TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Extrapolation of the fluid gradient in the overpressured reservoir back to the surface datum would show a pressure greater than 1 atm [atmosphere].  2, record 1, English, - overpressured%20reservoir

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 OBS

In abnormally pressured reservoirs, the continuous pressure-depth relationship is interrupted by a sealing layer, below which the pressure changes. If the pressure below the seal is higher than the normal (or hydrostatic) pressure, the reservoir is termed overpressured.  2, record 1, English, - overpressured%20reservoir

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 2 OBS

In order to maintain underpressure or overpressure, a pressure seal must be present.  2, record 1, English, - overpressured%20reservoir

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A low-elevation wind associated with gaps or low elevation areas in mountainous terrain, including flow through valleys and canyons and among peaks.  2, record 2, English, - gap%20wind

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Gap winds can range in width from hundreds of feet to over one hundred miles, and in unusual circumstances can be associated with strong winds exceeding 50 knots. These winds are normally quite shallow, extending hundreds of feet to a few thousand feet above the surface, with large changes of wind, or wind shear, at their upper and lateral boundaries. Gap winds are generally strongest when there is a large pressure drop across a gap, although there is one class of gap wind that does not depend on a pressure gradient across the gap.  3, record 2, English, - gap%20wind

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Although physicially plausible, the venturi mechanism appears to be at odds with most real gap wind situations, where the strongest winds are generally over the exit region of the gap, not at the narrowest section or constriction. There are a number of reasons for the failure of the funnel model. First, there is no rigid lid in the real world. ... Another reason the flow tend to be strongest in the gap exit region is that there is often a synoptic or mesoscale pressure gradient across the gap.  4, record 2, English, - gap%20wind

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 2 OBS

[The term "gap wind"] was introduced by R. S. Scorer (1952) for the surface winds blowing through the Strait of Gibraltar. ... Similar winds occur at other gaps in mountain ranges, such as the tehuantepecer and the jochwinde, and in long channels, such as the Strait of Juan de Fuca between the Olympic Mountains of Washington and Vancouver Island, British Columbia.  5, record 2, English, - gap%20wind

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 3 OBS

A special form of gap wind blows in urban areas, the street-canyon wind, caused by gaps between buildings rather than terrain.  2, record 2, English, - gap%20wind

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Vent dont la vitesse est augmentée par suite du passage de l'air dans une vallée, un canyon, une passe, entre deux montagnes, etc.  1, record 2, French, - vent%20de%20couloir

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La côte sauvage [située] à l'extrême sud-ouest de l'île. [...] On y trouve les plus grandes vagues de l'île, à cause des vents puissants soufflant entre la Corse et la Sardaigne (vents accélérés par effet venturi, tout comme le Mistral dans la vallée du Rhône).  2, record 2, French, - vent%20de%20couloir

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Selon les météorologues consultés d'Environnement Canada, l'effet venturi ne peut expliquer à lui seul la force du vent. En effet, une composante liée à l'étalement de l'air, à la sortie du couloir, dans le relief contribue également au phénomène. Par contre, selon le météorologue consulté de Météo-France, il considère que l'effet Venturi englobe l'ensemble des effets qu'un obstacle en forme d'entonnoir fait subir à la vitesse d'écoulement d'un fluide qui le traverse et plus particulièrement l'effet d'accélération de la vitesse du flux dans la zone d'étalement de l'air, phénomène qu'il attribuerait à l'accélération causée par la dépression relative locale, attribuée à l'obstacle placé en amont (surpression en amont de l'obstacle/dépression en aval).  1, record 2, French, - vent%20de%20couloir

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Pour éviter toute confusion possible avec les termes «courant jet» et «jet», les météorologues consultés ont rejeté les termes «vent de jet» et «vent jet». En effet, ces termes désignent en météorologie les courants de vents forts à haute altitude («jet d'altitude»), ainsi que, plus récemment, les courants de vents forts en basses couches à l'avant des fronts froids («jet de basses couches»).  1, record 2, French, - vent%20de%20couloir

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 3 OBS

En France, on utilise plutôt, suivant le cas ainsi que le contexte, scientifique ou plus grand public, diverses expressions comme «effet Venturi», «canalisation du vent par le relief»,«effet canalisant des reliefs», «accélération du vent dans la trouée de ... ou dans la cluse de ...», «vent accéléré comme dans un couloir», etc. [Commentaire d'un météorologue de Météo-France.]  1, record 2, French, - vent%20de%20couloir

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 4 OBS

vent de couloir: terme privilégié par les météorologues consultés d'Environnement Canada.  1, record 2, French, - vent%20de%20couloir

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Nearly circular trajectory of an air particle moving horizontally at constant speed relative to the Earth's surface in the absence of a horizontal pressure gradient. Balance is achieved between the Coriolis and centrifugal forces.  3, record 3, English, - circle%20of%20inertia

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Trajectoire presque circulaire d'une particule d'air se mouvant horizontalement à vitesse constante par rapport à la surface terrestre en l'absence d'un gradient horizontal de pression. L'équilibre s'établit entre la force de Coriolis et la force centrifuge.  2, record 3, French, - cercle%20d%27inertie

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Trayectoria casi circular de una partícula de aire que se mueve horizontalmente a nivel constante en relación con la superficie terrestre, en ausencia de un gradiente horizontal de presión. El equilibrio se establece entre las fuerzas centrífuga y de Coriolis.  1, record 3, Spanish, - c%C3%ADrculo%20de%20inercia

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The layer immediately next to a fixed boundary in which laminar flow prevails.  4, record 4, English, - laminar%20boundary%20layer

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Aircraft... in general,... are not certified to fly with any contamination [(e. g. possible contaminants : frost, squashed bugs, anti-icing fluids, etc.) ] on the lift and control surfaces. However,... small amounts of surface contamination usually result in roughness. This causes local changes in the pressure gradient in the boundary layer and can cause turbulence in a laminar flow boundary layer or complete flow separation from the surface.  3, record 4, English, - laminar%20boundary%20layer

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Above a surface, a laminar layer will develop and fluid velocity will increase with distance from the surface, but not indefinitely. At some point, flow will become turbulent, with the laminar sublayer separating the turbulent layer from the surface. In the real world, most laminar boundary layers are extremely thin (order of 1 mm), but can be of biological importance, for example, next to plant leaves or as invertebrate refuges in streams.  5, record 4, English, - laminar%20boundary%20layer

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

... flow is smooth and nonturbulent.  5, record 4, English, - laminar%20boundary%20layer

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 2 OBS

The equations of motion of the fluid in the laminar boundary layer are the Navier-Stokes equations containing only the inertia and molecular viscosity terms.  6, record 4, English, - laminar%20boundary%20layer

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Couche voisine d'une surface limite donnée dans laquelle les forces de viscosité moléculaire sont grandes parce que le gradient de vitesse normal à la surface limite est élevé.  2, record 4, French, - couche%20limite%20laminaire

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La présence d'une couche limite laminaire à la surface de notre peau limite notamment nos échanges de chaleur avec l'air extérieur et permet de maintenir la température de surface de nos mains ou de notre figure à une valeur voisine de 30 °C même si l'air extérieur est froid.  3, record 4, French, - couche%20limite%20laminaire

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Les équations du mouvement du fluide dans la couche limite laminaire sont les équations de Navier-Stokes ne contenant que les termes d'inertie et de viscosité moléculaire.  2, record 4, French, - couche%20limite%20laminaire

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Capa inmediata a una superficie límite dada en la cual son elevadas las fuerzas de viscosidad molecular porque es alto el gradiente de velocidad normal a la superficie límite.  1, record 4, Spanish, - capa%20l%C3%ADmite%20laminar

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Las ecuaciones de movimiento del fluido en la capa límite laminar son las de Navier-Stokes, que contienen sólo los términos de inercia y de viscosidad molecular.  1, record 4, Spanish, - capa%20l%C3%ADmite%20laminar

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The change in the structure and texture of snow grains which result from variations in temperature, migration of liquid water and water vapor, and pressure within the snow cover.  2, record 5, English, - snow%20metamorphism

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Metamorphism is a term borrowed from the geological sciences. In snow hydrology it refers to changes in snow texture caused by pressure and temperature conditions. The temperature of the layer determines the rate of metamorphism, and the temperature gradient across the layer largely determines the type of metamorphism.... In a dry, seasonal snowpack, it is convenient to distinguish two types of metamorphism... temperature-gradient metamorphism [and] equitemperature metamorphism. A third type of metamorphism takes place when snowpack temperatures reach 0°C and surface snow layers undergo frequent melt-freeze cycles. [It is] a process called... melt-freeze metamorphism.  3, record 5, English, - snow%20metamorphism

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

There are two types of snow metamorphism : dry snow metamorphism (e.g. rounding and faceting) and wet snow metamorphism (or melt-freeze metamorphism).  4, record 5, English, - snow%20metamorphism

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[...] nous distinguerons deux types de métamorphoses : les métamorphoses de la neige sèche et les métamorphoses de la neige humide.  1, record 5, French, - m%C3%A9tamorphose

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Les métamorphoses de la neige sèche. La neige sèche est la neige qui ne contient pas d'eau sous forme liquide. Elle englobe [la métamorphose] - par faible gradient, [les particules reconnaissables] vont se transformer en grains fins; - par moyen gradient, [les particules reconnaissables] vont se transformer en grains à faces planes; - par fort gradient, [les particules reconnaissables] se transformeront en grains à faces planes (passage intermédiaire obligé) puis en gobelets.  2, record 5, French, - m%C3%A9tamorphose

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 2 OBS

La métamorphose de la neige humide. Le facteur qui intervient dans ce cas est unique : l'eau sous forme liquide. Le résultat de ce type de métamorphose aussi : le grain rond. [...] Le grain rond est donc le dernier stade d'évolution de la neige, avant sa disparition par fonte.  2, record 5, French, - m%C3%A9tamorphose

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The rate of change of pressure with distance.  4, record 6, English, - pressure%20gradient

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

pressure gradient; barometric gradient. Mathematically, [it is] a vector, perpendicular to an isobaric line or surface, directed toward low pressure and with a magnitude equal to the rate of change of the pressure with distance. It is equal to-Vp, p being the pressure, or to-[delta] p/[delta] n, n being the distance along the normal directed towards low pressure.  4, record 6, English, - pressure%20gradient

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 2 OBS

pressure gradient: the term is sometimes loosely used to denote simply the magnitude of the gradient of the pressure field.  5, record 6, English, - pressure%20gradient

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 3 OBS

pressure gradient: term standardized by ISO and officially approved by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).  6, record 6, English, - pressure%20gradient

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Taux de variation de la pression avec la distance.  2, record 6, French, - gradient%20de%20pression

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Mathématiquement, [le gradient de pression est un] vecteur perpendiculaire à l'isobare ou à la surface isobare dirigé vers les basses pressions et dont l'intensité est égale au taux de variation de la pression en fonction de la distance.  2, record 6, French, - gradient%20de%20pression

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 2 OBS

gradient de pression : terme normalisé par l'ISO; uniformisé par l'Organisation de l'aviation civile internationale (OACI).  4, record 6, French, - gradient%20de%20pression

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Tasa de variación de la presión con la distancia.  2, record 6, Spanish, - gradiente%20de%20presi%C3%B3n

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Matemáticamente, vector perpendicular a la isobara o a la superficie isobárica dirigido hacia las bajas presiones y cuya magnitud es igual a la tasa de variación de la presión en función de la distancia.  2, record 6, Spanish, - gradiente%20de%20presi%C3%B3n

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 2 OBS

gradiente de presión; gradiente barométrico: términos aceptados oficialmente por la Organización de Aviación Civil Internacional (OACI).  3, record 6, Spanish, - gradiente%20de%20presi%C3%B3n

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Flow in the absence of external forces.  1, record 7, English, - inertial%20flow

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 OBS

In meteorology, frictionless flow in a geopotential surface in which there is no pressure gradient.  1, record 7, English, - inertial%20flow

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 2 OBS

The resulting atmospheric motion is the circle of inertia.  1, record 7, English, - inertial%20flow

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Flux en l'absence de forces externes.  1, record 7, French, - flux%20inertiel

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 OBS

En météorologie, un flux sans frottement dans une surface géopotentielle où il n'y a pas de gradient de pression.  1, record 7, French, - flux%20inertiel

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Le mouvement atmosphérique résultant est le cercle d'inertie.  1, record 7, French, - flux%20inertiel

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Flujo en ausencia de fuerzas externas.  1, record 7, Spanish, - flujo%20inercial

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 OBS

En meteorología, flujo sin rozamiento en una superficie geopotencial en la que no hay gradiente de presión.  1, record 7, Spanish, - flujo%20inercial

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 2 OBS

El movimiento atmosférico resultante es el círculo de inercia.  1, record 7, Spanish, - flujo%20inercial

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Convection caused by mechanical forces, such as those arising from air motion over a rough or sloping surface.  2, record 8, English, - forced%20convection

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Convection... is a principal means of energy transfer. Distinction is made between free convection(gravitational or buoyant convection), motion caused only by density differences within the fluid; and forced convection, motion induced by mechanical forces such as deflection by a large-scale surface irregularity, turbulent flow caused by friction at the boundary of a fluid, or motion caused by any applied pressure gradient. Free and forced convection are not necessarily exclusive processes. On a windy day with overcast sky, the heat exchange between ground and air is an example of forced convection. On a sunny day with a little wind where the ground temperature rises, both kinds of convection take place.  3, record 8, English, - forced%20convection

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Convection d'une masse d'air causée par des forces mécaniques extérieures au système considéré.  2, record 8, French, - convection%20forc%C3%A9e

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Convección producida por fuerzas mecánicas tales como las debidas al movimiento del aire sobre una superficie rugosa o una pendiente.  1, record 8, Spanish, - convecci%C3%B3n%20forzada

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Convection caused by density differences within the air.  3, record 9, English, - free%20convection

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Free convection is the rising of heated air and the sinking of cooler air without the need of external forces.  4, record 9, English, - free%20convection

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Convection... is a principal means of energy transfer. Distinction is made between free convection(gravitational or buoyant convection), motion caused only by density differences within the fluid; and forced convection, motion induced by mechanical forces such as deflection by a large-scale surface irregularity, turbulent flow caused by friction at the boundary of a fluid, or motion caused by any applied pressure gradient. Free and forced convection are not necessarily exclusive processes. On a windy day with overcast sky, the heat exchange between ground and air is an example of forced convection. On a sunny day with a little wind where the ground temperature rises, both kinds of convection take place.  5, record 9, English, - free%20convection

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Convection provoquée par des différences de densité de l'air.  1, record 9, French, - convection%20libre

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[La] convection naturelle [...] est causée par le réchauffement diurne de la surface terrestre, résultant souvent en la formation de nuages Cumulus.  2, record 9, French, - convection%20libre

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Convección producida por diferencias de densidad dentro del aire.  1, record 9, Spanish, - convecci%C3%B3n%20libre

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Local topographic and climatic features often contribute to worsen the air pollution situation in Mexico City : the surrounding mountains reduce ventilation and favour the formation of surface inversions especially during the dry season when an anticyclonic type of weather prevails(e. g. clear skies and weak pressure gradient).  1, record 10, English, - anticyclonic%20type%20of%20weather

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le type de temps anticyclonique, associé à de hautes pressions en surface et à une masse d'air homogène, est caractérisé en hiver par un temps froid et sec et en été par un temps ensoleillé et chaud. Les vents sont généralement faibles et de direction variable, fonction de la position du centre de hautes pressions.  2, record 10, French, - type%20de%20temps%20anticyclonique

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

External pressure gradient-slope of sea surface, relative to geopotential surface...  2, record 11, English, - sea%20surface%20slope

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The sea surface slope is always opposite the isotherm slope.  1, record 11, English, - sea%20surface%20slope

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Inclinaison du niveau moyen de la mer par rapport au géoide.  1, record 11, French, - pente%20de%20la%20surface%20de%20la%20mer

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 12,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Historical records of the Southern Oscillation index and of the sea-surface temperature off the Peruvian coast show the two variables are linked, although the association is not perfect. The Southern Oscillation index is calculated by subtracting the atmospheric surface pressure at Darwin, Australia, from the pressure at Easter Island. When the index is positive, the east-west pressure gradient is greater than normal and the trade winds are stronger; conversely, a negative index indicates weak trade winds.  2, record 12, English, - positive%20southern%20oscillation%20index

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Indice de l'oscillation australe, d'après G. Walker, signalant un état de l'atmosphère tel que la différence de pressions, entre la partie ouest et la partie est du Pacifique, est supérieure à la normale.  2, record 12, French, - indice%20de%20l%27oscillation%20australe%20positif

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 2 OBS

On associe les épisodes "La Nina" à un indice de l'oscillation australe positif ou élevé.  2, record 12, French, - indice%20de%20l%27oscillation%20australe%20positif

Record 12,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 13,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Vertical reversal of waterflow where the pressure of the current falling over a gradient(such as a dam) causes the channel water at the base of the gradient to be forced downward into a loop style reversal and back to the surface.  1, record 13, English, - hole

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

Record 13,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 14,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In general, the air flow over the earth's surface is subject to a pressure gradient force, the Coriolis force and the force of friction at the surface. The relative importance of these forces, and consequently, the pattern of air motion, varies with height above the surface.  1, record 14, English, - pattern%20of%20air%20motion

Record 14,  Textual support,  French

Record 14,  Textual support,  Spanish