TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The objective of the changes made in the gain parameter is to minimize the value of the functional given by(the) equation. However, the relationship between the gain and the functional is generally not known a priori. Consequently, we must rely on search techniques to find the value of gain that minimizes the functional, J. To do this, a small change is made in the gain and the error change is observed. If the value of the functional decreases, we continue to change the gain in the same direction. This process(is) a realization of the gradient search or steepest descent technique....  2, record 1, English, - gradient%20search

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Descente de plus grande pente : recherche itérative dont l'algorithme développe le meilleur sommet pendant de l'état antérieur jusqu'à la rencontre d'une feuille ou d'un père de feuilles.  2, record 1, French, - recherche%20du%20gradient

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The proposed iterative restoration algorithm is derived by modifying the optimal gradient method through an adaptive relaxation technique. The adaptivity is introduced to incorporate properties of the true restoration error. This makes the successive approximations approach the exact solution much faster, enabling a visually good convergence within a few iterates.  2, record 2, English, - iterative%20restoration%20algorithm

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

An affinity purification technique based on ’non-specific' adsorption to an ion exchanger. Cation exchangers appear to be particularly useful for this purpose. Purification specificity is achieved using gradient elution with substrate.  1, record 3, English, - affinity%20elution

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Affinity elution is complementary to affinity chromatography in that in the former technique the specificity of interaction is at the stage of desorption from the chromatographic support material, whereas in the latter the specificity occurs at the stage of adsorption. In affinity elution the enzyme of interest (along with others) is adsorbed onto an ion exchanger ... and then is eluted specifically by the appropriate substrate.  2, record 3, English, - affinity%20elution

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Technique de séparation des protéines qui est l'inverse de la chromatographie d'affinité : l'enzyme est adsorbée sur un échangeur d'ion et éluée par une solution de substrat, d'inhibiteur compétitif ou d'effecteur allostérique. Exemple : la ribonucléase, adsorbée sur phosphocellulose, est éluée par une solution de RNA.  2, record 3, French, - %C3%A9lution%20par%20un%20substrat

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A chromatographic technique in which a temperature gradient is produced.  3, record 4, English, - chromathermography

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Thermochromatography is an alternative to temperature programming.  2, record 4, English, - chromathermography

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 2 OBS

The heat source is passed down a column in the mobile phase flow direction.  3, record 4, English, - chromathermography

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Density gradient centrifugation that is performed in an analytical ultracentrifuge and that permits the separation of macromolecules which differ only slightly in their densities. The technique involves centrifuging a concentrated salt solution that contains macromolecules, such as a cesium chloride solution, until the salt achieves its equilibrium distribution and thereby produces a density gradient in the cell; the macromolecules band in this density gradient at positions where their densities equal those of the gradient.  1, record 5, English, - density%20gradient%20sedimentation%20equilibrium

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Centrifugation qui met en jeu un liquide de support en gradient de concentration de très forte densité. On peut utiliser comme liquide de support une solution 8 M de chlorure de césium, CsCl (poids atomique du Cs, 133), de densité très élevée, dans laquelle on a mis en suspension ou dissout le mélange à fractionner. Sous l'action de la force centrifuge, les ions Cs⁺ tendent à sédimenter et un gradient de concentration, donc de densité, s'établit compris entre 1,55 et 1,80 g/cm³. Les particules ou molécules qui y avaient été ajoutées se rassemblent en bandes transversales selon leur densité propre apparente.  2, record 5, French, - centrifugation%20%C3%A0%20%C3%A9quilibre%20de%20densit%C3%A9

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The pH at which a substance is electrically neutral or at which it is at its minimum ionization.  4, record 6, English, - isoelectric%20point

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 2 DEF

The pH at which a molecule (usually an amino acid of protein) has no net charge and will not move in an electric field.  5, record 6, English, - isoelectric%20point

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Iso-electric focusing : A technique for separating proteins according to their iso-electric points. The mixture of proteins is placed in a pH gradient established by ampolines in an electric field across a liquid or a gel matrix; the proteins move in the electric field until they reach their iso-electric points in the pH gradient where, having lost net charge, they are focused.  2, record 6, English, - isoelectric%20point

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Le point isoélectrique est à distinguer du point iso-ionique caractérisé par l'égalité du nombre des charges positives et négatives portées par la molécule, bien que ces deux points soient très proches et habituellement confondus.  3, record 6, French, - point%20iso%2D%C3%A9lectrique

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The situation where the system always moves downward in the energy function.  2, record 7, English, - gradient%20descent

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

One standard optimization technique is to use gradient descent : The values of the variables in the problem are modified in whatever direction reduces the cost function(energy). For hard problems, gradient descent gets stuck at local minima that are not globally optimal.  3, record 7, English, - gradient%20descent

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La surface de la fonction d'erreur présente des caractéristiques peu satisfaisantes pour effectuer une descente de gradient : minima locaux, qui empêchent la convergence de l'algorithme, plateaux où les pentes sont très faibles, etc.  1, record 7, French, - descente%20de%20gradient

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In common practice the bulk concentration of B is taken to be the total or analytical concentration of B that would be present throughout the electrode or solution if there were no current flowing through the cell and if the electrode and solution did not interact in any way. In the absence of any homogeneous reaction or other process that produces or consumes B, the bulk concentration of B is the total or analytical concentration of B that is present before the excitation signal is applied.  1, record 8, English, - bulk%20concentration

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

[In electroanalysis], any technique that involves the establishment of a concentration gradient, either within the material from which an electrode is made or in the solution that is in contact with an electrode, the bulk concentration of a substance B is the total or analytical concentration of B at points so remote from the electrode-solution interface that the concentration gradient for B is indistinguishable from zero at the instant under consideration.  1, record 8, English, - bulk%20concentration

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

En pratique, on considère que la concentration de B dans la masse de la solution est égale à la concentration totale ou à la concentration analytique de B qui serait présente à l'électrode ou dans de la solution s'il ne passait pas de courant dans la cellule et s'il n'y avait aucune interaction entre l'électrode et la solution. En l'absence de réaction homogènes ou d'autres processus qui produisent ou qui consomment B, la concentration de B dans la masse de la solution est la concentration totale ou analytique de B présente avant la mise sous tension.  1, record 8, French, - concentration%20dans%20la%20masse%20de%20la%20solution

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 2 CONT

[En électroanalyse], toute technique qui implique qu'un gradient de concentration s'établit, soit dans le matériau dont l'électrode est faite ou dans la solution en contact avec l'électrode, la concentration d'une substance B dans la masse de la solution est égale à la concentration totale ou à la concentration analytique de B à des points tellement éloignés de l'interface électrode-solution que le gradient de concentration de B est pratiquement nul au moment de sa détermination.  1, record 8, French, - concentration%20dans%20la%20masse%20de%20la%20solution

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Protein separation technique in which a mixture of protein molecules is resolved into its components by subjecting the mixture to an electric field in a supporting gel having a previously established pH gradient.  2, record 9, English, - isoelectric%20focusing

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 OBS

A biochemical technique for identifying lines of crop plants.  3, record 9, English, - isoelectric%20focusing

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L'électrofocalisation. Dans cette technique on établit dans une colonne liquide, à l'aide d'électrolytes appropriés, un gradient de pH. Après introduction du mélange de protéines dans la colonne, on effectue une migration électrophorétique. Une protéine donnée va migrer selon sa charge initiale vers l'une ou l'autre électrode, jusqu'à ce qu'elle atteigne la zone correspondant à son pH isoélectrique; là, sa charge s'annule et sa migration s'arrête. Par cette méthode on fractionne donc les protéines en fonction de leur pH.  3, record 9, French, - %C3%A9lectrofocalisation

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Technique employée pour l'identification biochimique des lignées génétiques de plantes cultivées.  2, record 9, French, - %C3%A9lectrofocalisation

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish