TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In applying a rule, each premise clause is examined in turn and its goal pursued in the same way, recursively. Thus, backward chaining refers to the process of recursively applying rules according to the goals that they conclude about.  4, record 1, English, - backward%20chaining

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 2 CONT

The back-chaining sequence ends when a question is asked or a previously stored result is found.  5, record 1, English, - backward%20chaining

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 OBS

As opposed to "forward chaining".  6, record 1, English, - backward%20chaining

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 2 OBS

backward chaining; back chaining: terms standardized by CSA and ISO.  6, record 1, English, - backward%20chaining

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

On peut distinguer deux modes de fonctionnement du moteur d'inférence. Si le moteur raisonne de manière régressive - on dit qu'il fonctionne en chaînage arrière. Il s'assigne un but à atteindre (hypothèse) et recherche la manière d'y parvenir. Sinon, le moteur fonctionne en chaînage avant.  2, record 1, French, - cha%C3%AEnage%20arri%C3%A8re

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 2 CONT

[Quand] la résolution du problème se fait du problème initial vers les primitives, en passant par une décomposition en sous-problèmes, ce type de résolution est appelé chaînage arrière.  3, record 1, French, - cha%C3%AEnage%20arri%C3%A8re

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 OBS

chaînage arrière : terme normalisé par l'ISO/CEI et la CSA.  4, record 1, French, - cha%C3%AEnage%20arri%C3%A8re

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Fuzzy rule extraction. The goal is to define innovative techniques and approaches for extracting novel knowledge, expressed in the form of fuzzy rules, from data samples when no assessed knowledge is available or in order to complete... existing [assessed knowledge. ]  2, record 2, English, - fuzzy%20rule%20extraction

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les systèmes neuro-flous sont principalement de trois types : [les] systèmes qui intègrent des règles floues dans des réseaux[;] les systèmes qui font l'extraction de règles floues à partir des réseaux; et les systèmes qui [ont recours à] des neurones flous.  2, record 2, French, - extraction%20de%20r%C3%A8gles%20floues

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A process which is the opposite of classification. The goal is to find the specific object that meets a given pattern rule.  2, record 3, English, - matching

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 OBS

See also "pattern matching".  3, record 3, English, - matching

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Processus par lequel une situation à analyser satisfait un ensemble de critères caractérisant une situation type.  5, record 3, French, - appariement

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Appariement d'expressions dans les schémas d'inférences. La mise en œuvre de schémas d'inférence [...] suppose au préalable la mise en correspondance d'expressions (appelée «appariement» ou «filtrage» voire «pattern matching»). L'appariement est évalué selon une notion prédéfinie de comptabilité entre expressions.  3, record 3, French, - appariement

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 OBS

appariement d'expressions, appariement de motifs, appariement structurel, concordance d'images, couplage causal, couplage d'objets, couplage par clôture, couplage par entrées.  2, record 3, French, - appariement

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Le terme «appariement» est plus usité que «concordance» en représentations de connaissances, et «couplage» est le seul employé en théorie des graphes. On dit qu'un terme «s'apparie» avec un autre. Ne pas confondre avec «couplage inter-systèmes» (au sens de raccord). Certains auteurs emploient «identification» et «unification» comme synonyme de «appariement».  2, record 3, French, - appariement

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 3 OBS

appariement, concordance, assortiment, compatibilité de matériels informatiques entre eux.  4, record 3, French, - appariement

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A model of the student’s current state. This is the system’s current understanding of the history, capabilities, knowledge, goals and motivation of the student it is teaching.  6, record 6, English, - student%20model

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 2 DEF

That part of a teaching program which provides it with information about the student using it.  7, record 6, English, - student%20model

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

We generally think of a student model as an evolving description of what the student knows about the subject domain. [...] This dynamic process is based on various sources of evidence and ways to reason about the evidence, involving considerations like measures of a priori difficulty, structural relationships in the knowledge base, and common sense reasoning.  5, record 6, English, - student%20model

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Another student-controlled means of sharing status information is through the student profile. At the start of a tutorial session the student specifies whether he wishes to be told about conclusions being made by the expert program... in the course of the dialogue. He can request nothing, ask for full information, or simply request a "hint, "... The components of the profile are : Student Sophistication... Failure or Success of D-rules... Rule Conclusions... Final Goal Conclusions... Lesson Plan... Debugging....  8, record 6, English, - student%20model

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

It can be descriptive or simulative, or a combination of the two. Each of its submodels - behavioral, epistemic, and individual - plays a distinct role in the continuity of the communication process.  8, record 6, English, - student%20model

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Composante d'un tuteur intelligent réunissant l'ensemble des informations sur l'élève.  3, record 6, French, - mod%C3%A8le%20de%20l%27%C3%A9tudiant

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le modèle de l'apprenant : il reflète les connaissances que possède le système sur l'apprenant; il contient en particulier : les connaissances statiques acquises par l'apprenant (base d'objets et de relations), les connaissances dynamiques (règles de comportement des objets), et les connaissances propres à l'apprenant (évaluation de l'apprenant).  2, record 6, French, - mod%C3%A8le%20de%20l%27%C3%A9tudiant

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Le modèle étudiant représente l'histor ique des connaissances de l'apprenant en terme de décisions prises au fur et à mesure d'erreurs commises, de fausses conceptions. Le modèle de l'apprenant évolue constamment et représente la partie dynamique du système à partir de laquelle nous pouvons bâtir une interactivité plus adaptée aux processus d'apprentissage de l'étudiant.  2, record 6, French, - mod%C3%A8le%20de%20l%27%C3%A9tudiant

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

As Hao explained, through public interest litigation, his goal was to promote democracy, the rule of law and citizenship consciousness.  1, record 7, English, - citizenship%20consciousness

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Comme il l'explique, en intentant un litige d'intérêt public, il avait pour objectif de promouvoir la démocratie, la primauté du droit et la conscientisation citoyenne.  1, record 7, French, - conscientisation%20citoyenne

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Each goal is six feet square and is surrounded by a circle nine feet in radius, called the crease.  1, record 8, English, - crease

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 2 CONT

crease : Only the goalie can stand in this nine-foot radius with the ball. Shooters or their teammates cannot stand on(or inside) the line or their goals won’t count. Any violation of this rule will disallow the goal.  2, record 8, English, - crease

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Surface de terrain autour du but où l'adversaire ne peut pénétrer.  1, record 8, French, - zone%20du%20gardien%20de%20but

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A formal logic rule which consists of an "if" part representing the premise or condition and a "then" part representing the goal or action to be taken when the "if" part is true.  3, record 9, English, - if%2Dthen%20statement

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 2 DEF

A statement of a relationship among a set of facts. The relationship may be definitional (e.g., if female and married, then wife), or heuristic (e.g., if cloudy, then take umbrella).  4, record 9, English, - if%2Dthen%20statement

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 OBS

if-then statement, if-then rule: terms standardized by ISO/IEC and CSA.  5, record 9, English, - if%2Dthen%20statement

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Relation entre un ensemble de faits. Elle comprend une partie gauche (prémisse ou pattern) et une partie droite (conséquence, conclusion ou action).  5, record 9, French, - r%C3%A8gle%20conditionnelle

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 2 DEF

Règle de la forme «si prémisses, alors conclusions».  3, record 9, French, - r%C3%A8gle%20conditionnelle

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 OBS

règle conditionnelle, règle si...alors : termes normalisés par ISO/CEI et la CSA.  6, record 9, French, - r%C3%A8gle%20conditionnelle

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In an ICAI program the tutoring rules that an author uses to create these pattern are defined in the knowledge base, and the program generates the instructional sequence in response to student questions or mistakes.  4, record 10, English, - tutoring%20rule

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 2 CONT

The main component of the tutor module (GUIDON) is a collection of tutoring rules, hereafter called t-rules, for carrying on a dialogue, including methods for providing assistance, maintaining a student knowledge model, responding to his initiative, and so on.  5, record 10, English, - tutoring%20rule

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 3 CONT

The tutoring rules were derived directly from a consensus of eleven teachers experienced in the precise scope of the program.  6, record 10, English, - tutoring%20rule

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 4 CONT

T-rules are grouped into rule packets, each specific to a tutorial goal.... There are two types of t-rule packets : t-rules for selecting a discourse procedure and t-rules for modeling belief.  5, record 10, English, - tutoring%20rule

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Self-referencing rules mention in the premise the parameter being concluded about. Thus, the rules for concluding the name of the infection ... are broken into two groups: (1) regular rules ..., and (2) self-referencing rules that make a default conclusion in the absence of negative evidence from the first group.  1, record 11, English, - self%2Dreferencing%20rule

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 2 CONT

... a rule is self-referencing if the goal concluded by the action is also mentioned in the premise.  1, record 11, English, - self%2Dreferencing%20rule

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Règles auto-référentes. - Certaines règles du domaine d'expertise imposent une entorse [...] au principe d'indépendance entre règles de production.  1, record 11, French, - r%C3%A8gle%20auto%2Dr%C3%A9f%C3%A9rente

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 12,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

These programs have a characteristic inference structure that systematically relates data to a pre-enumerated set of solutions by abstraction, heuristic association, and refinement.  2, record 12, English, - inference%20structure

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 2 CONT

We can represent this hidden structure of goals by a tree which we call the inference structure of the rule base(produced by "hanging" the rule set from the goal rule).  3, record 12, English, - inference%20structure

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

Record 12,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 13,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 CONT

GUIDON takes the initiative by offering orientation to new topics at several times. It presents : 1. the "goal rule" of the task... ;2. a sketch of the entire subgoal tree...... the goal rule is only presented to a student using the program for the first time.  2, record 13, English, - goal%20rule

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

Record 13,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 14,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The rule is called the chain rule for obvious reasons. We follow a chain of reasoning from A, through B to C.  3, record 14, English, - chaining%20rule

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 2 CONT

... the two rules of inference most used in problem solving are modus ponens ("If A implies B and you know A, then infer B") and modus tollens ("If A implies B and you know not-B, then infer not-A")... Linking several applications of modus ponens together is sometimes called the "chain rule" because inferences are chained together in a sequence....  4, record 14, English, - chaining%20rule

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 3 CONT

... a goal window was included in which a student was required to post the goal(s) she was working on before selecting operators..... The chain rule is the proposed operator which, before it can be applied, needs two sub-goals to be satisfied....  5, record 14, English, - chaining%20rule

Record 14,  Textual support,  French

Record 14,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 15,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A conflict-resolution rule. It states that a production instantiation can fire only once within any particular goal context.  1, record 15, English, - goal%2Dcontext%20refraction

Record 15,  Textual support,  French

Record 15,  Textual support,  Spanish