance training with juvenile delinquents : applicability and generalization.  2, record 24, English, - cognitive%20self%2Dguidance

Record 24,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 OBS

auto-orientation : orientation qu'on se donne à soi-même.  3, record 24, French, - auto%2Dorientation%20cognitive

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Évaluation des possibilités d'application des procédures d'auto-guidance cognitive pour le traitement des jeunes délinquants.  2, record 24, French, - auto%2Dorientation%20cognitive

Record 24,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 25,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In statistics, a confidence region is a multi-dimensional generalization of a confidence interval. It is a set of points in an n-dimensional space, often represented as an ellipsoid around a point which is an estimated solution to a problem, although any shape can occur. The confidence region is calculated in such a way that if a set of measurements were repeated many times and a confidence region calculated in the same way on each set of measurements, then a certain percentage of the time, on average,(e. g. 95%) the confidence region would include the point representing the "true" values of the set of variables being estimated.  3, record 25, English, - confidence%20region

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 OBS

confidence region; confidence limit field: terms used at Natural Resources Canada - Earth Sciences Sector.  4, record 25, English, - confidence%20region

Record 25,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 OBS

région de confiance : terme en usage à Ressources naturelles Canada - Secteur des sciences de la Terre.  3, record 25, French, - r%C3%A9gion%20de%20confiance

Record 25,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 26,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In a generic sense, the application of ecological land surveys(ELS) to environmental impact assessment... can be considered as a form of ecological characterization. ELS involves the delineation and description of units of land based on the integration of information on geomorphology, soils, vegetation, climate, water and fauna. Land units may be interpreted at any one of six hierarchical levels of generalization and presented in map form using scales ranging from 1 : 1, 000, 000 down to 1 : 2, 500.  2, record 26, English, - ecological%20land%20survey

Record 26,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 OBS

"Relevé" : Ensemble des opérations destinées à recueillir des données sur le terrain. Note : Le but d'un relevé varie selon le domaine d'intérêt. Pour une étude d'impact, il s'agit principalement de faire l'inventaire du milieu. En génie, il s'agit de recueillir les mesures nécessaires pour réaliser une carte, un plan. On devrait d'ailleurs employer le terme "levé" dans ce sens.  3, record 26, French, - relev%C3%A9%20%C3%A9cologique%20du%20territoire

Record 26,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La geomorfología es de importancia fundamental para todos los inventarios ecológicos del territorio, tanto por su valor esencial para la ecología como para su correlación con otros atributos de la tierra (clima, suelos, agua, vegetación y uso).  1, record 26, Spanish, - inventario%20ecol%C3%B3gico%20del%20territorio

Record 27,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The process of eliminating locational and content discrepancies in the representation of features at the edges of adjacent map sheets or tiles when joining them into one coverage.  3, record 27, English, - edge%20matching

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Edge Matching [is an] important part of the creation of a digital map or GIS database. One digital map may encompass many paper maps, but when the paper maps are laid edge-to-edge, features running across boundaries of the map sheets are not always properly aligned. These misalignments occur for many reasons including survey error, cartographic generalization, and problems of map projection and compilation. Edge matching is a term applied to a variety of techniques employed to resolve these inconsistencies, including warping and rubber sheeting.  4, record 27, English, - edge%20matching

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 OBS

edge matching: term officially approved by the RADARSAT-2 Terminology Approval Group (RTAG).  5, record 27, English, - edge%20matching

Record 27,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Élimination des erreurs spatiales et de contenu produites aux limites de feuillets cartographiques ou de tuiles lors de leur fusion.  2, record 27, French, - agencement%20des%20contours

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 OBS

agencement des contours : terme uniformisé par le Groupe de travail de la terminologie de RADARSAT-2 (GTTR).  3, record 27, French, - agencement%20des%20contours

Record 27,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Operación que consiste en ajustar las entidades lineales localizadas en los bordes de dos mapas adyacentes con el fin de hacerlas coincidir lógicamente en un mapa digital continuo.  1, record 27, Spanish, - ajuste%20de%20bordes

Record 34,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 34, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Post-classification data generalization takes on two forms, spatial and thematic. Thematic generalization is the grouping of classes to form meaningful categories. Since this is performed at the discretion of the analyst, bias term may be introduced and information may be lost if the analyst does not recognize a unique resource. Another form of thematic generalization is the smoothing of a classified data set to remove any(salt and pepper) single classified pixels.  2, record 34, English, - thematic%20generalization

Record number: 34, Textual support number: 1 OBS

thematic generalization : term officially approved by the RADARSAT-2 Terminology Approval Group(RTAG).  3, record 34, English, - thematic%20generalization

Record 34,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 34, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Fusion de certaines classes en catégories signifiantes.  2, record 34, French, - g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ralisation%20th%C3%A9matique

Record number: 34, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[...] généralisation des formes géographiques pour adapter leur complexité à l'échelle de visualisation bien sûr, mais surtout généralisation thématique (Rimbert S., 1990), pour présenter une information filtrée, synthétisée.  3, record 34, French, - g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ralisation%20th%C3%A9matique

Record number: 34, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Traitement post-classification.  2, record 34, French, - g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ralisation%20th%C3%A9matique

Record number: 34, Textual support number: 2 OBS

généralisation thématique : terme uniformisé par le Groupe de travail de la terminologie de RADARSAT-2 (GTTR).  2, record 34, French, - g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ralisation%20th%C3%A9matique

Record number: 34, Textual support number: 1 PHR

Généralisation thématique par regroupement de classes.  2, record 34, French, - g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ralisation%20th%C3%A9matique

Record 34,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 35,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 35, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The generalization of cartographic representation of the object before digitising, including displacement, simplification, etc.  2, record 35, English, - spatial%20generalization

Record number: 35, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Spatial generalization involves pixel resampling prior to analysis and resampling or grouping after analysis to meet a minimum map unit. As stated previously, resampling to a spatial resolution finer than the original data commonly results in substantial error.... Post-classification data generalization takes on two forms, spatial and thematic.  3, record 35, English, - spatial%20generalization

Record number: 35, Textual support number: 1 OBS

spatial generalization : term officially approved by the RADARSAT-2 Terminology Approval Group(RTAG).  4, record 35, English, - spatial%20generalization

Record 35,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 35, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Généralisation d'une représentation cartographiée d'un objet avant de procéder à la numérisation.  2, record 35, French, - g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ralisation%20spatiale

Record number: 35, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L'utilisation d'une image actuelle permettra de tester, d'évaluer la reproductibilité dans le temps et la généralisation spatiale sur une plus grande région du massif pyrénéen de la méthode implémentée ici.  3, record 35, French, - g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ralisation%20spatiale

Record number: 35, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Traitement post-classification.  2, record 35, French, - g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ralisation%20spatiale

Record number: 35, Textual support number: 2 OBS

généralisation spatiale : terme uniformisé par le Groupe de travail de la terminologie de RADARSAT-2 (GTTR).  2, record 35, French, - g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ralisation%20spatiale

Record number: 35, Textual support number: 1 PHR

Généralisation spatiale par filtrage de la classification.  2, record 35, French, - g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ralisation%20spatiale

Record 35,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 36,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 36, Textual support number: 1 DEF

... a form of reasoning from sample data to population parameters; that is any generalization, prediction, estimate, or decision based on a sample.  5, record 36, English, - statistical%20inference

Record number: 36, Textual support number: 1 OBS

... in the past (and to some extent in the present), it was fashionable to divide the subject matter of statistics into two distinct subjects called descriptive statistics and statistical inference. In the former, the main emphasis is placed on arithmetic and graphical distillation of data to help describe the existing situation. Statistical inference, on the other hand, involves considerably more sophisticated notions concerned with general decision making and prediction. Not only is the mathematics involved often more difficult, but, as an example of an inductive science (inducting from the particular to the general), it contains subtleties and nuances that are not always revealed by a mathematical formula.  6, record 36, English, - statistical%20inference

Record 36,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 36, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Raisonnement par lequel on tire, à partir des observations faites sur un échantillon prélevé dans une population préalablement définie (population de référence), des conclusions concernant certaines caractéristiques quantitatives ou qualitatives de la population en question.  3, record 36, French, - induction%20statistique

Record 36,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 36, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Rama de la estadística que se ocupa de hacer afirmaciones generales acerca de un grupo o población de elementos con base en información imperfecta acerca del grupo.  3, record 36, Spanish, - inferencia%20estad%C3%ADstica

Record number: 36, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Las técnicas de inferencia estadística se refieren sobre todo a la cuestión del grado de confianza que se puede tener en las generalizaciones y los márgenes de error que pueden contener.  3, record 36, Spanish, - inferencia%20estad%C3%ADstica

Record 37,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 37, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Spontaneous transfer of response or response tendency, established with one stimulus object, to other objects in the same class.  2, record 37, English, - generalization

Record number: 37, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The tendency for a behavior that has been reinforced in one situation to occur in similar, but different, situations. Generalization is the opposite of discrimination. For example, a young child's saying "Daddy" in presence of father has been reinforced. This response may generalize to other men. That is, the child will have the tendency to say "Daddy" when in the presence of the mailman, milkman, or uncle. The greater the similarity between father and these other men, the greater the likelihood of generalization. This response will eventually be emitted only in the presence of father, owing to the discrimination training procedure.  3, record 37, English, - generalization

Record 37,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 37, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Processus par lequel l'organisme émet une réponse conditionnelle pour tous les stimuli ou les situations similaires au stimulus conditionnel ou à la situation dans laquelle un renforcement a été obtenu.  2, record 37, French, - g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ralisation

Record number: 37, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Au cours d'une de ses expériences. Pavlov a d'abord montré un cercle à un chien, puis lui a donné de la nourriture. Après plusieurs essais, l'animal salivait à la vue du cercle. Pavlov lui a ensuite montré une ellipse (figure de forme ovale). Comme le chien se mettait de nouveau à saliver, Pavlov a supposé que l'animal avait « généralisé » sa réponse à un nouveau stimulus semblable au cercle. Mais quand Pavlov a continué à présenter le cercle avec la nourriture et l'ellipse sans nourriture, le chien a appris à « discriminer » (distinguer) les deux stimuli et à ne saliver qu'à la vue du cercle. Ce procédé s'appelle « entraînement à la discrimination ».  3, record 37, French, - g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ralisation

Record 37,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 38,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 38, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The anthropology of space is not an autonomous discipline. However, although its study requires many different approaches, a single point of view links them all : built up and lived in space is seen as an object resulting from specific operations. Another cohesive factor is the effort to reach a certain level of generalization.  2, record 38, English, - anthropology%20of%20space

Record 38,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 38, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Étude des relations entre les structures sociales et les formes d'aménagement de l'espace.  2, record 38, French, - anthropologie%20de%20l%27espace

Record number: 38, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les avancées de l'anthropologie de l'espace sont particulièrement significatives dans quatre domaines. Les études rurales ont assumé l'héritage des méthodes ethnographiques et [...] ont renouvelé leur champ. Elles sont riches d'enseignement, y compris pour l'urbain, en particulier lorsqu'elles défient des dichotomies comme la traditionnelle opposition villes-campagnes, qui [...] se sont avérées plus réductrices qu'analytiques. Des disciplines linguistiques repèrent comment les mots jouent avec le social et l'espace (et le temps). Elles identifient les manières de dire l'espace, mais aussi les façons distinctives de parler dans l'espace, dont on peut établir des atlas. [...] Les deux autres domaines où les avancées sont sensibles sont l'histoire de la vie privée et l'étude des espaces publics.  3, record 38, French, - anthropologie%20de%20l%27espace

Record number: 38, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Aménagement de l'espace : Conception générale et globale des transformations à apporter à un espace déterminé pour lui permettre de remplir une ou plusieurs fonctions dans un plan d'urbanisme ou dans une politique de gestion de l'espace.  2, record 38, French, - anthropologie%20de%20l%27espace

Record 38,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 39,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 39, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The karstification process (dissolution of limestone under the action of meteoritic waters) allows the development of network of conduits and reservoirs. Karstic aquifers can be decomposed in three main parts corresponding to different flow regimes ...: -the non karstic impluvium comprises all poorly permeable surfaces which allows a superficial runoff and constitutes the first degree of organisation of the drainage system. It may contain superficial water storage and could be sensitive to evapotranspiration. -... a more permeable zone called "unsaturated karst" ... -The "saturated karst" ...  2, record 39, English, - impluvium

Record number: 39, Textual support number: 2 CONT

New techniques for the preparation of land to optimize the exploitation of impluvium in reafforestations of Mediterranean areas are considered capable of generalization and extensive application.  3, record 39, English, - impluvium

Record number: 39, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Plural form: impluvia.  4, record 39, English, - impluvium

Record 39,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 39, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Aire d'un bassin versant dans laquelle les précipitations contribuent à l'alimentation d'une nappe, soit directement par infiltration, soit indirectement par ruissellement et infiltration.  2, record 39, French, - impluvium

Record 39,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 40,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 40, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... we distinguish among three basic types of descriptors : 1. Nominal(categorical) descriptors... 2. Linear descriptors... 3. Structured descriptors-The value set of such descriptors has a tree-oriented graph structure that reflects the generalization relation between the values, that is, is a generalization hierarch.  1, record 40, English, - structured%20descriptor

Record 40,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 40, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les variables peuvent être de trois types : nominal, linéaire ou structuré. [...] Les variables de type structuré appartiennent à un univers où il existe des relations taxonomiques entre les concepts. Autrement dit, des relations de généralité entre descripteurs sont déjà connues et vont être utilisées pendant l'apprentissage.  1, record 40, French, - variable%20structur%C3%A9e

Record 40,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 41,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 41, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... the Hénon map is the analogue of the quadratic map in dimension two.  2, record 41, English, - H%C3%A9non%20map

Record number: 41, Textual support number: 2 CONT

The transition from simple to complex dynamics in the Hénon map is, to this day, not well understood, although this is a subject of considerable importance in mathematical research.  2, record 41, English, - H%C3%A9non%20map

Record number: 41, Textual support number: 1 OBS

This family is the natural generalization of the quadratic family.  2, record 41, English, - H%C3%A9non%20map

Record 41,  Textual support,  French

Record 41,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 42,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 42, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The scale which is used for generalization of scale.  2, record 42, English, - generalization%20scale

Record 42,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 42, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Échelle employée pour réaliser la généralisation d'un document.  1, record 42, French, - %C3%A9chelle%20de%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ralisation

Record 42,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 43,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 43, Textual support number: 1 DEF

An algorithm for finding the desired weight vector in a perceptron model.  2, record 43, English, - perceptron%20learning%20rule

Record number: 43, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The delta rule is a generalization of the perceptron learning rule for which the famous perceptron convergence theorem has been proved.  1, record 43, English, - perceptron%20learning%20rule

Record 43,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 43, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Théorème de convergence du perceptron : L'algorithme d'apprentissage du perceptron converge en un nombre fini de changements d'états s'il existe une solution, c'est-à-dire si la classification qu'on désire réaliser est une séparation linéaire.  1, record 43, French, - algorithme%20d%27apprentissage%20du%20perceptron

Record 43,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 44,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 44, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Narrowing the scope of a concept description, thus reducing the sets of instances it describes (opposite of generalisation).  1, record 44, English, - specialization

Record number: 44, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The four basic operations whereby production rules may be acquired and refined are : Creation... Generalization... Specialization : Additional conditions are added to the condition set, or existing conditions made more restrictive, so that the rule applies to a smaller number of specific situations; Composition.  1, record 44, English, - specialization

Record 44,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 44, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Opération consistant à remplacer une formule par une autre, cette dernière étant plus instanciée ou moins générale que la première.  1, record 44, French, - sp%C3%A9cialisation

Record 44,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 45,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 45, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A generalization of linear programming in which any of the unit costs, the coefficients in the constraint equations, and the right-hand sides are random variables subject to known distributions.  1, record 45, English, - stochastic%20programming

Record 45,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 45, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Étude des problèmes d'optimisation où certains éléments sont de caractère aléatoire.  1, record 45, French, - programmation%20stochastique

Record 45,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 46,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 46, Textual support number: 1 DEF

An imaginal exposure technique used by Emmelkamp et al. (1985) to treat social phobia.  1, record 46, English, - self%2Dinstructional%20training

Record number: 46, Textual support number: 1 OBS

"self-instruction training": Source - PASCAL database.  2, record 46, English, - self%2Dinstructional%20training

Record number: 46, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The effects of multiple-examplar self-instructional training on high school student's generalized conversational interactions... Comparing two modes of teaching a question-answering strategy for enhancing reading comprehension : didactic and self-instructional training... Promoting strategy generalization through self-instructional training in students with reading disabilities... The relationship of cognitive developmental level to outcome of self-instructional training in behaviorally disordered children... Efficacy of self-instructional training for reducing children's dental fear... efficacy of covert modeling and self-instructional training for fear reduction... the most frequently studied treatment methods [panic disorder with or without agoraphobia] self-instructional training and paradoxical intention, are not derived from true cognitive models... to be given cognitive behavioral self-instructional training for 4 weeks. [Source : PASCAL database].  2, record 46, English, - self%2Dinstructional%20training

Record 46,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 46, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Par inférence à «tâche d'auto-apprentissage». Termes connexes : programme de self-management, instructions verbales, entraînement à l'auto-estimation.  1, record 46, French, - entra%C3%AEnement%20%C3%A0%20l%27auto%2Dapprentissage

Record 46,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 47,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 47, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A method of generalization that explores similarities and differences between examples of the same concepts(interexample similarities) in order to create a description characterizing or explaining all examples of that concept.  1, record 47, English, - similarity%2Dbased%20generalization

Record number: 47, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Compare to constraint-based generalization.  1, record 47, English, - similarity%2Dbased%20generalization

Record 47,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 47, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Généralisation de concept qui décrit toutes les instances d'un concept donné en explorant leurs similarités et différences.  1, record 47, French, - g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ralisation%20par%20similarit%C3%A9s

Record number: 47, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Voir généralisation, et généralisation par examen de contraintes.  2, record 47, French, - g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ralisation%20par%20similarit%C3%A9s

Record 47,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 48,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 48, Textual support number: 1 DEF

In learning from examples, an example or instance of a concept to be learned.  1, record 48, English, - positive%20example

Record number: 48, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Also, a correct instance of a concept that may result in generalization.  2, record 48, English, - positive%20example

Record 48,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 48, Textual support number: 1 CONT

On parlera souvent d'instance positive ou négative plutôt que d'exemple et contre-exemple.  3, record 48, French, - exemple%20positif

Record number: 48, Textual support number: 1 OBS

À la différence de la langue habituelle, en IA on remarque qu'attribuer à une partie des connaissances le statut particulier d'exemple d'un concept ou d'un comportement est en soi une sorte de connaissance. Les «exemples» ne sont donc pas simplement une illustration de concepts plus abstraits, mais aussi une connaissance particulière relative à ces concepts. Les systèmes d'apprentissage qui engendrent eux-mêmes des exemples sont d'ailleurs extrêmement rares car ce problème est très difficile à résoudre.  4, record 48, French, - exemple%20positif

Record 48,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 49,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 49, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A method of generalization that explores constraints binding descriptive concepts characterizing or explaining a given example(intraexample constraints) and produces a generalization of that event that satisfies these constraints.(cf. similarity-based generalization).  2, record 49, English, - constraint%2Dbased%20generalization

Record 49,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 49, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Généralisation de concept qui satisfait aux contraintes imposées aux concepts servant à expliciter un fait ou un événement donné.  1, record 49, French, - g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ralisation%20par%20contraintes

Record number: 49, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Voir généralisation.  2, record 49, French, - g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ralisation%20par%20contraintes

Record 49,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 50,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 50, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Generalization of a fixed point to a line(in this case, a curve is invariant under the map or flow).  2, record 50, English, - invariant%20curve

Record 50,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 50, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Invariant : se dit d'une grandeur, d'une expression, d'une relation ou d'une propriété qui se conserve dans une transformation de nature physique ou mathématique.  2, record 50, French, - courbe%20invariante

Record 50,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 51,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 51, Textual support number: 1 DEF

In learning from examples, a counterexample of a concept that may bound the scope of "generalization".  1, record 51, English, - negative%20example

Record number: 51, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The Socratic method is a well-established approach to the problem of helping the student refine and debug her knowledge. In this paradigm, the tutor encourages the student to refine her knowledge by presenting her with instances (counter examples) which run counter to her conception of the domain. ... In general, a counter example can be viewed as an instance which satisfies the antecedent of the rule which the student is thought to be using, but violates the rule’s consequent.  3, record 51, English, - negative%20example

Record number: 51, Textual support number: 2 CONT

... positive examples force generalization whereas negative examples prevent overgeneralization(the induced concept should never be so general as to include any of the negative examples).  1, record 51, English, - negative%20example

Record number: 51, Textual support number: 3 CONT

Tape recordings were made of human tutorials in an attempt to elucidate when and why a good tutor changes topic, elaborates a point, gives a counter-example, asks a question, etc.  4, record 51, English, - negative%20example

Record 51,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 51, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Exemple qui illustre le contraire de ce qu'on veut démontrer.  4, record 51, French, - contre%2Dexemple

Record number: 51, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Dans l'apprentissage des similarités, le but est de collecter les propriétés communes à un ensemble d'exemples d'un concept, et absente de l'ensemble des contre-exemples à ce concept.  5, record 51, French, - contre%2Dexemple

Record number: 51, Textual support number: 2 CONT

On parlera souvent d'instance positive ou négative plutôt que d'exemple et contre-exemple.  6, record 51, French, - contre%2Dexemple

Record 51,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 52,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 52, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A tree that consists of nodes and edges which represent the goals reduced during the computation.  3, record 52, English, - explanation%20tree

Record number: 52, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The result of this stage is an And/Or proof tree, which we shall call the explanation tree for the training instance. The explanation tree indicates how the training instance satisfies PosInst(positive instance), and forms the basis for generalization by inferring sufficient conditions for satisfying PosInst.  2, record 52, English, - explanation%20tree

Record 52,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 52, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La justification à construire est une démonstration prouvant que l'exemple positif donné satisfait bien la définition non opérationnelle du concept-but. Cette démonstration peut être structurée en un arbre de preuve.  1, record 52, French, - arbre%20de%20preuve

Record 52,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 53,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 53, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Structural Matching Detection Algorithm.... The conjunction of two operations leads to the introduction of new variables with common occurrences in all examples. Each of these variables is a generalization variable(GV).  1, record 53, English, - generalization%20variable

Record 53,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 53, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L'Appariement Structurel. [...] Par le biais des Variables de Généralisation Éventuelle, nous allons, petit à petit, gommer les différences qui existent entre les expressions jusqu'à ce qu'elles soient toutes égales (à l'expression des instances des Variables de Généralisation Éventuelle).  1, record 53, French, - variable%20de%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ralisation

Record 53,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 54,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 54, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A generalization rule is a transformation of a description into a more general description... A specialization rule makes an opposite transformation : given a description, it generates a logical consequence of it.  1, record 54, English, - specialization%20rule

Record number: 54, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Any of the above rules of generalization can become rules of specialization by using them in reverse.  1, record 54, English, - specialization%20rule

Record 54,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 54, Textual support number: 1 CONT

les quatre types de règles de spécialisation/généralisation nécessaires sont : l'altération d'un terme de conjonction, l'altération d'un terme de disjonction, l'altération d'un littéral et l'altération d'un terme (...).  2, record 54, French, - r%C3%A8gle%20de%20sp%C3%A9cialisation

Record 54,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 55,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 55, Textual support number: 1 DEF

An inference rule that transforms one or more premise assertions into an assertion logically implying them.  1, record 55, English, - generalization%20rule

Record number: 55, Textual support number: 2 DEF

A transformation rule that, when applied to a classification rule produces a more general classification rule....  1, record 55, English, - generalization%20rule

Record number: 55, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Determination of inductive assertions can be viewed as a process of consecutive application of certain "generalization rules".  1, record 55, English, - generalization%20rule

Record 55,  Textual support,  French

Record 55,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 56,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 56, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The perceptron convergence theorem states, in essence, that, if the classification can be learned by the perceptron, then the procedure guarantees that it will be learned in a finite number of training cycles.  2, record 56, English, - perceptron%20convergence%20theorem

Record number: 56, Textual support number: 2 CONT

The delta rule is a generalization of the perceptron learning rule for which the famous perceptron convergence theorem has been proved.  3, record 56, English, - perceptron%20convergence%20theorem

Record 56,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 56, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Théorème de convergence du perceptron : l'algorithme d'apprentissage du perceptron converge en un nombre fini de changements d'états s'il existe une solution, c'est-à-dire si la classification qu'on désire réaliser est une séparation linéaire.  1, record 56, French, - th%C3%A9or%C3%A8me%20de%20convergence%20du%20perceptron

Record 56,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 57,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 57, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Inductive inference that produces strong hypotheses is falsity preserving. This means that if the original premise statements are false, the derived hypothesis will be false also.  1, record 57, English, - nontruth%2Dpreserving

Record number: 57, Textual support number: 2 CONT

... the generalization rules are not truth-preserving but falsity preserving.  2, record 57, English, - nontruth%2Dpreserving

Record 57,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 57, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Contrairement [...] à la déduction, l'induction n'est pas nécessairement adéquate en général (on dit encore que l'induction préserve la fausseté). Nous utiliserons le symbole /< pour annoter les règles d'inférence qui ne sont pas nécessairement adéquates.  2, record 57, French, - non%20v%C3%A9rifonctionnel

Record 57,  Textual support,  Spanish