TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

It was revealed that the Janus membrane possesses the following features that could benefit the performance of the salinity gradient harvesting generators :(1) asymmetric factors in the membranes(surface charge polarity, pore size, and thickness of each layer) —this determines the direction for the ion flow,(2) abundant surface charge density, which ensures permselectivity, and(3) suitable pore size, which provides ultrahigh ionic transmembrane conductivity.  2, record 1, English, - ionic%20transmembrane%20conductivity

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A layer in a stratified body of water in which the density gradient is at a maximum.  2, record 2, English, - pycnocline

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In the low latitude equatorial and tropical regions, there is a thin layer of low and uniform density in the upper zone, then there is a layer of rapid increase in density with depth, which is called the "pycnocline," in the middle zone and below this in the deep zone, there is a very slow increase in density with depth ...  3, record 2, English, - pycnocline

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

pycnocline: designation and definition standardized by ISO.  4, record 2, English, - pycnocline

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Couche d'une masse d'eau stratifiée dans laquelle le gradient de densité est à son maximum.  2, record 2, French, - pycnocline

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

[Cette] couche d'eau intermédiaire [sépare] des eaux superficielles généralement moins denses[,] car plus chaudes, et des eaux profondes plus denses[,] car plus froides.  3, record 2, French, - pycnocline

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 2 OBS

pycnocline : désignation et définition normalisés par l'ISO.  4, record 2, French, - pycnocline

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Capa de un cuerpo de agua estratificada, en la cual el gradiente de densidad es un máximo.  2, record 2, Spanish, - picnoclina

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The layer in a thermally stratified body of water in which the temperature gradient is at a maximum.  2, record 3, English, - thermocline

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In the oceans, this zone of rapid temperature change starts at 10–500 m below the surface and can extend down to more than 1500 m. ... In thermally stratified lakes in summer the thermocline separates the warm surface waters (epilimnion) from the cooler deep waters (hypolimnion).  3, record 3, English, - thermocline

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 OBS

thermocline: term and definition standardized by ISO.  4, record 3, English, - thermocline

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Partie d'une masse d'eau stratifiée pour laquelle le gradient de température atteint un maximum.  2, record 3, French, - thermocline

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 OBS

thermocline : terme et définition normalisés par l'ISO.  3, record 3, French, - thermocline

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Capa de una masa de agua térmicamente estratificada en la que el gradiente de temperatura es máximo.  2, record 3, Spanish, - termoclina

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Whereas the seasonal pycnocline disappears every winter, the permanent pycnocline is always present in [the subpolar regions]. The vertical density gradient in the main pycnocline is very strong, and the turbulence within the upper mixed layer induced by the air-sea exchanges of wind and heat cannot overcome the great stability of the main pycnocline to penetrate into the deeper ocean. The stability of the main pycnocline acts as a barrier against turbulent mixing processes, and beneath this depth the water has not had contact with the surface for a very long time.  2, record 4, English, - permanent%20pycnocline

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La pycnocline permanente délimite un important réservoir de chaleur et joue un rôle majeur en empêchant la chaleur accumulée en surface d'atteindre les profondeurs de l'océan.  3, record 4, French, - pycnocline%20permanente

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A layer in a stratified body of water in which the salinity gradient is at a maximum.  2, record 5, English, - halocline

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Especially well developed haloclines occur in the Atlantic Ocean, in which salinities may decrease by several parts per thousand from the base of the surface layer to depths of about one kilometre ... In higher latitudinal areas of the North Pacific ... salinities increase markedly with depth through the halocline layer. Pycnoclines, or layers through which density increases rapidly with depth, accompany such haloclines inasmuch as density varies directly with total salt content.  3, record 5, English, - halocline

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

halocline: designation and definition standardized by ISO.  4, record 5, English, - halocline

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Couche d'une masse d'eau stratifiée dans laquelle le gradient de salinité est maximal.  2, record 5, French, - halocline

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Très souvent, un gradient de salinité, ou halocline, accompagne le gradient thermique dans la colonne d'eau. Il est décroissant avec la profondeur sous les latitudes moyennes à cause de l'évaporation des eaux superficielles, et s'estompe comme la thermocline sous les hautes latitudes. […] L'évolution saisonnière de la halocline dépend du bilan superficiel des apports par la pluviométrie et des pertes d'eau par évaporation qui peuvent subir des fluctuations saisonnières prononcées.  3, record 5, French, - halocline

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

halocline : désignation et définition normalisées par l'ISO.  4, record 5, French, - halocline

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Capa en un cuerpo de agua estratificada, en la cual el gradiente de salinidad es máximo.  2, record 5, Spanish, - haloclina

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The transition layer between the upper water body(epilimnion) and the lower water body(hypolimnion) in a stratified lake is referred to as the "metalimnion, "whereas if a single depth is to be reported to represent the division between layers, the section of highest temperature gradient with depth within the metalimnion is often employed, and may be referred to as the "thermocline. "  3, record 6, English, - metalimnion

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Couche thermique de transition dans l'eau stratifiée d'un lac située entre l'épilimnion et l'hypolimnion comprenant la thermocline [...]  1, record 6, French, - m%C3%A9talimnion

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A zone of minimum sound speed in the oceans that occurs at depths of approximately 1,000 metres (3,300 feet).  6, record 7, English, - deep%20sound%20channel

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Between the negative gradient of the main thermocline and the positive gradient of the deep layer there is a sound speed minimum, where sound tends to be focused by refraction. The depth at which this focusing occurs is known as the deep sound channel(DSC).  7, record 7, English, - deep%20sound%20channel

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[...] tranche d’eau à faible célérité du son [...]  3, record 7, French, - chenal%20sonore%20profond

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

En eau profonde (à plus de 2000 m), le chenal sonore profond permet aux sons réfractés de parcourir de grandes distances sans perte due à la réflexion sur le fond en raison de la vitesse de la réfraction ascendante du son sous le chenal sonore profond. La profondeur de ce chenal se situe autour de 1000 m à des latitudes moyennes, et à la surface à des latitudes élevées.  1, record 7, French, - chenal%20sonore%20profond

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A generic term covering several processes applicable to steel that change the chemical composition of the surface layer by absorption of carbon, nitrogen, or a mixture of the two and, by diffusion, create a concentration gradient.  1, record 8, English, - case%20hardening

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The processes commonly used are carburizing and quench hardening; cyaniding; nitriding; and carbonitriding. The use of the applicable specific process name is preferred.  1, record 8, English, - case%20hardening

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Durcissement d'un alliage ferreux de telle sorte que la couche superficielle soit rendue substantiellement plus dure que le cœur.  1, record 8, French, - durcissement%20superficiel

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les procédés typiques utilisés pour obtenir un durcissement superficiel sont la cémentation, la cyanuration, la carbonitruration, la nitruration, et le durcissement par trempe après chauffage superficiel par induction ou à la flamme.  1, record 8, French, - durcissement%20superficiel

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

If the strong horizontal temperature gradient associated with a front maintains a near constant direction through a deep layer of the atmosphere, the thermal wind component will have a constant direction through successively higher layers. As this component is added consecutively to the actual wind at each level, the wind will increase markedly with height. This is how the very strong winds of frontal jet streams originate.  1, record 9, English, - frontal%20jet%20stream

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Si le fort gradient de température horizontal associé à un front conserve une direction presque constante à travers une couche profonde de l’atmosphère, le vent thermique a une direction constante dans des couches de plus en plus élevées. À mesure que cette composante s’ajoute consécutivement aux vents réels à chaque niveau, le vent augmente nettement avec l’altitude. C’est ainsi que naissent les très forts vents des courants-jets frontaux.  1, record 9, French, - courant%2Djet%20frontal

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The layer immediately next to a fixed boundary in which laminar flow prevails.  4, record 10, English, - laminar%20boundary%20layer

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Aircraft... in general,... are not certified to fly with any contamination [(e. g. possible contaminants : frost, squashed bugs, anti-icing fluids, etc.) ] on the lift and control surfaces. However,... small amounts of surface contamination usually result in roughness. This causes local changes in the pressure gradient in the boundary layer and can cause turbulence in a laminar flow boundary layer or complete flow separation from the surface.  3, record 10, English, - laminar%20boundary%20layer

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Above a surface, a laminar layer will develop and fluid velocity will increase with distance from the surface, but not indefinitely. At some point, flow will become turbulent, with the laminar sublayer separating the turbulent layer from the surface. In the real world, most laminar boundary layers are extremely thin (order of 1 mm), but can be of biological importance, for example, next to plant leaves or as invertebrate refuges in streams.  5, record 10, English, - laminar%20boundary%20layer

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 OBS

... flow is smooth and nonturbulent.  5, record 10, English, - laminar%20boundary%20layer

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 2 OBS

The equations of motion of the fluid in the laminar boundary layer are the Navier-Stokes equations containing only the inertia and molecular viscosity terms.  6, record 10, English, - laminar%20boundary%20layer

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Couche voisine d'une surface limite donnée dans laquelle les forces de viscosité moléculaire sont grandes parce que le gradient de vitesse normal à la surface limite est élevé.  2, record 10, French, - couche%20limite%20laminaire

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La présence d'une couche limite laminaire à la surface de notre peau limite notamment nos échanges de chaleur avec l'air extérieur et permet de maintenir la température de surface de nos mains ou de notre figure à une valeur voisine de 30 °C même si l'air extérieur est froid.  3, record 10, French, - couche%20limite%20laminaire

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Les équations du mouvement du fluide dans la couche limite laminaire sont les équations de Navier-Stokes ne contenant que les termes d'inertie et de viscosité moléculaire.  2, record 10, French, - couche%20limite%20laminaire

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Capa inmediata a una superficie límite dada en la cual son elevadas las fuerzas de viscosidad molecular porque es alto el gradiente de velocidad normal a la superficie límite.  1, record 10, Spanish, - capa%20l%C3%ADmite%20laminar

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Las ecuaciones de movimiento del fluido en la capa límite laminar son las de Navier-Stokes, que contienen sólo los términos de inercia y de viscosidad molecular.  1, record 10, Spanish, - capa%20l%C3%ADmite%20laminar

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The change in the structure and texture of snow grains which result from variations in temperature, migration of liquid water and water vapor, and pressure within the snow cover.  2, record 11, English, - snow%20metamorphism

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Metamorphism is a term borrowed from the geological sciences. In snow hydrology it refers to changes in snow texture caused by pressure and temperature conditions. The temperature of the layer determines the rate of metamorphism, and the temperature gradient across the layer largely determines the type of metamorphism.... In a dry, seasonal snowpack, it is convenient to distinguish two types of metamorphism... temperature-gradient metamorphism [and] equitemperature metamorphism. A third type of metamorphism takes place when snowpack temperatures reach 0°C and surface snow layers undergo frequent melt-freeze cycles. [It is] a process called... melt-freeze metamorphism.  3, record 11, English, - snow%20metamorphism

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 OBS

There are two types of snow metamorphism : dry snow metamorphism (e.g. rounding and faceting) and wet snow metamorphism (or melt-freeze metamorphism).  4, record 11, English, - snow%20metamorphism

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[...] nous distinguerons deux types de métamorphoses : les métamorphoses de la neige sèche et les métamorphoses de la neige humide.  1, record 11, French, - m%C3%A9tamorphose

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Les métamorphoses de la neige sèche. La neige sèche est la neige qui ne contient pas d'eau sous forme liquide. Elle englobe [la métamorphose] - par faible gradient, [les particules reconnaissables] vont se transformer en grains fins; - par moyen gradient, [les particules reconnaissables] vont se transformer en grains à faces planes; - par fort gradient, [les particules reconnaissables] se transformeront en grains à faces planes (passage intermédiaire obligé) puis en gobelets.  2, record 11, French, - m%C3%A9tamorphose

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 2 OBS

La métamorphose de la neige humide. Le facteur qui intervient dans ce cas est unique : l'eau sous forme liquide. Le résultat de ce type de métamorphose aussi : le grain rond. [...] Le grain rond est donc le dernier stade d'évolution de la neige, avant sa disparition par fonte.  2, record 11, French, - m%C3%A9tamorphose

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 12,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A solar pond that consists of three main layers.  1, record 12, English, - salt%20gradient%20solar%20pond

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The top layer is near ambient temperature and has a low salt content. The bottom layer is hot-typically 160-212°F(71-100°C)-and is very salty. The important gradient zone separates these zones. The gradient zone acts as a transparent insulator, permitting sunlight to be trapped in the hot bottom layer(from which useful heat is withdrawn).  1, record 12, English, - salt%20gradient%20solar%20pond

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Bassin solaire composé de trois couches principales.  2, record 12, French, - bassin%20solaire%20%C3%A0%20gradient%20de%20salinit%C3%A9

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

La couche supérieure est à température quasi ambiante et possède une faible teneur en sel. La couche inférieure est très chaude, généralement entre 160-212 °F (71-100 °C) et très salée. Enfin, la zone de gradient, d'une importance capitale, sépare ces couches. Elle joue un rôle de matériau isolant transparent qui capte le soleil dans la couche chaude inférieure de laquelle on extrait la chaleur utile.  2, record 12, French, - bassin%20solaire%20%C3%A0%20gradient%20de%20salinit%C3%A9

Record 12,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 13,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 CONT

At low temperatures(especially during clear weather) a temperature gradient appears in the snow, bringing about phenomena which render the snow or individual layers more fragile and loosen the bonds between crystals. The snow in these layers is called crusted snow, white frost or liquid snow. It can be recognised by its dryness, and on a slope it flows and looks like crystals of sugar. Layers of compressed snow lying on the fragile layer of white frost may tear off and trigger an avalanche. Dangerous layers of crusted snow are a very frequent phenomenon in cold winters with little snow.  4, record 13, English, - crusted%20snow

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Couche de neige dont la surface présente une croûte plus ou moins cassante due au regel, au vent, à la pluie ...  3, record 13, French, - neige%20cro%C3%BBt%C3%A9e

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La neige croûtée est une neige dont la surface comporte une croûte (de regel, de radiation, due au vent, de glace) qui se casse sous les skis et les bloque ou entrave leur mouvement. La «neige cartonnée» est une neige légèrement croûtée.  3, record 13, French, - neige%20cro%C3%BBt%C3%A9e

Record 13,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 14,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Concentration polarization is the development of a concentration gradient across the boundary layer near the membrane surface.  1, record 14, English, - concentration%20polarisation

Record 14,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Phénomène qui se produit toujours quand on effectue une séparation de substances macromoléculaires, moléculaires ou ioniques par une membrane et qui conduit à la formation, au voisinage de la face amont de la membrane, d'une couche dans laquelle se crée un gradient de concentration (Norme AFNOR).  1, record 14, French, - polarisation%20de%20concentration

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Dans certains cas, ce phénomène conduit à la formation d'un gel.  1, record 14, French, - polarisation%20de%20concentration

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 2 OBS

La polarisation de concentration crée une résistance supplémentaire au transfert de matière. Pour réduire ce phénomène, on peut modifier les caractéristiques hydrodynamiques de l'écoulement.  1, record 14, French, - polarisation%20de%20concentration

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 3 OBS

La polarisation de concentration représente aujourd'hui le frein principal en séparation membranaire. Elle peut conduire à une diminution considérable des performances des appareils (osmose inverse, ultrafiltration et microfiltration tangentielle) en diminuant le flux de perméat.  1, record 14, French, - polarisation%20de%20concentration

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 4 OBS

concentration de polarisation : Le terme «concentration de polarisation» est déconseillé. C'est une mauvaise traduction de l'anglais «concentration polarisation».  1, record 14, French, - polarisation%20de%20concentration

Record 14,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 15,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Thickness h of the layer in which mixing occurs with a nearly adiabatic temperature gradient and only light winds.  1, record 15, English, - mixed%20layer%20height

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Mixing Layer Depth ... The mixing layer is the atmospheric zone near the surface where pollutants disperse rapidly. The depth of this layer depends on the temperature and on the stability of the atmosphere at low levels. Lower values of mixing layer depth indicate that the pollutants will be mixed in a smaller volume of air.  8, record 15, English, - mixed%20layer%20height

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The mixing height is the depth of the unstable air in the boundary layer and is used for forecasting smoke or pollutant trajectories.  14, record 15, English, - mixed%20layer%20height

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 2 OBS

h is approximately equal to kL, where k is the von Kármán constant and L, the Monin-Obukhov length.  1, record 15, English, - mixed%20layer%20height

Record 15,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Épaisseur h de la couche dans laquelle se produit le mélange avec un gradient de température presque adiabatique et des vents faibles.  1, record 15, French, - hauteur%20de%20la%20couche%20de%20m%C3%A9lange

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Épaisseur de la couche de mélange [...] La couche de mélange est la portion de l'atmosphère près de la surface où les polluants se dispersent rapidement. L'épaisseur de cette couche dépend de la température et de la stabilité de l'atmosphère dans les bas niveaux. De faibles valeurs d'épaisseur de la couche de mélange signifient que les polluants seront dilués dans un volume d'air moindre.  2, record 15, French, - hauteur%20de%20la%20couche%20de%20m%C3%A9lange

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 OBS

La «hauteur» est une dimension d'un corps observé à la verticale (i.e. de bas en haut); l'«épaisseur» lorsque regardée à la verticale peut parfois être considérée comme la «hauteur».  3, record 15, French, - hauteur%20de%20la%20couche%20de%20m%C3%A9lange

Record 15,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Espesor h de la capa en que se produce la mezcla con un gradiente de temperatura casi adiabática y vientos ligeros.  1, record 15, Spanish, - altura%20de%20la%20capa%20de%20mezcla

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 OBS

h es aproximadamente igual a kL, en donde k es la constante de von Kármán y L es la longitud de Monin-Obukhov.  1, record 15, Spanish, - altura%20de%20la%20capa%20de%20mezcla

Record 16,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 CONT

This equation... assumes that the major part of the turbulent transport is dominated by eddies smaller than the distance over which the gradient is measured. This requirement is not met with elevated measurement heights in a strongly convective boundary layer. Since the turbulent exchange coefficient is a property of the flow and not of the compound transported, a similarity between exchange coefficients for passive scalar properties can be assumed.  5, record 16, English, - turbulent%20exchange%20coefficient

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 2 CONT

The measurements over highly complex terrain document the mechanical and thermal (by differential insolation) influence of the orography on the vertical turbulent exchange. A first step towards a parameterization of the turbulent exchange coefficient over orography is proposed.  6, record 16, English, - turbulent%20exchange%20coefficient

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 3 CONT

By analogy with molecular diffusion, the eddy flux in the planetary boundary layer is often expressed by ... where K_sigma is the turbulent transfer coefficient (also turbulent exchange coefficient, or eddy diffusivity).  2, record 16, English, - turbulent%20exchange%20coefficient

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Turbulent exchange (convection) is the main process that transfers latent and sensible heat from earth to atmosphere.  7, record 16, English, - turbulent%20exchange%20coefficient

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 PHR

Turbulent exchange coefficient for heat, latent heat, momentum, moisture, temperature, vapor.  8, record 16, English, - turbulent%20exchange%20coefficient

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 2 PHR

Turbulent transfer coefficient of heat, water vapor, momentum.  8, record 16, English, - turbulent%20exchange%20coefficient

Record 16,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le transport vertical des gaz CO₂ et CH₄ sous forme dissoute dans le réservoir se fait par diffusion turbulente et par mélange convectif. Deux formulations du paramétrage du transfert des gaz vers l'atmosphère ont été testées pour l'estimation des flux de GES [gaz à effet de serre] à la surface des réservoirs. La première formulation fait appel aux coefficients d'échanges turbulents alors que la seconde s'apparente à un modèle de couche-limite.  2, record 16, French, - coefficient%20d%27%C3%A9change%20turbulent

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Le coefficient h_s dépend du coefficient d'échange turbulent h_a, de la conductance de surface du sol et des conductances stomatiques des différentes feuilles du couvert végétal.  3, record 16, French, - coefficient%20d%27%C3%A9change%20turbulent

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 PHR

Coefficient d'échange turbulent de chaleur, de quantité de mouvement, d'humidité.  4, record 16, French, - coefficient%20d%27%C3%A9change%20turbulent

Record 16,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 17,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Turbulent, Altocumulus-type cloud formation in the lee of large mountain barriers; the air in the cloud rotates around an axis parallel to the range.  3, record 17, English, - rotor%20clouds

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In the turbulent under-laminar air layer, more or less visible roll shaped clouds(cumulus or stratocumulus) mark the different waves. When the air moisture content is high, bands of clouds which vary in thickness and length form parallel to the relief. When the air moisture content is low, they disappear completely or are limited to very mobile and short-living light clouds. These clouds are known as rotor clouds or roll clouds. Below the roll clouds, pilots will more than likely experience strong turbulence and winds opposite to the wind gradient, which can make flying generally much more interesting and perhaps hazardous.  2, record 17, English, - rotor%20clouds

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 OBS

rotor clouds; roll clouds: The plural form is preferred, since it refers more to a cloud formation than to a particular cloud alone.  4, record 17, English, - rotor%20clouds

Record 17,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Nuages en forme de rouleaux qui peuvent apparaître dans la partie supérieure des tourbillons stationnaires à axe horizontal et de grande dimension qui accompagnent parfois, dans les basses couches de l'atmosphère, les ondes sous le vent d'une montagne ou d'une chaîne de montagnes.  4, record 17, French, - nuages%20de%20tourbillon%20d%27aval

Record 17,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Formación nubosa turbulenta, de tipo Altocumulus, observada a sotavento de grandes barreras montañosas; el aire del interior de la nube alrededor de un eje paralelo a la barrera.  1, record 17, Spanish, - nubes%20de%20rotaci%C3%B3n%20a%20sotavento

Record 18,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A non-rotating liquid mirror based on GRIN(gradient index) optics has been proposed by Borra... It consists of a stationary container having a thin layer of mercury covered with a transparent liquid in which one introduces a radial dependence of the index of refraction. It focuses light like a mirror but has the chromatic aberrations of a lens.  1, record 18, English, - non%2Drotating%20liquid%20mirror

Record 18,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Nous pouvons distinguer deux types de télescopes à miroir liquide : le miroir liquide en rotation et celui au repos. Le miroir liquide au repos est en fait une masse de liquide avec un gradient d'indice radial.  1, record 18, French, - miroir%20liquide%20au%20repos

Record 18,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 19,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Liquid GRIN mirror : A new type of non-rotating liquid mirror based on GRIN(gradient index) optics has been proposed by Borra. The mirror consists of a stationary container having a thin layer of mercury covered with a transparent liquid in which one introduces a radial dependence of the index of refraction.  1, record 19, English, - liquid%20GRIN%20mirror

Record 19,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le principe de fonctionnement du miroir liquide à gradient d'indice de réfraction, ou miroir à GRIN liquide (gradient d'indice), consiste à superposer une lentille convergente à un miroir plan afin de focaliser la lumière. Ceci équivaut à utiliser un miroir convergent.  1, record 19, French, - miroir%20%C3%A0%20GRIN%20liquide

Record 19,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 20,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Absorption and diffusion of carbon into solid ferrous alloys by heating... in contact with suitable carbonaceous material. A form of case hardening that produces a carbon gradient extending inward from the surface, enabling the surface layer to be hardened either by quenching directly from the carburizing temperature or by cooling to room temperature, then reaustenitizing and quenching.  2, record 20, English, - carburizing

Record 20,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Opération chimique qui consiste à enrichir en carbone, par diffusion, la surface d'un acier doux ou extra-doux, et à durcir ensuite par trempe le métal obtenu.  2, record 20, French, - c%C3%A9mentation%20par%20le%20carbone

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Souvent appelé "cémentation" tout court. C'est le type de cémentation le plus couramment utilisé.  4, record 20, French, - c%C3%A9mentation%20par%20le%20carbone

Record 20,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Caldeo de una pieza metálica, en presencia de un producto llamado cemento que, al penetrar por difusión en la capa superficial del metal, le confiere nuevas propiedades.  1, record 20, Spanish, - cementaci%C3%B3n

Record 21,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A diffuse aggregation of positive and negative electric charges surrounding a suspended colloidal particle, which aids in maintaining its stability.  1, record 21, English, - electric%20double%20layer

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 OBS

According to the Gouy-Freundlich theory, a closepacked array of charges is attached to the surface of the particle, while a diffuse double layer of charges of opposite sign extends into the liquid. The particle is electrically neutral. There is an electrokinetic potential gradient across the double layer that is called the zeta potential.  1, record 21, English, - electric%20double%20layer

Record 21,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les interfaces liquide/solide sont le siège d'interactions moléculaires et/ou atomiques locales entre les phases liquide et solide (adsorptions physique et/ou chimique, etc.). Ces interactions se traduisent notamment par un échange de charges électriques entre les deux phases. Il apparaît donc, à de telles interfaces, une double couche électrique : le côté solide de l'interface est par exemple chargé négativement, et le côté liquide chargé positivement.  2, record 21, French, - double%20couche%20%C3%A9lectrique

Record 21,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 22,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A layer of chromatographic column packing with continuous change of property affecting separation, e. g. a pH gradient.  1, record 22, English, - gradient%20layer

Record 22,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[...] couche mince ou [...] garnissage de colonne dont la composition varie d'une façon continue (par exemple, un gradient de pH), ce qui affecte la séparation.  1, record 22, French, - gradient%20de%20composition

Record 22,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 23,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A layer of chromatographic column packing with continuous change of property affecting separation, e. g. a pH gradient.  1, record 23, English, - gradient%20layer

Record 23,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[...] couche mince ou [...] garnissage de colonne dont la composition varie d'une façon continue (par exemple, un gradient de pH), ce qui affecte la séparation.  1, record 23, French, - gradient%20de%20composition

Record 23,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 24,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Solar salt pond generating project. A body of water that collects solar energy and stores it as thermal energy. The introduction of salt into a pond allows the density of the pond water to be controlled. A salinity gradient within the pond allows thermal storage in the dense high-salinity water near the pond bottom. The stored thermal energy is used to drive a Rankine-cycle heat engine.  4, record 24, English, - salt%2Dgradient%20solar%20pond

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Salt-gradient solar ponds operate with three distinct zones of increasing salinity from the surface to the bottom. The bottom, or storage zone, is a convective layer of near-saturated brine. The intermediate or gradient zone is a non-convective insulating layer of decreasing salinity towards the surface zone. The surface zone is a thin convective layer of fresh or slightly saline water.  1, record 24, English, - salt%2Dgradient%20solar%20pond

Record 24,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Type de capteur solaire formé d'un bassin rempli de trois couches d'eau inégalement salées, les couches les plus salées étant au fond et l'eau douce en surface. La différence de densité entre les couches les empêchent de se mélanger; les pertes de chaleur s'en trouvent réduites car les couches supérieures ne sont pas convectrices.  3, record 24, French, - bassin%20solaire%20%C3%A0%20gradients%20thermiques%20invers%C3%A9s

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La technologie utilisée par la turbine du type cycle de Rankine se rapproche de celle utilisée par la société Sofretes, et les sources chaudes et froides proviennent des bassins solaires à gradients thermiques inversés (concentration différente de sel dans les couches d'eau inférieures et supérieures).  1, record 24, French, - bassin%20solaire%20%C3%A0%20gradients%20thermiques%20invers%C3%A9s

Record 24,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 25,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Thin zone immediately adjoining the surface of a body moving through a fluid and in which there is a viscous deformation.  1, record 25, English, - boundary%20layer

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The boundary layer, which is actually composed of a number of very thin layers, always holds a velocity gradient; this means that each successive layer moves at a greatest speed than the previous one.  1, record 25, English, - boundary%20layer

Record 25,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Couche de fluide située entre les molécules de fluide qui sont le plus près du corps du nageur et qui adhèrent à celui-ci et la limite où la vitesse du fluide atteint la vitesse du fluide dans l'écoulement extérieur au corps; mince couche de fluide dans laquelle la vitesse est constante.  1, record 25, French, - couche%20limite

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La traînée de frottement est directement liée à la notion de couche limite. En effet, la couche limite définit la valeur de la résistance ou traînée de frottement du corps.  1, record 25, French, - couche%20limite

Record 25,  Textual support,  Spanish