TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Growing international trade, and freer trade in a world more susceptible to political and economic irregularities, require larger liquid reserves for countries to hold as protection against swings in their balance of payments ...  1, record 1, English, - liquid%20reserve

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 OBS

liquid reserve; liquidity reserve: terms usually used in the plural.  4, record 1, English, - liquid%20reserve

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 2 OBS

for "liquidity reserve" : America's gold drain long covered up...(c) long-run liquidity shortage of reserves in a world where foreign trade grows at 7 or 8 per cent per year...  1, record 1, English, - liquid%20reserve

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

We mean the statement that takes into account the values of all goods, all gifts and foreign aid, all capital loans (or "IOUs"), all gold and key-currency reserves coming in and going out, and the interconnections among all these items ...  1, record 2, English, - key%2Dcurrency%20reserve

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

From 1933 to 1955, the dollar was considered everywhere to be a holding even better than gold. It was the key international reserve currency.  1, record 2, English, - key%2Dcurrency%20reserve

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

SearchGold Reports an Open Pit Gold Reserve of 150, 000 Ounces of Gold Included in a New Resource Estimate of 230, 000 Ounces of Gold for Bakoudou-Magnima Project in Gabon.  2, record 3, English, - open%2Dpit%20gold%20reserve

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

SearchGold annonce une réserve aurifère à ciel ouvert de 150 000 onces d'or comprise dans un nouvel estimé de ressources de 230 000 onces d'or pour le projet Bakoudou-Magnima au Gabon.  1, record 3, French, - r%C3%A9serve%20aurif%C3%A8re%20%C3%A0%20ciel%20ouvert

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

International monetary exchange system, a variation of the gold standard in which central bank reserves are held in gold bullion and in reserve currencies that are convertible into gold.  2, record 4, English, - gold%20exchange%20standard

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Système monétaire international dans lequel les banques centrales conservent concurremment, dans les réserves publiques de change, de l'or et des devises convertibles en or, mais sans assurer la convertibilité interne.  3, record 4, French, - %C3%A9talon%20de%20change%2Dor

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Ce système monétaire [...] se caractérise ainsi : - les réserves des banques centrales ne sont pas constituées seulement d'or mais aussi de monnaies dites «de réserve», de nos jours essentiellement des Dollars US, - la monnaie émise dans un pays n'est pas convertible en or, mais chaque monnaie a cependant une définition légale par rapport à l'or et celle-ci est officiellement déclarée auprès du Fonds Monétaire International, - les monnaies de réserve sont convertibles en or. Ce (dernier) principe est resté cependant théorique [...]  4, record 4, French, - %C3%A9talon%20de%20change%2Dor

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Cet étalon a disparu en août 1971 avec l'abandon de la convertibilité du dollar en or.  5, record 4, French, - %C3%A9talon%20de%20change%2Dor

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[Patrón] que estuvo en vigor para el sistema monetario de los EE.UU. desde 1948 - al hacerse efectivos los acuerdos de Bretton Woods - hasta 1971, cuando se declaró la inconvertibilidad del dólar en oro.  1, record 4, Spanish, - patr%C3%B3n%20de%20cambio%20oro

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Los Estados socios del FMI se consideraban incluidos en este patrón, al garantizar la convertibilidad de sus monedas en dólares, los cuales a su vez podían cambiarse por oro; si bien solamente por los bancos centrales. Aunque formalmente el patrón de cambio oro sólo desapareció en 1971, ya desde mediados de los años 50, al ser las reservas de oro de EE.UU., del Fuerte Knox, inferiores al volumen de los dólares de EE.UU. fuera de su territorio, la convertibilidad pasó a ser virtualmente incumplible. Esta situación de facto se superó por medio de acuerdos entre EE.UU. y los bancos centrales de los países con mayores reservas de dólares, que se comprometieron a no reclamar su convertibilidad; la excepción en este sentido fue la Francia de De Gaulle.  1, record 4, Spanish, - patr%C3%B3n%20de%20cambio%20oro

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A term that some would reserve for fine or 24 karat gold for the reason that an admixture of copper, silver or other elements results in a metal that is not solidly, or purely, gold. However, in an advisory opinion dated June 13, 1967, the Federal Trade Commission held that "solid gold" may be used to describe articles that do not have a hollow center and that have a fineness of 10 karat or more.  2, record 5, English, - solid%20gold

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

En or massif, se dit de tout article fait de métal plein et dont l'or est d'une pureté de 10 carats ou plus.  2, record 5, French, - or%20massif

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A country's reserve position in the Fund equals the sum of its gold tranche position and its readily repayable claims on the Fund under a loan agreement.  2, record 6, English, - reserve%20position

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

This payments imbalance meant that the British monetary authorities had to dip heavily into their reserve holdings of gold and dollars.  2, record 7, English, - payments%20imbalance

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

En conséquence la balance des paiements britanniques était en déséquilibre; les autorités monétaires britanniques durent largement entamer leurs réserves d'or et de dollars.  2, record 7, French, - d%C3%A9s%C3%A9quilibre%20des%20paiements

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The amount of gold, reserve currencies and special drawing rights available to finance international trade.  2, record 8, English, - international%20liquidity

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[...] moyens de paiement dont disposent les banques centrales pour régler les soldes des échanges internationaux.  2, record 8, French, - liquidit%C3%A9%20internationale

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

[Les liquidités internationales] sont constituées par des instruments monétaires ou par des instruments de crédit [...] Les instruments monétaires [...] comprennent : - l'or et les avoirs en devises [...] - les droits de tirages spéciaux sur le F.M.I. [Fonds monétaire international].  2, record 8, French, - liquidit%C3%A9%20internationale

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Cantidad de medios de pago líquidos disponibles en un determinado momento en el sistema monetario internacional.  2, record 8, Spanish, - liquidez%20internacional

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

liquidez internacional: término y definición extraídos del CAPITAL Business Dictionary con la autorización de LID Editorial Empresarial.  3, record 8, Spanish, - liquidez%20internacional

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Officiel holdings of reserve assets; official holdings of gold and US dollars.  2, record 9, English, - official%20holding

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

An international currency or unit of money for use along with currencies in the reserves of banks around the world.  3, record 10, English, - CRU

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The French riposte to "SDRs" [Special Drawing Rights]. The CRU was proposed by Giscard d’Estaing in 1965 to link the creation of international reserves to total gold stocks(in contrast to the SDR proposal). Assistance to countries with payments difficulties would be by means of credits, not reserve creation(the SDR idea) ;and the CRU would enable reserve creation to be controlled by the "Group of Ten", rather than the "IMF", which was felt to be US dominated.  4, record 10, English, - CRU

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La proposition dénommée CRU [fut] avancée d'abord par les Français [...] Les «Composite Reserve Units» seraient créées en cas de besoin en quantités convenues par [le groupe des] Dix [...] et seraient distribuées entre eux en stricte proportion des réserves d'or de chaque pays, contre des contributions équivalentes de leurs monnaies nationales respectives à un pool commun de monnaie destiné à garantir les nouvelles unités créées. Ensuite, les règlements entre les pays participants seraient effectués par des transferts simultanés d'avoirs en or et/ou CRU, suivant la proportion globale de ces deux types d'avoirs dans les réserves au moment du règlement, du fait de la création cumulative des CRU dans le passé. Les avoirs en dollars, en sterling et en autres devises seraient exclues de ces règlements entre les pays participants, et les avoirs existants seraient remplacés aussi par des avoirs CRU.  1, record 10, French, - CRU

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

GOLD RESERVE. The gold held by central banks and Governments, which is available for [1]... ;[2] gold cover [or backing], if any, for domestic money in circulation; [3]....  3, record 11, English, - gold%20cover

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 OBS

gold cover: term and text reproduced from The Encyclopedia of Banking and Finance, Tenth Edition (1993), by Glenn G. Munn, F.L. Garcia and Charles J. Woelfel, with the permission of the copyright holder, The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. In no event shall McGraw-Hill have any liability to any party for special, incidental, tort, or consequential damages arising out of or in connection with the use of this material.  4, record 11, English, - gold%20cover

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Couverture, exprimée en pour cent, des billets en circulation par l'or en dépôt à l'institut d'émission.  1, record 11, French, - couverture%20or

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 12,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... any international system dependent inflexibly on gold for its reserve base is doomed to ultimate liquidity shortage and chronic emphysema.  2, record 12, English, - liquidity%20shortage

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

Record 12,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 13,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[In 1913-14] the Federal Reserve System was a managed money standard system. Being managed meant that policy makers were not required to increase reserve bank credit automatically when gold flowed to the U. S. as the rest of the world failed to deflate as fast as the U. S. Rather, they could choose to watch something else, for example the stock market, as a signal that money was too easy.  1, record 13, English, - managed%20money%20standard%20system

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[En 1913-1914] le Système fédéral de Réserve était un système administré d'étalon-devise. «Administré» signifie que les autorités monétaires n'étaient pas tenues d'accroître automatiquement les crédits des Banques de Réserve lorsque l'or affluait vers les États-Unis en provenance des autres pays qui n'enregistraient pas une déflation aussi rapide que ces derniers. Les autorités pouvaient choisir d'observer d'autres indicateurs, le marché boursier par exemple, pour déterminer si la politique monétaire était trop laxiste.  1, record 13, French, - syst%C3%A8me%20administr%C3%A9%20d%27%C3%A9talon%2Ddevise

Record 13,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 14,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

They ask, how can monetary policy have initiated such a disaster when we were on the gold standard? The answer is that we were not on a gold standard. The Federal Reserve Act of 1913-14 repealed the gold standard and replaced it with a system that ensured that the U. S. dollar would be a better store of value than gold.  1, record 14, English, - be%20on%20a%20gold%20standard

Record 14,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Ils se demandent comment la politique monétaire a pu être à l'origine d'un tel désastre alors même que l'on se trouvait sous un régime d'étalon-or. La réponse est que les États-Unis n'étaient pas soumis à l'étalon-or. La loi de la Réserve fédérale de 1913-1914 lui avait, en effet, substitué un système garantissant que le dollar serait une meilleure réserve de valeur que l'or.  1, record 14, French, - %C3%AAtre%20soumis%20%C3%A0%20l%27%C3%A9talon%2Dor

Record 14,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 15,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Stockpiling of gold is broken down into government and private investor demand. Though gold is no longer the cornerstone of the world's international payments system, it has of course retained much of its central monetary significance. Governments continue to hold gold as official reserve(whether in central banks or in organizations such as the International Monetary Fund).  2, record 15, English, - stockpiling%20of%20gold

Record 15,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La constitution de réserves d'or se répartit entre la demande des gouvernements et des investisseurs privés. Bien que l'or ait cessé d'être la pierre angulaire du système mondial des paiements internationaux, il a évidemment conservé une bonne partie de son importance dans les systèmes monétaires centraux.  2, record 15, French, - constitution%20de%20r%C3%A9serves%20d%27or

Record 15,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 16,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The small amount of gold at the bottom of this pyramid no longer puts limits on the money supply since Congress passed a law repealing all gold-reserve requirements on the Federal Reserve.  1, record 16, English, - gold%2Dreserve%20requirement

Record 16,  Textual support,  French

Record 16,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 17,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 OBS

In addition to the Triffin Plan there have been a Bernstein Plan a Stamp Plan, a Posthuma Plan, and a number of similar proposals for creating new reserve units, credits, or versions of "paper gold".  1, record 17, English, - Stamp%20Plan

Record 17,  Textual support,  French

Record 17,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 18,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In addition to the Triffin Plan there have been a Berustein Plan, a Stamp plan, a Posthuma Plan, and a number of similar proposals for creating new reserve units, credits, or versions of "paper gold".  1, record 18, English, - reserve%20unit

Record 18,  Textual support,  French

Record 18,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 19,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Our net balance on current account comes from adjusting our merchandise trade balance for "invisible" service items and taking into account our unilateral government aid programs. It and long-term capital movements constitute the "basic deficit" which must be offset by short-term capital movement and shipments of gold and reserve assets.  1, record 19, English, - basic%20deficit

Record 19,  Textual support,  French

Record 19,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 20,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Indeed Lord Keynes at Bretton Woods in 1945 had already proposed a gold substitute-a new currency unit for international reserves called "Bancor". In addition to the Triffin Plan there have been a Bernstein Plan, a Stamp Plan, a Posthuma Plan, and a number of similar proposals for creating new reserve units, credits, or versions of "paper gold".  1, record 20, English, - Bernstein%20Plan

Record 20,  Textual support,  French

Record 20,  Textual support,  Spanish