TERMIUM Plus^®

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... a machine learning technique that produces a prediction model in the form of an ensemble of weak prediction models.  3, record 1, English, - gradient%20boosting

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Gradient boosting... produces accurate predictions by combining multiple decision trees into a single model. This algorithmic approach to predictive modeling... uses base models to build upon their strengths, correcting errors and improving predictive capabilities. By capturing complex patterns in data, gradient boosting excels at diverse predictive modeling tasks.  4, record 1, English, - gradient%20boosting

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L'amplification du gradient permet de tenir compte de plusieurs modèles d'un algorithme traditionnel. Cette technique peut être utilisée avec différents algorithmes comme l'arbre de décision et les forêts aléatoires [...] L'objectif principal de l'amplification du gradient est d'unifier les modèles dits faibles, afin de les rendre plus forts ensemble.  3, record 1, French, - amplification%20du%20gradient

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[The] gradient boosting algorithm is an ensemble learning method based on a combination of additive models(weak learners), which can gradually learn from the previous misclassifications to create a stronger learning model. This algorithm has been complemented with a feature selection process that increases the overall performance by extracting the most relevant features from the input data.  2, record 2, English, - gradient%20boosting%20algorithm

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Par rapport à un seul arbre de décision [...], l'apprentissage d'ensemble génère plusieurs arbres de décision afin d'obtenir une grande précision dans la prédiction. [...] l'algorithme d'amplification du gradient [...] combine plusieurs apprenants faibles en un apprenant fort en ajoutant séquentiellement des prédicteurs pour corriger son prédécesseur. L'erreur résiduelle est minimisée par l'ajout d'arbres [...]  2, record 2, French, - algorithme%20d%27amplification%20du%20gradient

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The technology of EBR is based on the fundamental principles of electrochemistry, microbiology, and electrokinetics. When wastewater enters the chamber of EBR, it undergoes an electrochemical reaction. This reaction causes a voltage gradient across the chamber that drives the movement of the charged ions. These charged ions create an electric field, which promotes the transfer of electrons between the bacterial cells present in the wastewater. The bacteria remain active during this process and consume the organic and inorganic contaminants, present in the wastewater. As a result, the contaminants are degraded into simpler forms and eventually transformed into harmless by-products or released into the environment.  2, record 3, English, - electro%2Dbiochemical%20reactor

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Système de traitement des eaux usées qui combine électrochimie et traitement biologique pour traiter principalement le carbone, l'azote ammoniacal et le phosphore.  1, record 3, French, - %C3%A9lectro%2Dbior%C3%A9acteur

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The proposed iterative restoration algorithm is derived by modifying the optimal gradient method through an adaptive relaxation technique. The adaptivity is introduced to incorporate properties of the true restoration error. This makes the successive approximations approach the exact solution much faster, enabling a visually good convergence within a few iterates.  2, record 4, English, - iterative%20restoration%20algorithm

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[The researchers’ approach] is based on stochastic approximation where, in place of a true gradient, a stochastic gradient is chosen using one sample from a known probability distribution.  2, record 5, English, - stochastic%20gradient

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It was revealed that the Janus membrane possesses the following features that could benefit the performance of the salinity gradient harvesting generators :(1) asymmetric factors in the membranes(surface charge polarity, pore size, and thickness of each layer) —this determines the direction for the ion flow,(2) abundant surface charge density, which ensures permselectivity, and(3) suitable pore size, which provides ultrahigh ionic transmembrane conductivity.  2, record 6, English, - ionic%20transmembrane%20conductivity

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The social gradient in health is a term used to describe the phenomenon whereby people who are less advantaged in terms of socioeconomic position have worse health(and shorter lives) than those who are more advantaged.  6, record 7, English, - social%20gradient%20in%20health

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[Le] gradient socio-économique de santé ne dépend pas uniquement des revenus, mais aussi [...] du capital symbolique associé aux positions sociales[.]  2, record 7, French, - gradient%20social%20de%20sant%C3%A9

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Using the official kilometric marks and divisions, it is possible to cut the railway into continuous gradient sections, and to superpose of different features : active and inactive landslides, active gullies and torrents, engineering works, from cuts and embankments to gabions.  1, record 8, English, - active%20landslide

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Route coupée par un glissement de terrain actif qui se déplace lentement. En plaçant des marqueurs au sol et en mesurant par géodésie terrestre ou spatiale leur distance relative, on peut décrire la vitesse de déplacement du glissement et ses variations dans le temps, et aussi identifier des zones soumises à des déplacements plus importants.  1, record 8, French, - glissement%20de%20terrain%20actif

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Salinity gradient energy comes from the reversible mixing of two salt solutions with different concentrations. It is a clean, sustainable and non-intermittent energy that can be widely available wherever a river enters the sea.  2, record 9, English, - non%2Dintermittent%20energy

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Les technologies exploitant les courants marins et le différentiel thermique entre eaux de surface et de profondeur sont nettement moins développées, mais ont l'avantage de concerner des énergies non intermittentes.  1, record 9, French, - %C3%A9nergie%20non%20intermittente

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Thermo-osmotic energy conversion(TOEC) is an emerging process that efficiently extracts energy from low-grade heat sources. By utilizing a temperature gradient, TOEC induces a partial vapor pressure difference across a hydrophobic membrane. This pressure gradient drives the vapor from the hot feed side through the membrane's pores to the cold permeate side. The movement of water from the hot feed side to the permeate side of the membrane results in excess fluid in the cold reservoir, generating a pressurized flow that can be harnessed to drive a turbine and generate electricity.  1, record 10, English, - thermo%2Dosmotic%20energy%20conversion

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A phenomenon of backpropagation training in a neural network where large error gradients accumulate and result in very large updates to the weights, making the model unstable.  3, record 11, English, - exploding%20gradient

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exploding gradient : designation and definition standardized by ISO in collaboration with the International Electrotechnical Commission.  4, record 11, English, - exploding%20gradient

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Phénomène d'entraînement par rétropropagation dans un réseau neuronal où de grands gradients d'erreur s'accumulent et entraînent de très grandes mises à jour des poids, ce qui rend le modèle instable.  3, record 11, French, - explosion%20du%20gradient

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explosion du gradient : désignation et définition normalisées par l'ISO en collaboration avec la Commission électrotechnique internationale.  4, record 11, French, - explosion%20du%20gradient

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[The nonlinear autoregressive exogeneous model(NARX) ] is a type of recurrent neural network [that] has the same training techniques [as] classical networks based on the gradient back-propagation algorithm.  1, record 12, English, - gradient%20back%2Dpropagation%20algorithm

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L'algorithme de rétropropagation du gradient fut l'un des premiers algorithmes d'apprentissage développé pour les réseaux de neurones multicouches. Encore aujourd'hui, il est utilisé à des fins de comparaisons lorsque de nouveaux algorithmes sont développés.  1, record 12, French, - algorithme%20de%20r%C3%A9tropropagation%20du%20gradient

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Targeted universalism is a blended approach that recognizes that universalism can still result in an unacceptable health gap, and that a targeted approach can have little effect on the slope of the health gradient. Targeted universalism defines goals for all, identifies the obstacles faced by specific groups, and tailors strategies to address the barriers in those situations.  2, record 13, English, - targeted%20universalism

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L'universalisme ciblé est une démarche mixte qui tient compte du fait que l'universalisme peut quand même mener à un écart inacceptable en matière de santé et qu'une démarche ciblée peut produire un effet négligeable sur le gradient de santé. L'universalisme ciblé permet de définir des objectifs pour tout le monde, de déterminer les obstacles auxquels se heurtent des groupes précis et d'adapter les stratégies de manière à supprimer ces obstacles.  2, record 13, French, - universalisme%20cibl%C3%A9

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Changes in species richness and its scaling relationship across an anthropogenic gradient can be influenced by changes in the total number of individuals in each sample, the species abundance distribution, and/or the spatial arrangement of conspecific individuals.  2, record 14, English, - anthropogenic%20gradient

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[Anthropogenic] gradients are helpful in inferring the mechanisms responsible for natural dynamics, because covarying factors are often more clearly understood in anthropogenic gradients than in natural gradients.  3, record 14, English, - anthropogenic%20gradient

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La richesse spécifique de la flore a été décroissante le long du gradient pluviométrique et du gradient anthropique.  1, record 14, French, - gradient%20anthropique

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Stochastic gradient algorithms are widely used for large-scale learning and inference problems. However, their use in practice is typically guided by heuristics and trial-and-error rather than rigorous, generalizable theory.  5, record 15, English, - stochastic%20gradient%20algorithm

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Stochastic gradient descent(SGD) and its variants have established themselves as the go-to algorithms for large-scale machine learning problems with independent samples due to their generalization performance and intrinsic computational advantage.  3, record 15, English, - stochastic%20gradient%20algorithm

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Salinity gradient power(SGP), as its name suggests, is a form of chemical potential energy arising from the salinity difference. It is also commonly called ’’osmotic energy. ’’  8, record 16, English, - osmotic%20power

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blue energy : This designation covers all renewable energies from seas and oceans, such as wave energy, tidal stream energy, ocean thermal energy, salinity gradient energy, etc.  9, record 16, English, - osmotic%20power

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L'énergie osmotique fait partie des énergies marines. Elle est capable de produire de l'électricité à partir de la pression induite par la différence de salinité entre l'eau de mer et l'eau douce des fleuves.  4, record 16, French, - %C3%A9nergie%20osmotique

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énergie bleue : Cette désignation couvre toutes les énergies renouvelables des mers et des océans comme l'énergie des vagues, l'énergie des courants de marée, l'énergie thermique des océans, l'énergie des gradients de salinité, etc.  5, record 16, French, - %C3%A9nergie%20osmotique

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AC medium is a good primary isolation medium possessing unique growth promoting properties for both aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms. It is recommended as a general culture medium for anaerobes, microaerophiles and aerobes. The medium contains an agar flux that retards air diffusion and when sealed in snap-cap tubes immediately after autoclaving, it maintains an oxygen gradient ranging from anaerobic at the bottom to aerobic at the top. Techniques :... Within 24 hours after inoculation, anaerobic organisms will be growing near the bottom, microaerophiles near the center, and aerobic organisms near the top Facultative organisms will grow throughout the tube. The composition is the following : beef extract(3 g), yeast extract(3 g), malt extract(3 g), proteose peptone No. 3(Difco)(20 g). dextrose(5 g), agar(1 g), ascorbic acid(0. 2 g), distilled water(1 liter)...  4, record 17, English, - all%2Dculture%20medium

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AC medium. General growth medium. [Composition:] peptone, beef extract, yeast extract, malt extract, dextrose, ascorbic acid, 0.1% agar, pH 7.2. AC broth does not have agar.  5, record 17, English, - all%2Dculture%20medium

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One should keep in mind that a "culture medium" can be either liquid (broth) or solid (agar- or gelatin-based) or semi-solid. If the AC medium contains agar for solidification, it would be called an "AC agar." The equivalent liquid medium or broth (medium without agar) would be called an "AC broth."  1, record 17, English, - all%2Dculture%20medium

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all culture medium: For clarity, this term would be better hyphenated (all-culture medium).  1, record 17, English, - all%2Dculture%20medium

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AC medium: It can be confused with other culture media such as Acriflavin-Ceftazidim medium.  1, record 17, English, - all%2Dculture%20medium

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AC media; AC mediums; A. C. media; A. C. mediums; all-culture media; all-culture mediums: plural.  1, record 17, English, - all%2Dculture%20medium

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AC medium: term taken from a Canadian laboratory-equipment company’s catalogue.  1, record 17, English, - all%2Dculture%20medium

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C'est un milieu de culture microbiologique d'utilisation générale (non sélectif) servant à cultiver une large gamme de micro-organismes (bactéries aérobies, anaérobies ou micro-aérophiles). Il est empirique (on ne connaît pas sa composition avec précision puisqu'il n'est pas purement synthétique). Celui qui est fabriqué par les laboratoires Sigma-Aldrich contient des peptones, des extraits de bœuf, de levure et de malt, ainsi que du dextrose, de l'acide ascorbique et de l'eau distillée. Tous ces ingrédients offrent un milieu favorable à la prolifération de diverses bactéries.  1, record 17, French, - milieu%20toutes%20cultures

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milieu AC : L'abréviation anglaise «AC» dans ces termes signifie «all culture», c'est-à-dire «toutes cultures». Ne pas confondre avec d'autres milieux de culture, car les lettres «AC» pourraient signifier, par exemple, un milieu contenant de l'acriflavine et de la ceftazidime.  1, record 17, French, - milieu%20toutes%20cultures

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Un «milieu» de culture bactérienne peut être solide (appelé «gélose») ou liquide (appelé «bouillon»). Lorsque le milieu en question est à base d'agar, donc solide, il serait préférable d'indiquer «gélose». On pourrait alors parler de «gélose toutes cultures». Dans le cas du milieu de culture liquide (bouillon) équivalent (milieu sans agar), on pourrait parler de «bouillon toutes cultures».  1, record 17, French, - milieu%20toutes%20cultures

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Il convient de rappeler qu'il n'existe pas de milieu de culture universel et que certaines bactéries ne peuvent croître sur les milieux gélosés peptonés conventionnels (Bianchi et Bianchi, 1972).  2, record 17, French, - milieu%20toutes%20cultures

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milieu AC : terme tiré d'un catalogue de compagnie canadienne d'équipement de laboratoire.  1, record 17, French, - milieu%20toutes%20cultures

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The most common mechanism of absorption for drugs is passive diffusion. This process can be explained through the Fick law of diffusion, in which the drug molecule moves according to the concentration gradient from a higher drug concentration to a lower concentration until equilibrium is reached. Passive diffusion can occur in an aqueous or lipid environment.  2, record 18, English, - passive%20diffusion

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La diffusion passive est le mécanisme qui assure le passage transplacentaire de la plupart des médicaments. La membrane placentaire est lipoprotéique et se comporte comme une membrane semi-perméable. La vitesse à laquelle les molécules sont transférées par diffusion passive répond à la loi de Fick.  2, record 18, French, - diffusion%20passive

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Osmotic diuretics, as the name implies, are agents that inhibit the reabsorption of solute and water by altering osmotic driving forces along the nephron. Unlike the other classes of diuretics, osmotic diuretics do not inhibit a specific membrane transport protein; they simply affect water transport across the cells of the nephron through the generation of an osmotic pressure gradient. The best example of an exogenous osmotic diuretic is the sugar mannitol.  2, record 19, English, - osmotic%20diuretic

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A permanent thermocline exists beneath the stream sloping upward from the right to the left side of the current. This thermocline separates the warm water of the Gulf Stream from the cold slope water and the boundary is often referred to as the cold wall or north wall. The north wall makes it easy to identify the position of the Gulf Stream in satellite infrared images by observing the strong sea surface temperature gradient.  2, record 20, English, - cold%20wall

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Zone de gradient brutal dans les températures de l'eau océanique, entre les eaux de courant chaud, ou l'eau de pente, et les eaux d'un courant froid [...]  2, record 20, French, - mur%20froid

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[...] par exemple à Terre-Neuve, où se rencontrent les eaux du courant froid du Labrador et les eaux du Gulf Stream ou des eaux de pentes voisines [...]  2, record 20, French, - mur%20froid

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A veering wind is a wind that turns clockwise with height. An example of a veering wind would be a southeast wind at the surface and a west wind at 700 millibars. The wind turns in the same direction as a clock from the surface to 700 millibars. A veering wind is associated with warm air advection and dynamic lifting... The magnitude of warm air advection is a function of wind speed and the pre-existing thermal gradient. Weak winds will result in weak advection. Winds often veer ahead of cold fronts(in the warm sector of a mid-latitude cyclone).  2, record 21, English, - veering%20wind

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Vent tournant dans le sens des aiguilles d'une montre, par exemple du sud-est au sud-ouest en passant par le sud.  2, record 21, French, - vent%20dextrogyre

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Cambio de la dirección del viento en el sentido de las agujas del reloj en cualquiera de los dos hemisferios.  1, record 21, Spanish, - viento%20con%20giro%20horario

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Flexoelectricity is a property of a dielectric material whereby it exhibits a spontaneous electrical polarization induced by a strain gradient.  3, record 22, English, - flexoelectricity

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La flexoélectricité d'un matériau est sa capacité à se polariser électriquement sous l'effet d'un gradient de déformation.  2, record 22, French, - flexo%C3%A9lectricit%C3%A9

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La flexoelectricidad es una propiedad presente en algunos materiales mediante la cual emiten un pequeño voltaje cuando se les aplica una presión no homogénea.  1, record 22, Spanish, - flexoelectricidad

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A model composed of adjoint equations that maps a sensitivity gradient vector... from a forecast time... to an earlier time... which can be the initial time of a forecast trajectory.  2, record 23, English, - adjoint%20model

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The adjoint model, which is used in four-dimensional variational assimilation of meteorological data, can also help to investigate the sensitivity of forecast error to initial conditions in a diagnostic manner.  3, record 23, English, - adjoint%20model

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Le modèle adjoint, qui est utilisé pour mettre en œuvre l'assimilation variationnelle quadridimensionnelle de données météorologiques, peut également servir à évaluer la sensibilité de l'erreur de prévision aux conditions initiales.  2, record 23, French, - mod%C3%A8le%20adjoint

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Where an obstruction penetrates the sloping OCS, a climb gradient greater than 200 ft/NM [nautical miles] is required to provide adequate ROC [Required obstacle clearance].  2, record 24, English, - sloping%20obstacle%20clearance%20surface

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OCS : abréviation anglaise qui désigne une surface de franchissement d'obstacles.  2, record 24, French, - surface%20de%20franchissement%20d%27obstacles%20en%20pente

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The objective of this research work was to examine the degree to which carbon content in balsam fir and black spruce ecosystems could differ along a climatic gradient of about 4 °C in eastern Canada.  2, record 25, English, - climatic%20gradient

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L'objectif de ces travaux de recherche était d'examiner jusqu'à quel point le contenu en carbone des écosystèmes de sapins baumiers et d'épinettes noires pouvait différer le long d'un gradient climatique d'environ 4 °C dans l'est du Canada.  2, record 25, French, - gradient%20climatique

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What the hydrostatic balance is implying is that the vertical motion upwards is equal to the downward motion of gravity. In other words there is a net zero motion in the vertical direction.  3, record 26, English, - hydrostatic%20balance

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Air does not rush off into space because the upward-directed pressure gradient force is nearly always balanced by the downward force of gravity. When these two forces are in exact balance, the air is said to be in hydrostatic equilibrium.  2, record 26, English, - hydrostatic%20balance

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On appelle équilibre hydrostatique l'équilibre entre la composante verticale de la force du gradient de pression et la force d'attraction due à la gravité. L'atmosphère est habituellement en équilibre hydrostatique sauf, par exemple, dans le cas du mouvement vertical associé aux orages et dans lequel l'air est accéléré vers le haut ou le bas.  2, record 26, French, - %C3%A9quilibre%20hydrostatique

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Gravity yards... are operated similarly to hump yards but, in contrast to the latter, [gravity yards are] set up on a continuous falling gradient and there is less use of shunting engines.  3, record 27, English, - gravity%20marshalling%20yard

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Seasonal variations of the heat flow through the surface lead to a change in the sign of the temperature gradient at the boundaries of the tidal mixing zone; i. e., the "cold" zone of tidal mixing becomes "warm" in the period of autumn cooling.  1, record 28, English, - tidal%20mixing%20zone

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When the climb gradient is greater than 200 feet per NM [nautical mile], 24 percent of the total height above the starting elevation gained by an aircraft departing to a minimum altitude to clear an obstacle that penetrates the OCS [obstacle clearance surface] is the ROC [required obstacle clearance].  3, record 29, English, - starting%20MSL%20elevation

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MSL: mean sea level.  4, record 29, English, - starting%20MSL%20elevation

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MSL : niveau moyen de la mer.  3, record 29, French, - altitude%20MSL%20de%20d%C3%A9part

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Plant roots respond to high salt by several morphological adaptations, and strikingly can bend away from high salt patches. The latter process is termed halotropism, and occurs through redistribution of auxin in the root in response to a salt gradient.  2, record 30, English, - halotropism

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[...] l'halotropisme des poissons migrateurs comme les saumons ou les civelles est lié à l'activité des glandes thyroïdes.  1, record 30, French, - halotropisme

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Record number: 30, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Cambio de dirección causado por una variación en la salinidad del ambiente o que produce una reorientación hacia una salinidad diferente.  1, record 30, Spanish, - halotropismo

Record 31,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The dynamics of SGD [stochastic gradient descent](online) learning by two-layer neural networks in the teacher-student setup was studied in a series of classic papers … from the statistical physics community …  1, record 31, English, - two%2Dlayer%20neural%20network

Record 31,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 CONT

word2vec [...] est un réseau neuronal à deux couches qui est entraîné d'une manière supervisée dans le but de produire une représentation distributionnelle des mots.  3, record 31, French, - r%C3%A9seau%20de%20neurones%20%C3%A0%20deux%20couches

Record 31,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 35,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 35, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The movement of ions along an electrochemical gradient through a membrane.  1, record 35, English, - chemiosmosis

Record number: 35, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Usually, the term [chemiosmosis] is applied in connection with a proton gradient to generate the energy molecule adenosine triphosphate(ATP) during cellular respiration and photosynthesis.  1, record 35, English, - chemiosmosis

Record 35,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 35, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Cette réserve d'énergie est exploitée pour permettre aux protons de refluer à travers la membrane contre le gradient à travers une grande enzyme appelée ATP [adénosine triphosphate] synthase; ce processus est connu sous le nom chimiosmose.  2, record 35, French, - chimiosmose

Record 35,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 36,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 36, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The optimum descent gradient in all segments of helicopter approach procedures is 400 feet per nautical mile.  1, record 36, English, - optimum%20descent%20gradient

Record 36,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 36, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La pente de descente optimale dans tous les segments d'une procédure d'approche pour hélicoptère est de 400 pieds par mille nautique.  1, record 36, French, - pente%20de%20descente%20optimale

Record 36,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 37,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 37, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The required climb gradient, or higher, must be maintained to the specified altitude or fix, then the standard climb gradient of 200 ft/NM [nautical mile] can be resumed.  3, record 37, English, - standard%20climb%20gradient

Record 37,  Textual support,  French

Record 37,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 38,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 38, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The radius of an ideal spherical earth without atmosphere for which propagation paths are along straight lines, the heights and ground distances being the same as for the actual earth in an atmosphere with a constant vertical gradient of refractivity.  2, record 38, English, - effective%20earth%20radius

Record 38,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 38, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Rayon d'une Terre fictive sphérique et sans atmosphère, déterminé de façon que les trajets radioélectriques soient rectilignes, les altitudes et les distances le long du sol étant les mêmes que sur la Terre réelle supposée entourée d'une atmosphère dont le gradient vertical du coïndice est constant.  2, record 38, French, - rayon%20terrestre%20fictif

Record 38,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 39,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 39, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Gradient designs... provide a method of assessing complex impacts that operate over broad spatial and temporal scales.  1, record 39, English, - gradient%20design

Record 39,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 39, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le plan par gradient comporte nécessairement l'objectif consistant à déterminer si les populations et les communautés à l'étude sont corrélées avec la contamination et s'il existe un lien de causalité avec la contamination.  1, record 39, French, - plan%20par%20gradient

Record 39,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 40,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 40, Textual support number: 1 CONT

We identified the network of properties that influence microbial communities three years after fire, along a burn severity gradient in Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forest.  1, record 40, English, - microbial%20community

Record 40,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 40, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[...] nos connaissances sur la diversité et la composition des communautés microbiennes ainsi que l'impact des modes d'usages des sols sur ces communautés restent encore très incomplètes.  1, record 40, French, - communaut%C3%A9%20microbienne

Record 40,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 41,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 41, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The area and depth of an inland water body at any given time depends on the nature of the substrate, the profile, and in the case of rivers, gradient of the bed and time elapsed since the last major rainfall event in the catchment.  2, record 41, English, - inland%20water%20body

Record number: 41, Textual support number: 2 CONT

... inland water bodies include the Caspian Sea (freshwater) and the Dead Sea (hyper-saline), whereas the Baltic Sea (also largely freshwater) would be excluded by some.  3, record 41, English, - inland%20water%20body

Record number: 41, Textual support number: 1 OBS

An inland water body is a particular body of water that has some characteristics of continental waters, but does not fit all the criteria simultaneously. It could be a lake, a river or a pond, but not all of these at once.  4, record 41, English, - inland%20water%20body

Record 41,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 41, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Pour évaluer l'état de conservation d'une zone précise, il s'avère nécessaire d'évaluer la situation dans laquelle se trouvent ses masses d'eaux continentales (lacs et rivières).  2, record 41, French, - masse%20d%27eau%20continentale

Record number: 41, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Le bassin versant de l'Authie est concerné par la masse d'eau continentale «Authie» d'une superficie de 1159 km² calquée sur le bassin hydrographique de l'Authie. Son système hydraulique est conditionné par le niveau des nappes de la craie qui l'alimente.  3, record 41, French, - masse%20d%27eau%20continentale

Record number: 41, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Un type de masses d'eau est défini comme étant l'ensemble des masses d'eau de surface de mêmes conditions de référence biologique, lorsque les altérations dues aux activités humaines sont nulles ou très faibles.  4, record 41, French, - masse%20d%27eau%20continentale

Record number: 41, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Une masse d'eau continentale est une étendue d'eau en particulier, qui a certaines caractéristiques des eaux continentales, mais qui ne répond pas à tous les critères. Ce sera un lac, une rivière, un étang, mais pas toutes ces étendues d'eau à la fois.  5, record 41, French, - masse%20d%27eau%20continentale

Record 41,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 42,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 42, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A river in which flow and water surface elevation are affected by the tides.  2, record 42, English, - tidal%20river

Record number: 42, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Such effect usually occurs in the lower stretch near the mouth, where the gradient is very flat. In some streams, the effect may extend a hundred or more miles upstream from the mouth.  2, record 42, English, - tidal%20river

Record 42,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 42, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Rivière dans laquelle le débit et le niveau de la surface sont soumis à des marées.  2, record 42, French, - rivi%C3%A8re%20%C3%A0%20mar%C3%A9es

Record 42,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 42, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Río cuyo caudal y nivel de agua se ven afectados por las mareas.  1, record 42, Spanish, - r%C3%ADo%20con%20marea

Record 43,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 43, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The varied physical factors ... and often associated chemical factors ... that characterize a particular aquatic habitat.  2, record 43, English, - hydroclimate

Record number: 43, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Different paleo-indicators suggest that the changes in the [South American monsoon system(SAMS) ] during the last millennia were connected, to some extent, with the inter-hemispheric temperature gradient over the Atlantic Ocean, affecting [the] hydroclimate of the Andes-Amazon region.  3, record 43, English, - hydroclimate

Record number: 43, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Physical factors (as temperature, pH, density, turbidity) and chemical factors (as concentration of certain ions).  2, record 43, English, - hydroclimate

Record 43,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 43, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Partie du climat relative à l'hydrologie d'une région.  2, record 43, French, - hydroclimat

Record number: 43, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le territoire nordique québécois présente toutefois quelques défis spécifiques lorsqu'on souhaite caractériser son climat, notamment à cause de la vaste étendue du territoire, de la très faible densité de stations d'observations météorologiques et hydrologiques et de l'influence côtière causée par sa localisation géographique. Ces défis se répercutent évidemment sur les analyses du bioclimat et de l'hydroclimat.  3, record 43, French, - hydroclimat

Record 43,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 43, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Características físicas de una masa de agua.  2, record 43, Spanish, - hidroclima

Record 44,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 44, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The layer in a thermally stratified body of water in which the temperature gradient is at a maximum.  2, record 44, English, - thermocline

Record number: 44, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In the oceans, this zone of rapid temperature change starts at 10–500 m below the surface and can extend down to more than 1500 m. ... In thermally stratified lakes in summer the thermocline separates the warm surface waters (epilimnion) from the cooler deep waters (hypolimnion).  3, record 44, English, - thermocline

Record number: 44, Textual support number: 1 OBS

thermocline: term and definition standardized by ISO.  4, record 44, English, - thermocline

Record 44,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 44, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Partie d'une masse d'eau stratifiée pour laquelle le gradient de température atteint un maximum.  2, record 44, French, - thermocline

Record number: 44, Textual support number: 1 OBS

thermocline : terme et définition normalisés par l'ISO.  3, record 44, French, - thermocline

Record 44,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 44, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Capa de una masa de agua térmicamente estratificada en la que el gradiente de temperatura es máximo.  2, record 44, Spanish, - termoclina

Record 45,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 45, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A layer in a stratified body of water in which the density gradient is at a maximum.  2, record 45, English, - pycnocline

Record number: 45, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In the low latitude equatorial and tropical regions, there is a thin layer of low and uniform density in the upper zone, then there is a layer of rapid increase in density with depth, which is called the "pycnocline," in the middle zone and below this in the deep zone, there is a very slow increase in density with depth ...  3, record 45, English, - pycnocline

Record number: 45, Textual support number: 1 OBS

pycnocline: designation and definition standardized by ISO.  4, record 45, English, - pycnocline

Record 45,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 45, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Couche d'une masse d'eau stratifiée dans laquelle le gradient de densité est à son maximum.  2, record 45, French, - pycnocline

Record number: 45, Textual support number: 1 OBS

[Cette] couche d'eau intermédiaire [sépare] des eaux superficielles généralement moins denses[,] car plus chaudes, et des eaux profondes plus denses[,] car plus froides.  3, record 45, French, - pycnocline

Record number: 45, Textual support number: 2 OBS

pycnocline : désignation et définition normalisés par l'ISO.  4, record 45, French, - pycnocline

Record 45,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 45, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Capa de un cuerpo de agua estratificada, en la cual el gradiente de densidad es un máximo.  2, record 45, Spanish, - picnoclina

Record 46,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 46, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Whereas the seasonal pycnocline disappears every winter, the permanent pycnocline is always present in [the subpolar regions]. The vertical density gradient in the main pycnocline is very strong, and the turbulence within the upper mixed layer induced by the air-sea exchanges of wind and heat cannot overcome the great stability of the main pycnocline to penetrate into the deeper ocean. The stability of the main pycnocline acts as a barrier against turbulent mixing processes, and beneath this depth the water has not had contact with the surface for a very long time.  2, record 46, English, - permanent%20pycnocline

Record 46,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 46, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La pycnocline permanente délimite un important réservoir de chaleur et joue un rôle majeur en empêchant la chaleur accumulée en surface d'atteindre les profondeurs de l'océan.  3, record 46, French, - pycnocline%20permanente

Record 46,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 47,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 47, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The transition layer between the upper water body(epilimnion) and the lower water body(hypolimnion) in a stratified lake is referred to as the "metalimnion, "whereas if a single depth is to be reported to represent the division between layers, the section of highest temperature gradient with depth within the metalimnion is often employed, and may be referred to as the "thermocline. "  3, record 47, English, - metalimnion

Record 47,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 47, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Couche thermique de transition dans l'eau stratifiée d'un lac située entre l'épilimnion et l'hypolimnion comprenant la thermocline [...]  1, record 47, French, - m%C3%A9talimnion

Record 47,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 48,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 48, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The steep gradient of physicochemical properties across the atmosphere-water boundary concentrates a high amount of organic material in the SML, which attracts a variety of organisms of different sizes. Due to its unique physicochemical properties and position between the ocean and the atmosphere, the SML acts as both a sink and a source for many pollutants, including flame retardants, pesticides, antifouling agents, heavy metals, and petroleum and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAH).  5, record 48, English, - sea%20surface%20microlayer

Record 48,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 48, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Mince film de matière organique déposé à la surface de la mer.  4, record 48, French, - microcouche%20de%20surface

Record number: 48, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Au cours des échanges entre l'atmosphère et l'hydrosphère, de nombreux polluants chimiques d'origine anthropique s'accumulent dans la microcouche superficielle : des insecticides organochlorés tels que les polychlorobiphényles (PCB), le dichlorodiphényltrichloroéthane (DDT), le lidane, des composés organostanniques toxiques inclus dans les peintures antifouling (tributylétains, TBT), des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP) principalement d'origine pyrolytique, des hydrocarbures pétroliers et des éléments métalliques [...]  2, record 48, French, - microcouche%20de%20surface

Record 48,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 49,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 49, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A layer in a stratified body of water in which the salinity gradient is at a maximum.  2, record 49, English, - halocline

Record number: 49, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Especially well developed haloclines occur in the Atlantic Ocean, in which salinities may decrease by several parts per thousand from the base of the surface layer to depths of about one kilometre ... In higher latitudinal areas of the North Pacific ... salinities increase markedly with depth through the halocline layer. Pycnoclines, or layers through which density increases rapidly with depth, accompany such haloclines inasmuch as density varies directly with total salt content.  3, record 49, English, - halocline

Record number: 49, Textual support number: 1 OBS

halocline: designation and definition standardized by ISO.  4, record 49, English, - halocline

Record 49,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 49, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Couche d'une masse d'eau stratifiée dans laquelle le gradient de salinité est maximal.  2, record 49, French, - halocline

Record number: 49, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Très souvent, un gradient de salinité, ou halocline, accompagne le gradient thermique dans la colonne d'eau. Il est décroissant avec la profondeur sous les latitudes moyennes à cause de l'évaporation des eaux superficielles, et s'estompe comme la thermocline sous les hautes latitudes. […] L'évolution saisonnière de la halocline dépend du bilan superficiel des apports par la pluviométrie et des pertes d'eau par évaporation qui peuvent subir des fluctuations saisonnières prononcées.  3, record 49, French, - halocline

Record number: 49, Textual support number: 1 OBS

halocline : désignation et définition normalisées par l'ISO.  4, record 49, French, - halocline

Record 49,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 49, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Capa en un cuerpo de agua estratificada, en la cual el gradiente de salinidad es máximo.  2, record 49, Spanish, - haloclina

Record 50,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 50, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[The] large-scale mode of interannual variability of sea surface temperature in the Indian Ocean.  3, record 50, English, - Indian%20Ocean%20dipole

Record number: 50, Textual support number: 1 OBS

This pattern manifests through a zonal gradient of tropical sea surface temperature, which in one extreme phase in boreal autumn shows cooling off Sumatra and warming off Somalia in the west, combined with anomalous easterlies along the equator.  3, record 50, English, - Indian%20Ocean%20dipole

Record 50,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 50, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Mode de variabilité interannuelle de la température de la mer en surface à grande échelle dans l'océan Indien.  4, record 50, French, - dip%C3%B4le%20de%20l%27oc%C3%A9an%20Indien

Record number: 50, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Il se manifeste par un gradient zonal de la température de la mer en surface dans la région tropicale, qui, suivant une de ses phases extrêmes, se caractérise au cours de l'automne boréal par un refroidissement au large de Sumatra et un réchauffement au large de la Somalie à l'ouest, accompagnés par des vents d'est anormaux le long de l'équateur.  4, record 50, French, - dip%C3%B4le%20de%20l%27oc%C3%A9an%20Indien

Record 50,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 51,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 51, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In the variational data assimilation(VarDA), the typical way for gradient computation is using the adjoint method. However, the adjoint method has many problems, such as low accuracy, difficult implementation and considerable complexity, for high-dimensional models. To overcome these shortcomings, a new data assimilation method based on dual number automatic differentiation(AD) is proposed.  1, record 51, English, - data%20assimilation%20method

Record 51,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 51, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Une forte activité de recherche a lieu actuellement pour circonvenir aux problèmes précités des méthodes d'assimilation de données, on peut par exemple citer la possibilité de considérer des statistiques non gaussiennes dans les méthodes de filtrage par anamorphose [...] et gaussiennes tronquées [...] ou l'utilisation de méthodes primales-duales hautement parallélisables pour résoudre [l'assimilation variationnelle quadridimensionnelle].  1, record 51, French, - m%C3%A9thode%20d%27assimilation%20de%20donn%C3%A9es

Record 51,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 52,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 52, Textual support number: 1 DEF

An instrument designed to quantify sodium purity level in a SFR [sodium-cooled fast reactor] coolant system by crystallizing impurities in a controlled gradient of temperature.  3, record 52, English, - plugging%20meter

Record 52,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 52, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Instrument permettant de quantifier le degré de pureté du sodium dans un circuit caloporteur de [réacteur à neutrons rapides refroidi au sodium] par cristallisation des impuretés dans un gradient de température contrôlé.  2, record 52, French, - indicateur%20de%20bouchage

Record number: 52, Textual support number: 1 OBS

indicateur de bouchage : désignation et définition publiées au Journal officiel de la République française le 2 avril 2019.  3, record 52, French, - indicateur%20de%20bouchage

Record 52,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 53,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 53, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... all associations were arranged along some natural gradient : soil moisture, soil fertility, salinity, aeolian activity, movement of groundwater, portion of atmosphere precipitation versus groundwater in the hydrologic and nutrient budget, etc. Ordinated associations were called "ecological series"...  1, record 53, English, - ecological%20series

Record 53,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 53, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[...] ordonner toutes les associations en fonction d'un gradient naturel : humidité du sol, fertilité du sol, salinité, activité éolienne, mouvement de l'eau souterraine, importance des précipitations atmosphériques par rapport aux eaux souterraines dans le bilan hydrologique et le bilan des éléments nutritifs, etc. Les arrangements d'associations ainsi obtenus étaient appelés «séries écologiques» […]  1, record 53, French, - s%C3%A9rie%20%C3%A9cologique

Record 53,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 54,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 54, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A zone of minimum sound speed in the oceans that occurs at depths of approximately 1,000 metres (3,300 feet).  6, record 54, English, - deep%20sound%20channel

Record number: 54, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Between the negative gradient of the main thermocline and the positive gradient of the deep layer there is a sound speed minimum, where sound tends to be focused by refraction. The depth at which this focusing occurs is known as the deep sound channel(DSC).  7, record 54, English, - deep%20sound%20channel

Record 54,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 54, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[...] tranche d’eau à faible célérité du son [...]  3, record 54, French, - chenal%20sonore%20profond

Record number: 54, Textual support number: 1 CONT

En eau profonde (à plus de 2000 m), le chenal sonore profond permet aux sons réfractés de parcourir de grandes distances sans perte due à la réflexion sur le fond en raison de la vitesse de la réfraction ascendante du son sous le chenal sonore profond. La profondeur de ce chenal se situe autour de 1000 m à des latitudes moyennes, et à la surface à des latitudes élevées.  1, record 54, French, - chenal%20sonore%20profond

Record 54,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 55,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 55, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Compared to the sweptback wing, the advantage of the forward-swept wing of the same area are as follows : higher lift gradient and ratio; higher lift-to-drag and excess capacity ratios in dogfighting; increase in lift-to-drag ratio and range at subsonic speed; stall resistance(i. e. good anti-spin characteristics) ;better stability at high alpha; lesser allowable flight speed as well as shorter takeoff run and landing roll.  2, record 55, English, - forward%2Dswept%20wing%20aircraft

Record 55,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 55, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Prototype d'avion où l'aile est en flèche inverse, c'est-à-dire dirigée vers l'avant au lieu d'être rejetée vers l'arrière ce qui assure une manœuvrabilité accrue, la possibilité de voler à vitesse plus faible et une forte résistance à la mise en vrille.  1, record 55, French, - avion%20%C3%A0%20l%27aile%20%C3%A0%20l%27envers

Record 55,  Textual support,  Spanish