TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

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Thermo-osmotic energy conversion(TOEC) is an emerging process that efficiently extracts energy from low-grade heat sources. By utilizing a temperature gradient, TOEC induces a partial vapor pressure difference across a hydrophobic membrane. This pressure gradient drives the vapor from the hot feed side through the membrane's pores to the cold permeate side. The movement of water from the hot feed side to the permeate side of the membrane results in excess fluid in the cold reservoir, generating a pressurized flow that can be harnessed to drive a turbine and generate electricity.  1, record 1, English, - thermo%2Dosmotic%20energy%20conversion

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A permanent thermocline exists beneath the stream sloping upward from the right to the left side of the current. This thermocline separates the warm water of the Gulf Stream from the cold slope water and the boundary is often referred to as the cold wall or north wall. The north wall makes it easy to identify the position of the Gulf Stream in satellite infrared images by observing the strong sea surface temperature gradient.  2, record 2, English, - cold%20wall

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

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Zone de gradient brutal dans les températures de l'eau océanique, entre les eaux de courant chaud, ou l'eau de pente, et les eaux d'un courant froid [...]  2, record 2, French, - mur%20froid

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[...] par exemple à Terre-Neuve, où se rencontrent les eaux du courant froid du Labrador et les eaux du Gulf Stream ou des eaux de pentes voisines [...]  2, record 2, French, - mur%20froid

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

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Seasonal variations of the heat flow through the surface lead to a change in the sign of the temperature gradient at the boundaries of the tidal mixing zone; i. e., the "cold" zone of tidal mixing becomes "warm" in the period of autumn cooling.  1, record 3, English, - tidal%20mixing%20zone

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

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The varied physical factors ... and often associated chemical factors ... that characterize a particular aquatic habitat.  2, record 4, English, - hydroclimate

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Different paleo-indicators suggest that the changes in the [South American monsoon system(SAMS) ] during the last millennia were connected, to some extent, with the inter-hemispheric temperature gradient over the Atlantic Ocean, affecting [the] hydroclimate of the Andes-Amazon region.  3, record 4, English, - hydroclimate

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Physical factors (as temperature, pH, density, turbidity) and chemical factors (as concentration of certain ions).  2, record 4, English, - hydroclimate

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

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Partie du climat relative à l'hydrologie d'une région.  2, record 4, French, - hydroclimat

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Le territoire nordique québécois présente toutefois quelques défis spécifiques lorsqu'on souhaite caractériser son climat, notamment à cause de la vaste étendue du territoire, de la très faible densité de stations d'observations météorologiques et hydrologiques et de l'influence côtière causée par sa localisation géographique. Ces défis se répercutent évidemment sur les analyses du bioclimat et de l'hydroclimat.  3, record 4, French, - hydroclimat

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Características físicas de una masa de agua.  2, record 4, Spanish, - hidroclima

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

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The layer in a thermally stratified body of water in which the temperature gradient is at a maximum.  2, record 5, English, - thermocline

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In the oceans, this zone of rapid temperature change starts at 10–500 m below the surface and can extend down to more than 1500 m. ... In thermally stratified lakes in summer the thermocline separates the warm surface waters (epilimnion) from the cooler deep waters (hypolimnion).  3, record 5, English, - thermocline

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thermocline: term and definition standardized by ISO.  4, record 5, English, - thermocline

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

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Partie d'une masse d'eau stratifiée pour laquelle le gradient de température atteint un maximum.  2, record 5, French, - thermocline

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thermocline : terme et définition normalisés par l'ISO.  3, record 5, French, - thermocline

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Capa de una masa de agua térmicamente estratificada en la que el gradiente de temperatura es máximo.  2, record 5, Spanish, - termoclina

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

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The transition layer between the upper water body(epilimnion) and the lower water body(hypolimnion) in a stratified lake is referred to as the "metalimnion, "whereas if a single depth is to be reported to represent the division between layers, the section of highest temperature gradient with depth within the metalimnion is often employed, and may be referred to as the "thermocline. "  3, record 6, English, - metalimnion

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Couche thermique de transition dans l'eau stratifiée d'un lac située entre l'épilimnion et l'hypolimnion comprenant la thermocline [...]  1, record 6, French, - m%C3%A9talimnion

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

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[The] large-scale mode of interannual variability of sea surface temperature in the Indian Ocean.  3, record 7, English, - Indian%20Ocean%20dipole

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This pattern manifests through a zonal gradient of tropical sea surface temperature, which in one extreme phase in boreal autumn shows cooling off Sumatra and warming off Somalia in the west, combined with anomalous easterlies along the equator.  3, record 7, English, - Indian%20Ocean%20dipole

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Mode de variabilité interannuelle de la température de la mer en surface à grande échelle dans l'océan Indien.  4, record 7, French, - dip%C3%B4le%20de%20l%27oc%C3%A9an%20Indien

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Il se manifeste par un gradient zonal de la température de la mer en surface dans la région tropicale, qui, suivant une de ses phases extrêmes, se caractérise au cours de l'automne boréal par un refroidissement au large de Sumatra et un réchauffement au large de la Somalie à l'ouest, accompagnés par des vents d'est anormaux le long de l'équateur.  4, record 7, French, - dip%C3%B4le%20de%20l%27oc%C3%A9an%20Indien

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Record 8,  Textual support,  English

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An instrument designed to quantify sodium purity level in a SFR [sodium-cooled fast reactor] coolant system by crystallizing impurities in a controlled gradient of temperature.  3, record 8, English, - plugging%20meter

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Instrument permettant de quantifier le degré de pureté du sodium dans un circuit caloporteur de [réacteur à neutrons rapides refroidi au sodium] par cristallisation des impuretés dans un gradient de température contrôlé.  2, record 8, French, - indicateur%20de%20bouchage

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indicateur de bouchage : désignation et définition publiées au Journal officiel de la République française le 2 avril 2019.  3, record 8, French, - indicateur%20de%20bouchage

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

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A point or area ("streak") of relative maximum wind speeds within a jet stream [or within the jet stream core].  6, record 9, English, - jet%20streak

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The jet stream is a fragmented global wind flow that encircles the mid-latitudes in a wavelike pattern. Embedded within this global wind belt are jet streaks. A jet streak is a segment of the jet stream that has relatively high velocity winds.... Jet streaks are caused by a large low-level temperature gradient, thus they are more intense in the cool season when the differential in temperature between the polar regions and tropical regions is largest. Jet streaks are analyzed near the 300-mb level.  4, record 9, English, - jet%20streak

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Some authors consider "jet stream core" and "core of the jet stream" synonyms with "jet streak." In fact, a "jet stream core" is "a line, within the jet stream, along which the wind speeds are maximum both in the vertical and horizontal." The "jet streak" is a "segment within the jet stream core where the wind reaches its greatest speed." There could be more than one "jet streak" within a "jet stream core." The French equivalent of "jet stream core" is "coeur du courant-jet."  7, record 9, English, - jet%20streak

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

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Un maximum de vent se formant dans le [cœur du] courant-jet d'altitude par suite d'une perturbation de celui-ci.  4, record 9, French, - rapide%20de%20courant%2Djet

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[...] les centres de prévision numérique du temps [doivent] réaliser de nouveaux produits ou des produits spécifiques permettant de mieux déterminer les divers forçages et d'évaluer les conditions synoptiques dans lesquelles une forte convection risque de se produire. Ces produits comprennent : a) les cartes du tourbillon potentiel; b) les paramètres concernant les surfaces isentropes ou les surfaces du tourbillon potentiel; c) l'analyse isotache pour localiser les courants-jets et les rapides de courants-jets; d) les indices de stabilité, le cisaillement du vent, l'hélicité.  1, record 9, French, - rapide%20de%20courant%2Djet

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[Cours - Météo-France.] Les rapides du courant-jet : la dynamique synoptique.  5, record 9, French, - rapide%20de%20courant%2Djet

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Le cœur du courant-jet constitue la partie centrale du courant-jet et fait en principe tout le tour de la planète aux latitudes tempérées, tandis que les «jet streaks» ou «rapides du courant-jet» correspondent aux portions du courant-jet où les vents sont les plus forts. Le terme français incite d'ailleurs à faire une analogie en imaginant le courant-jet comme une rivière ponctuée de rapides! [Un météorologue, Environnement Canada.]  4, record 9, French, - rapide%20de%20courant%2Djet

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Record 10,  Textual support,  English

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A permanent pond is usually defined by any of the following characteristics : it is shallow enough to permit aquatic plants to penetrate the surface anywhere over its entire mass; its mass is not so great as to allow formation of large waves that could erode the shoreline; it has no temperature layering, rather a gradient of temperatures extending from surface to bottom.  1, record 10, English, - permanent%20pond

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A case hardening process in which a suitable ferrous material is heated above the lower transformation temperature in a gaseous atmosphere of such composition as to cause simultaneous absorption of carbon and nitrogen by the surface and, by diffusion, create a concentration gradient.  1, record 11, English, - carbonitriding

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The process is completed by cooling at a rate that produces the desired properties in the workpiece.  1, record 11, English, - carbonitriding

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gas cyaniding: a misnomer for carbonitriding.  1, record 11, English, - carbonitriding

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Traitement thermochimique auquel est soumis un alliage ferreux, le maintien à température étant réalisé en atmosphère convenable, pour obtenir un enrichissement superficiel en carbone et azote, éléments qui diffusent vers l'intérieur de la pièce.  2, record 11, French, - carbonitruration

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Généralement cette opération est suivie d'un durcissement par trempe.  2, record 11, French, - carbonitruration

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 12,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

If the strong horizontal temperature gradient associated with a front maintains a near constant direction through a deep layer of the atmosphere, the thermal wind component will have a constant direction through successively higher layers. As this component is added consecutively to the actual wind at each level, the wind will increase markedly with height. This is how the very strong winds of frontal jet streams originate.  1, record 12, English, - frontal%20jet%20stream

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

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Si le fort gradient de température horizontal associé à un front conserve une direction presque constante à travers une couche profonde de l’atmosphère, le vent thermique a une direction constante dans des couches de plus en plus élevées. À mesure que cette composante s’ajoute consécutivement aux vents réels à chaque niveau, le vent augmente nettement avec l’altitude. C’est ainsi que naissent les très forts vents des courants-jets frontaux.  1, record 12, French, - courant%2Djet%20frontal

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Record 13,  Textual support,  English

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The planetary-scale cyclonic circulation, centered generally in the polar regions, extending from the middle troposphere to the stratosphere.  5, record 13, English, - polar%20vortex

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The westerly airflow is largely a manifestation of the thermal wind above the polar frontal zone of middle and subpolar latitudes. The vortex is strongest in winter when the pole-to-equator temperature gradient is strongest. In the Northern Hemisphere, the vortex has two centers in the mean, one near Baffin Island and the other over northeast Siberia.  5, record 13, English, - polar%20vortex

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Tourbillon créé en haute troposphère, au-dessus de chacun des pôles géographiques, par la circulation cyclonique des vents d'ouest.  2, record 13, French, - tourbillon%20circumpolaire

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Le phénomène du trou d'ozone est renforcé par l'existence de ce que l'on nomme le vortex polaire, un modèle de circulation particulier à la stratosphère au-dessus du pôle sud au cours de l'hiver austral et qui isole cette région de son environnement [...]  4, record 13, French, - tourbillon%20circumpolaire

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Le tourbillon circumpolaire isole la couche d'ozone polaire des masses d'air environnantes, plus riches en ozone.  2, record 13, French, - tourbillon%20circumpolaire

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Dans les textes techniques récents, probablement sous l'influence de l'anglais, c'est le terme «vortex polaire» qu'on emploie généralement.  2, record 13, French, - tourbillon%20circumpolaire

Record 13,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Zona semi aislada de circulación ciclónica constituida cada invierno en la estratosfera polar.  3, record 13, Spanish, - v%C3%B3rtice%20polar

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El vórtice polar austral es más fuerte que el septentrional. El vórtice aumenta el agotamiento del ozono al retener aire muy frío que contiene aerosoles y en el cual pueden tener lugar las reacciones de destrucción del ozono.  3, record 13, Spanish, - v%C3%B3rtice%20polar

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Al fenómeno que azota EE.UU. [Estados Unidos] se lo denomina “vórtice polar”. Es un sistema de baja presión profunda que se extiende a los niveles superiores de la atmósfera y hace descender masas heladas de aire que, por lo general, circulan alrededor del Círculo Polar Ártico.  4, record 13, Spanish, - v%C3%B3rtice%20polar

Record 14,  Textual support,  English

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An inversion temperature gradient is defined as an increase in air temperature with an increase in altitude.  1, record 14, English, - inversion%20temperature%20gradient

Record 14,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 DEF

En météorologie, déviation du décroissement ou de l'accroissement habituel avec l'altitude de la valeur d'un élément atmosphérique.  3, record 14, French, - inversion%20du%20gradient%20de%20temp%C3%A9rature

Record 14,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 15,  Textual support,  English

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The north wall makes it easy to identify the position of the Gulf Stream in satellite infrared images by observing the strong sea surface temperature gradient.  1, record 15, English, - satellite%20infrared%20image

Record 15,  Textual support,  French

Record 15,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 16,  Textual support,  English

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The rate of water flow in gallons per day through a cross section of 1 square foot under a unit hydraulic gradient, at the prevailing temperature or at 60 degrees F(16 degrees C).  3, record 16, English, - permeability%20coefficient

Record 16,  Textual support,  French

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Défini à partir de la loi de Darcy en régime d'écoulement laminaire : V=k.i le coefficient de perméabilité est la vitesse (fictive) avec laquelle l'eau traverse la section droite d'un milieu poreux, sous un gradient hydraulique unitaire, à la température de 20 °C.  2, record 16, French, - coefficient%20de%20perm%C3%A9abilit%C3%A9

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Lorsque le milieu poreux n'est pas isotrope, la perméabilité, variable suivant la direction considérée, ne s'exprime plus par un nombre unique, mais par un tenseur (R) qui s'explicite dans l'espace tridimensionnel par un tableau de neuf composantes (trois pour chaque axe) appelés coefficient de perméabilité.  3, record 16, French, - coefficient%20de%20perm%C3%A9abilit%C3%A9

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Au sens courant, paramètre de DARCY, homogène à une vitesse.  4, record 16, French, - coefficient%20de%20perm%C3%A9abilit%C3%A9

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Symbole : K; Enviroguides, sections 5.5.2 et 5.5.3; Dict. français d'hydrogéologie, Castany, 1977 pp. 101-102; voir «groundwater» de R.A. Freeze & J.A. Cherry, p. 27.  4, record 16, French, - coefficient%20de%20perm%C3%A9abilit%C3%A9

Record 16,  Textual support,  Spanish

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Porcentaje del flujo de agua que pasa a través de una sección sometida a una unidad de gradiente hidráulico.  2, record 16, Spanish, - coeficiente%20de%20permeabilidad

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 OBS

coeficiente de permeabilidad: término y definición extraídos del CAPITAL Business Dictionary con la autorización de LID Editorial Empresarial.  3, record 16, Spanish, - coeficiente%20de%20permeabilidad

Record 17,  Textual support,  English

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The European furnace insert in the MSL [Materials Science Laboratory] is developed to support research in the field of Bridgman crystal growth. The LGF [Low Gradient Furnace] consists of two heated cavities separated by an insulating, "adiabatic" zone. It is intended to provide restricted but well-controlled gradients between two stable temperature plateaux. Crystal growth is performed by translating the furnace over a stationary sample; thermomechanical stresses in the grown crystal are minimised by maintaining the solidified part of the sample in the heated cavity throughout processing. Alternatively, the insert can be used for thermodiffusion experiments by keeping the furnace stationary and using only the gradient capability. Isothermal experiments can also be carried out with suitable sample/cartridge configurations.  2, record 17, English, - furnace%20insert

Record 17,  Textual support,  French

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[Le] microscope confocal Zeiss LSM 510 [...] est équipé d'un incubateur, d'un insert chauffant ainsi que d'une chambre de perfusion, ce qui permet l'observation de cellules vivantes dans les meilleures conditions possibles.  2, record 17, French, - insert%20chauffant

Record 17,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 18,  Textual support,  English

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Rate of decrease of temperature with increasing height.  5, record 18, English, - temperature%20lapse%20rate

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Lapse Temperature Gradient. This condition normally exists on a clear day when the middle and low clouds cover less than 30 percent of the sky and when the wind speed is less than 5 km/h. It is the least favorable condition for the enemy to employ chemical or biological agents. When a lapse condition exists, area coverage without diffusion will be enhanced with a steady low wind speed of 3 to 7 km/h.  4, record 18, English, - temperature%20lapse%20rate

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 OBS

In common usage, the term "temperature gradient" is reserved for temperature change with horizontal distance and "temperature lapse rate" for change of temperature with height.  3, record 18, English, - temperature%20lapse%20rate

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The term "lapse" may also signify, as in "humidity lapse rate", the rate of decrease with height of certain meteorological variables other than temperature.  3, record 18, English, - temperature%20lapse%20rate

Record 18,  Textual support,  French

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Taux de décroissance de la température en fonction de la distance, selon la verticale ascendante.  3, record 18, French, - gradient%20thermique%20vertical

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 OBS

On considère habituellement un taux moyen sur une distance, par exemple de 100 mètres.  3, record 18, French, - gradient%20thermique%20vertical

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 2 OBS

«gradient vertical» (lapse rate) : Variation décroissante d'un phénomène avec l'élévation, ce phénomène étant généralement la température.  3, record 18, French, - gradient%20thermique%20vertical

Record 18,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Disminución de la temperatura del aire, en grados Celsius por cada 100 m de aumento de altura.  3, record 18, Spanish, - gradiente%20vertical%20de%20temperatura

Record 19,  Textual support,  English

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gradient : In meteorology, the change in the value of an atmospheric variable per unit of horizontal distance, as temperature gradient or air pressure gradient.  2, record 19, English, - temperature%20gradient

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 OBS

In common usage, the term "temperature gradient" is reserved for temperature change with horizontal distance and the term "temperature lapse rate", for change of temperature with height.  3, record 19, English, - temperature%20gradient

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 2 OBS

temperature gradient : term standardized by ISO.  4, record 19, English, - temperature%20gradient

Record 19,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 CONT

gradient : Taux de variation d'un élément météorologique en fonction de la distance. Dans le sens vertical, le gradient de température (gradient thermique) s'exprime en degrés C par 100 m [...] Dans le sens horizontal, le gradient de pression s'exprime en millibars par 100 km ou par degré géographique (111 km).  3, record 19, French, - gradient%20de%20temp%C3%A9rature

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 OBS

gradient de température; gradient thermique : termes normalisés par l'ISO; gradient de température : terme uniformisé par le Comité d'uniformisation de la terminologie aéronautique (CUTA) - Opérations aériennes.  4, record 19, French, - gradient%20de%20temp%C3%A9rature

Record 19,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 20,  Textual support,  English

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That temperature a product has to reached to be totally solidified.  2, record 20, English, - final%20temperature%20of%20freezing

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In vitro freezing of tissue. Early attempts at studying the effects of speed and final temperature of freezing of tissue slices on cellular damage had difficulty in separating these parameters. Rubinsky and co-workers developed a method of controlled freezing of tissue slices on a microscope slide moving along a temperature gradient between two constant temperature bases. They were able to freeze animal and human liver tissue with a constant cooling rate. Their experiments revealed that high cooling rates will result in intracellular ice formation and probably immediate cell death, representing the clinical situation very close to the cryoprobe. Lower cooling rates resulting in cellular dehydration and extracellular ice formation with large ice crystals propagating along the sinusoids, expanding them by a factor of two in diameter.  1, record 20, English, - final%20temperature%20of%20freezing

Record 20,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Température nécessaire à la congélation complète d'un produit.  2, record 20, French, - temp%C3%A9rature%20de%20cong%C3%A9lation%20totale

Record 20,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 21,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A chromatographic technique in which a temperature gradient is produced.  3, record 21, English, - chromathermography

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Thermochromatography is an alternative to temperature programming.  2, record 21, English, - chromathermography

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The heat source is passed down a column in the mobile phase flow direction.  3, record 21, English, - chromathermography

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Record 21,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 22,  Textual support,  English

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A metamorphic process occurring in a dry snowpack with a weak temperature gradient where branched and angular snow crystals decompose into rounded shapes.  11, record 22, English, - rounding

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The rounding process builds rounded grains (rounds) which bond well to one another creating a snowpack (or layer) that is generally increasingly strong.  12, record 22, English, - rounding

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 2 CONT

The following conditions promote rounding :-A weak temperature gradient generally less than 1 degree C per 10 cm(which moves water vapour slowly from warm areas to cold).-Dense, tightly packed snow.-Small grains(which produce denser snow).-A high snow temperature, typically above-10 degrees C(which promotes weaker temperature gradients).  12, record 22, English, - rounding

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 3 CONT

As the temperatures penetrate the snowpack, it will promote rounding. [Example approved by the Avalanche Bulletin Terminology Standardization Committee.]  13, record 22, English, - rounding

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 OBS

equilibrium growth: This metamorphic process has always been believed to be driven by radius dependent vapor pressure gradients, but this is currently under investigation and is being re-thought by scientists.  14, record 22, English, - rounding

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 2 OBS

In older popular literature originating mostly from the United States, the term "equitemperature metamorphism" has been used to describe the process of generating rounded forms ... Since temperature gradients largely determine the rate of growth (even in wet snow), and therefore the form, ... and since "equitemperature" conditions are nearly impossible to have in dry alpine snow, [this] term is not recommended [and was replaced in the late 1980 by rounding].  15, record 22, English, - rounding

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 3 OBS

rounding: term officially approved by the Avalanche Bulletin Terminology Standardization Committee.  11, record 22, English, - rounding

Record 22,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Métamorphose de neige sèche commandée par un gradient faible (G<0,1 °C/cm) [dont] l'effet prédominant est l'effet de rayon de courbure qui conduit au frittage et à la formation de grains fins.  6, record 22, French, - arrondissement%20des%20grains

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Métamorphose de faible gradient : vers les grains fins. Quand, pendant une assez longue période, la température à la surface de la neige reste faiblement négative (avec par exemple de faibles amplitudes entre le jour et la nuit) ou lorsque le manteau neigeux est très épais, les différences de températures au sein du manteau neigeux sont assez faibles. C'est dans ce cas que la neige subit la métamorphose de faible gradient (appelée aussi anciennement métamorphose d'isothermie). Alors, les particules reconnaissables vont s'arrondir (disparition des pointes, comblement des creux). La taille des grains devient relativement uniforme et nettement inférieure au mm. Les cristaux de neige obtenus s'appellent des grains fins [...]. C'est typiquement le genre de cristaux que l'on peut rencontrer dans la neige de piste damée ou dans celle que l'on peut découper en bloc pour construire un igloo. [...] L'arrondissement des grains et la diminution de leur taille rendent cette neige plus solide, plus dense (250 à 350 kg/m3) et, d'une certaine manière plus stable.  7, record 22, French, - arrondissement%20des%20grains

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Le réchauffement du manteau neigeux favorise l'arrondissement des grains. [Exemple entériné par le Comité d'uniformisation de la terminologie des bulletins d'avalanche.]  8, record 22, French, - arrondissement%20des%20grains

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 OBS

grain fin : Équivalent français de «rounded grain». Le «grain rond» français se rend par «wet grain» ou «melt-freeze particle».  9, record 22, French, - arrondissement%20des%20grains

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 2 OBS

arrondissement des grains : terme uniformisé par le Comité d'uniformisation de la terminologie des bulletins d'avalanche.  10, record 22, French, - arrondissement%20des%20grains

Record 22,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 23,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The Travelling Heater Method(THM) is a solution growth process whereby polycrystalline feed material, with an average constant composition, is progressively dissolved under the influence of a temperature gradient, followed by deposition, in single crystal form, onto a seed of the same composition.  2, record 23, English, - travelling%20heater%20method

Record 23,  Textual support,  French

Record 23,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 24,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The rate at which some atmospheric property, usually temperature, decreases with height; the vertical gradient.  2, record 24, English, - adiabatic%20lapse%20rate

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Adiabatic lapse rate [is] the constant rate at which the temperature declines with rising altitude in the atmosphere (without gain or loss of heat).  1, record 24, English, - adiabatic%20lapse%20rate

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 OBS

For temperature, the average is about 0.6°C/100 meters; however, it varies according to the moisture content of the air.  2, record 24, English, - adiabatic%20lapse%20rate

Record 24,  Textual support,  French

Record 24,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Velocidad de reducción de la temperatura con la altura en una masa de aire que asciende sin intercambio de calor con el aire que la rodea, teniendo en cuenta a cada nivel de altura la presión correspondiente.  1, record 24, Spanish, - gradiente%20adiab%C3%A1tico

Record 25,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Oceanic fronts are boundaries between water masses of different density. Density is a function of temperature and salinity(the amount of dissolved salts in water) ;therefore, both thermal(temperature) fronts and haline(salinity) fronts exist in the ocean. A thermal front is a zone with a pronounced horizontal temperature gradient, while a haline front exhibits a horizontal salinity gradient.  2, record 25, English, - horizontal%20temperature%20gradient

Record 25,  Textual support,  French

Record 25,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 26,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Temperatures generally increase with increasing depth in the earth as heat from deep inside the earth escapes. The geothermal gradient is a measure of how rapidly the temperature increases as a function of depth. Because the Denver Basin area is currently relatively quiet in terms of volcanic and earthquake activity, one might expect the average geothermal gradient to be about 30 degrees C/km. This means that, on average the temperature increases 30 degrees C for every kilometer drilled into the Denver Basin.  1, record 26, English, - average%20geothermal%20gradient

Record 26,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le gradient vertical moyen de température dans l'air est de l'ordre de - 0,65 °C pour 100 mètres. Dans le sol, le gradient géothermique moyen est de + 3 °C pour 100 mètres.  1, record 26, French, - gradient%20g%C3%A9othermique%20moyen

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 OBS

gradient : Taux de variation d'une grandeur physique ou d'une fonction dans une direction donnée.  1, record 26, French, - gradient%20g%C3%A9othermique%20moyen

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Température. À un peu plus de 1 m de la surface, les variations de température journalières ne se font plus sentir et, vers 20 ou 30 m, suivant les sols, les variations annuelles ne jouent plus. Au fur et à mesure que l'on s'enfonce, la température s'élève généralement d'environ 3 °C par 100 m : c'est le gradient géothermique moyen (1 à 10 °C par 100 m). Le degré géothermique indique la profondeur à laquelle il faut descendre pour que la température s'élève de 1 °C (en moyenne 33 m). Le sol peut être gelé sur 300 m (par exemple au Spitzberg, et en Sibérie).  2, record 26, French, - gradient%20g%C3%A9othermique%20moyen

Record 26,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 27,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The troposphere extends from the earth's surface to an altitude of 8 to 10 kilometers at polar latitudes, 10 to 12 kilometers at middle latitudes, and up to 18 kilometers at the equator. It is characterized by a temperature decrease with height. The point at which the temperature ceases to decrease with height is known as the tropopause. The average vertical temperature gradient of the troposphere varies between 6 and 7 degrees Celsius per kilometer.  1, record 27, English, - average%20vertical%20temperature%20gradient

Record 27,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le gradient vertical moyen de température dans l'air est de l'ordre de - 0,65 °C pour 100 mètres. Dans le sol, le gradient géothermique moyen est de + 3 °C pour 100 mètres.  1, record 27, French, - gradient%20vertical%20moyen%20de%20temp%C3%A9rature

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 OBS

gradient : Taux de variation d'une grandeur physique ou d'une fonction dans une direction donnée.  1, record 27, French, - gradient%20vertical%20moyen%20de%20temp%C3%A9rature

Record 27,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 28,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 28, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A neutral temperature gradient is defined as a nearly constant air temperature with an increase in altitude.  1, record 28, English, - neutral%20temperature%20gradient

Record 28,  Textual support,  French

Record 28,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 29,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 29, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The Boltzmann equation, also often known as the Boltzmann transport equation, devised by Ludwig Boltzmann, describes the statistical distribution of one particle in a fluid. It is one of the most important equations of non-equilibrium statistical mechanics, the area of statistical mechanics that deals with systems far from thermodynamic equilibrium; for instance, when there is an applied temperature gradient or electric field. The Boltzmann equation is used to study how a fluid transports physical quantities such as heat and charge, and thus to derive transport properties such as electrical conductivity, Hall conductivity, viscosity, and thermal conductivity.  1, record 29, English, - Boltzmann%20equation

Record 29,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 29, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La population des neutrons dans un réacteur nucléaire peut être, à la fois, qualifiée de nombreuse et de diluée. Par exemple, dans un réacteur à eau sous pression fonctionnant dans les conditions nominales, il y a, en permanence, de l'ordre de cent millions de neutrons par centimètre cube : cela est largement suffisant pour qu'une description statistique et non individuelle des particules soit faite; cependant, ces neutrons sont approximativement 1014 fois moins nombreux que les noyaux (on en compte de l'ordre de 10²² par cm³ dans la matière usuelle), ce qui fait que les interactions neutrons sont totalement négligeables devant les interactions neutrons- matière; en conséquence, l'équation décrivant la densité de la population des neutrons sera linéaire. Cette équation est l'équation écrite par Boltzmann en 1879 dans le cadre de la théorie statistique des gaz et qui a pu être reprise pratiquement dans les mêmes termes pour décrire le «gaz» neutronique.  1, record 29, French, - %C3%A9quation%20de%20Boltzmann

Record 29,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 30,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 30, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Significant temperature gradients are present across the fuel particles when a nuclear reactor is producing power. If local temperatures are sufficiently high, nuclear fuel kernels can migrate up the thermal gradient. During this process, the barrier retaining fission product is progressively damaged, and the damage can lead to complete failure of the coating system. This phenomenon is called the Amoeba effect.  1, record 30, English, - Amoeba%20effect

Record 30,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 30, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La migration du noyau dans la particule combustible, connue sous le nom d'effet amibe, est reconnue comme un problème préoccupant pour des particules exposées à de forts gradients thermiques. Ce phénomène qui peut conduire à une destruction complète de la particule si le noyau atteint la couche SiC est fortement dépendant, d'une part, des trois paramètres de fonctionnement que sont la température du noyau, le gradient de température dans la particule et le taux de combustion et, d'autre part, de la nature du matériau constituant le noyau.  1, record 30, French, - effet%20amibe

Record 30,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 31,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The increase in the temperature of the earth with the increasing depth from the surface ...  6, record 31, English, - geothermal%20gradient

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 CONT

As the depth of a well increases, so does the temperature; this phenomenon is known as the temperature gradient.  6, record 31, English, - geothermal%20gradient

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 OBS

... expressed either in degrees per unit depth or in units of depth per degree.  7, record 31, English, - geothermal%20gradient

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 2 OBS

... averages about 1°F per 60 ft, but may be considerably greater.  6, record 31, English, - geothermal%20gradient

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 3 OBS

When applied to the Earth, the term "geothermal gradient" may be used [as a synonym for "thermal gradient"].  8, record 31, English, - geothermal%20gradient

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 4 OBS

Not to be confused with "geothermal degree."  9, record 31, English, - geothermal%20gradient

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 5 OBS

thermal gradient; geothermal gradient; temperature gradient : terms used at Natural Resources Canada-Earth Sciences Sector.  9, record 31, English, - geothermal%20gradient

Record 31,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Augmentation de la température en fonction de la profondeur en dessous de la surface.  6, record 31, French, - gradient%20g%C3%A9othermique

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[Le gradient géothermique] varie d'après l'histoire géologique, la radioactivité des roches et leur conductivité. En moyenne, il est de 35 °C par kilomètre.  7, record 31, French, - gradient%20g%C3%A9othermique

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 2 CONT

L'accroissement [de température] est en général de 1° pour un enfoncement de 30 à 35 m et on exprime ce résultat en disant que le degré ou gradient géothermique est de 33 m. [...] le degré géothermique signifie qu'il existe une source de chaleur profonde et permanente sous l'écorce terrestre [...]  8, record 31, French, - gradient%20g%C3%A9othermique

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 3 CONT

Le milieu tectonique le plus favorable à la présence de cheminées kimberlitiques est un craton ancien et épais, à faible gradient géothermique.  9, record 31, French, - gradient%20g%C3%A9othermique

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 OBS

gradient géothermique; gradient thermique; gradient de température; taux de variation de la température : termes en usage à Ressources naturelles Canada - Secteur des sciences de la Terre.  10, record 31, French, - gradient%20g%C3%A9othermique

Record 31,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Aumento de la temperatura de la tierra por unidad de profundidad (aproximadamente 3,3 °C por 100 m).  3, record 31, Spanish, - gradiente%20geot%C3%A9rmico

Record 32,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 32, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Faceting is a metamorphic process occurring in a dry snowpack with a strong temperature gradient where takes place development of facets and eventually formation of depth hoar under higher temperature gradient.  1, record 32, English, - faceting

Record number: 32, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Faceting involves the formation of facets and depth hoar whereas the French term "métamorphose de moyen gradient" refers to the formation of facets only.  3, record 32, English, - faceting

Record number: 32, Textual support number: 2 OBS

medium gradient metamorphism : This term seems to be uncommon. In English, the authors generally make no distinction between a medium and a strong temperature gradient. In fact, the temperature gradient is usually described as whether weak or strong.  2, record 32, English, - faceting

Record 32,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 32, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Métamorphose de neige sèche commandée par un gradient moyen (0,1<G<0,2 °C/cm) [et qui] aboutit à la formation de grains à faces planes.  2, record 32, French, - m%C3%A9tamorphose%20de%20moyen%20gradient

Record number: 32, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Les métamorphoses de la neige sèche. [...] Pendant ou après une chute de neige, le vent casse les parties fragiles des cristaux. Il transforme donc les cristaux de neige fraîche en particules reconnaissables, voire en grains fins. [...] Le devenir des particules reconnaissables va dépendre de la valeur du gradient de température de la couche concernée : - par faible gradient, elles vont se transformer en grains fins; - par moyen gradient, elles vont se transformer en grains à faces planes; - par fort gradient, elles se transformeront en grains à faces planes (passage intermédiaire obligé) puis en gobelets. Ces transformations sont irréversibles : il n'y a pas de retour en arrière possible.  3, record 32, French, - m%C3%A9tamorphose%20de%20moyen%20gradient

Record 32,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 33,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 33, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A metamorphic process occurring in a dry snowpack with a strong temperature gradient(usually >10°C/m) where takes place development of sharp corners and facets on snow grains and, eventually formation of depth hoar under higher temperature gradient(usually 20°C/M).  11, record 33, English, - faceting

Record number: 33, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The formation of faceted grains marks the beginning of TG metamorphism. ... As long as there is sufficient temperature difference between individual grains in the snowpack [and] if the size of the initial ice grains is large enough, the process of TG metamorphism will continue and large cup crystals with well-developed stepped surfaces will form ... depth hoar.  12, record 33, English, - faceting

Record number: 33, Textual support number: 2 CONT

TG metamorphism is the result of a relatively large temperature difference between the ground surface and the snow surface in a shallow snowpack.  12, record 33, English, - faceting

Record number: 33, Textual support number: 1 OBS

There are two metamorphic processes in dry snow : equitemperature(ET) metamorphism(e. g. rounding) and temperature gradient(TG) metamorphism(e. g. faceting).  11, record 33, English, - faceting

Record number: 33, Textual support number: 2 OBS

The term constructive ... metamorphism [is] no longer used in North America.  12, record 33, English, - faceting

Record number: 33, Textual support number: 3 OBS

Temperature gradient metamorphism(TG) : An older term used to describe the faceting or squaring process driven by strong temperature gradients. Currently the terms kinetic growth or faceting are preferred.  13, record 33, English, - faceting

Record 33,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 33, Textual support number: 1 CONT

métamorphose constructive. Les cristaux de neige évoluent en cristaux à faces planes puis en gobelets creux si le gradient est suffisamment fort. Les grands cristaux deviennent toujours plus grands, les petits se dissolvent. Entraîne une perte de la résistance de la couche de neige métamorphosée.  3, record 33, French, - m%C3%A9tamorphose%20constructive

Record number: 33, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Lorsque la différence de température dans le manteau neigeux est moyenne ou grande, nous assistons à une métamorphose constructive, c'est-à-dire à un agrandissement des cristaux de neige. Ils évoluent en cristaux à faces planes, puis ils prennent une forme concave, d'où leur nom de gobelets.  4, record 33, French, - m%C3%A9tamorphose%20constructive

Record number: 33, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Selon le gradient de température, on considère les métamorphoses de faible (rounding), moyen ou fort (faceting) gradient. La notion anglaise «faceting» englobe à la fois les métamorphoses de moyen (formation de grains à face plane) et fort gradient (formation de gobelets).  5, record 33, French, - m%C3%A9tamorphose%20constructive

Record number: 33, Textual support number: 2 OBS

La morphologie des grains résultant dépend de la valeur du gradient : - gradient faible (<5 °C/m) = grains fins - gradient moyen (5 °C/m < gradient < 20 °C/m) = grains à face planes - gradient fort (gradient > 20 °C/m) = givre de profondeur (gobelets)  6, record 33, French, - m%C3%A9tamorphose%20constructive

Record 33,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 34,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 34, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Depth hoar is the result of high temperature gradient metamorphism(Marbouty, 1980) and consists of large faceted crystals, with at least some of them cup-shaped and hollow. The density of this type was always <0. 25. Faceted crystals are produced by metamorphism of lower temperature gradient, and usually form in snow with density >0. 25, that is too high to allow depth hoar formation.  4, record 34, English, - faceting

Record number: 34, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Faceting is a metamorphic process occurring in a dry snowpack with a strong temperature gradient where takes place development of facets and eventually formation of depth hoar under higher temperature gradient.  5, record 34, English, - faceting

Record number: 34, Textual support number: 2 OBS

In French, the authors use the term "métamorphose de gradient moyen" when they refer to the metamorphic process leading to the formation of facets and they use the term "métamorphose de fort gradient" when the facets, under higher temperature gradient, develop into depth hoars.  5, record 34, English, - faceting

Record number: 34, Textual support number: 3 OBS

Temperature gradient metamorphism(TG) : An older term [still in use] to describe the faceting or squaring process driven by strong temperature gradients. Currently the terms kinetic growth or faceting are preferred.  1, record 34, English, - faceting

Record 34,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 34, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Métamorphose de neige sèche commandée par un gradient fort (G>0,2 °C/cm) [et qui] est responsable de la formation de gobelets.  1, record 34, French, - m%C3%A9tamorphose%20de%20fort%20gradient

Record number: 34, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La métamorphose de fort gradient (G>20 °C/m). Dans ce cas, la différence de température entre les grains suivant la verticale est très marquée, et les flux de vapeur sont plus intenses. Le premier stade de transformation se caractérise par l'apparition rapide de grains à faces planes accompagnée d'un tassement notable pour ce qui concerne la neige récente [...] Dans sa forme finale, le grain prend généralement une forme pyramidale striée très caractéristique, communément appelée «gobelet» ou givre de profondeur [...]  1, record 34, French, - m%C3%A9tamorphose%20de%20fort%20gradient

Record number: 34, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Les métamorphoses de la neige sèche. [...] Pendant ou après une chute de neige, le vent casse les parties fragiles des cristaux. Il transforme donc les cristaux de neige fraîche en particules reconnaissables, voire en grains fins. [...] Le devenir des particules reconnaissables va dépendre de la valeur du gradient de température de la couche concernée : - par faible gradient, elles vont se transformer en grains fins; - par moyen gradient, elles vont se transformer en grains à faces planes; - par fort gradient, elles se transformeront en grains à faces planes (passage intermédiaire obligé) puis en gobelets. Ces transformations sont irréversibles : il n'y a pas de retour en arrière possible.  2, record 34, French, - m%C3%A9tamorphose%20de%20fort%20gradient

Record 34,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 35,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 35, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The change in the structure and texture of snow grains which result from variations in temperature, migration of liquid water and water vapor, and pressure within the snow cover.  2, record 35, English, - snow%20metamorphism

Record number: 35, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Metamorphism is a term borrowed from the geological sciences. In snow hydrology it refers to changes in snow texture caused by pressure and temperature conditions. The temperature of the layer determines the rate of metamorphism, and the temperature gradient across the layer largely determines the type of metamorphism.... In a dry, seasonal snowpack, it is convenient to distinguish two types of metamorphism... temperature-gradient metamorphism [and] equitemperature metamorphism. A third type of metamorphism takes place when snowpack temperatures reach 0°C and surface snow layers undergo frequent melt-freeze cycles. [It is] a process called... melt-freeze metamorphism.  3, record 35, English, - snow%20metamorphism

Record number: 35, Textual support number: 1 OBS

There are two types of snow metamorphism : dry snow metamorphism (e.g. rounding and faceting) and wet snow metamorphism (or melt-freeze metamorphism).  4, record 35, English, - snow%20metamorphism

Record 35,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 35, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[...] nous distinguerons deux types de métamorphoses : les métamorphoses de la neige sèche et les métamorphoses de la neige humide.  1, record 35, French, - m%C3%A9tamorphose

Record number: 35, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Les métamorphoses de la neige sèche. La neige sèche est la neige qui ne contient pas d'eau sous forme liquide. Elle englobe [la métamorphose] - par faible gradient, [les particules reconnaissables] vont se transformer en grains fins; - par moyen gradient, [les particules reconnaissables] vont se transformer en grains à faces planes; - par fort gradient, [les particules reconnaissables] se transformeront en grains à faces planes (passage intermédiaire obligé) puis en gobelets.  2, record 35, French, - m%C3%A9tamorphose

Record number: 35, Textual support number: 2 OBS

La métamorphose de la neige humide. Le facteur qui intervient dans ce cas est unique : l'eau sous forme liquide. Le résultat de ce type de métamorphose aussi : le grain rond. [...] Le grain rond est donc le dernier stade d'évolution de la neige, avant sa disparition par fonte.  2, record 35, French, - m%C3%A9tamorphose

Record 35,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 36,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 36, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Snow crystal formed during the equitemperature metamorphism process.  4, record 36, English, - rounded%20grain

Record number: 36, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Rounded Grains are those in which the original form is no longer discernible and the crystal takes on a generally rounded amorphous appearance. Rounded grains typically tend to be smaller grains and are usually significantly smaller than the original grain from which they formed. Typical grain size is often less than 1 mm. Commonly referred to as "rounds" these grains tend to be found in harder or stronger snowpack layers. Rounded grains typically form when there is a weak temperature gradient in the snowpack(<1 degree/10 cm). This weak temperature gradient occurs most often in areas where the snowpack is deep and temperatures are mild.  5, record 36, English, - rounded%20grain

Record number: 36, Textual support number: 2 CONT

There is a strong layer of rounds at the base of the snowpack. [Example approved by the Avalanche Bulletin Terminology Standardization Committee.]  6, record 36, English, - rounded%20grain

Record number: 36, Textual support number: 1 OBS

rounded grain; round: terms officially approved by the Avalanche Bulletin Terminology Standardization Committee.  4, record 36, English, - rounded%20grain

Record 36,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 36, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Cristal de neige résultant de la métamorphose de faible gradient.  2, record 36, French, - grain%20fin

Record number: 36, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Il y a une couche résistante de grains fins de forte cohésion située à la base du manteau neigeux. [Exemple entériné par le Comité d'uniformisation de la terminologie des bulletins d'avalanche.]  3, record 36, French, - grain%20fin

Record number: 36, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Ne pas confondre avec «grain rond» qui se rend en anglais par «melt-freeze particle».  4, record 36, French, - grain%20fin

Record number: 36, Textual support number: 2 OBS

grain fin : terme uniformisé par le Comité d'uniformisation de la terminologie des bulletins d'avalanche.  4, record 36, French, - grain%20fin

Record 36,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 37,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 37, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A solar pond that consists of three main layers.  1, record 37, English, - salt%20gradient%20solar%20pond

Record number: 37, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The top layer is near ambient temperature and has a low salt content. The bottom layer is hot-typically 160-212°F(71-100°C)-and is very salty. The important gradient zone separates these zones. The gradient zone acts as a transparent insulator, permitting sunlight to be trapped in the hot bottom layer(from which useful heat is withdrawn).  1, record 37, English, - salt%20gradient%20solar%20pond

Record 37,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 37, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Bassin solaire composé de trois couches principales.  2, record 37, French, - bassin%20solaire%20%C3%A0%20gradient%20de%20salinit%C3%A9

Record number: 37, Textual support number: 1 OBS

La couche supérieure est à température quasi ambiante et possède une faible teneur en sel. La couche inférieure est très chaude, généralement entre 160-212 °F (71-100 °C) et très salée. Enfin, la zone de gradient, d'une importance capitale, sépare ces couches. Elle joue un rôle de matériau isolant transparent qui capte le soleil dans la couche chaude inférieure de laquelle on extrait la chaleur utile.  2, record 37, French, - bassin%20solaire%20%C3%A0%20gradient%20de%20salinit%C3%A9

Record 37,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 38,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 38, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Mixed forms include rounded crystals with facets or faceted crystals with rounding; they develop at intermediate growth rates when the temperature gradient is near 10°C/m.  2, record 38, English, - mixed%20forms

Record number: 38, Textual support number: 2 CONT

The new snow has settled into a layer of mixed forms. [Example approved by the Avalanche Bulletin Terminology Standardization Committee.]  3, record 38, English, - mixed%20forms

Record number: 38, Textual support number: 1 OBS

mixed forms: term officially approved by the Avalanche Bulletin Terminology Standardization Committee.  4, record 38, English, - mixed%20forms

Record 38,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 38, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La neige fraîche s'est tassée et forme une couche de grains fins de formes variées. [Exemple entériné par le Comité d'uniformisation de la terminologie des bulletins d'avalanche.]  1, record 38, French, - grains%20fins%20de%20formes%20vari%C3%A9es

Record number: 38, Textual support number: 1 OBS

grains fins de formes variées : terme uniformisé par le Comité d'uniformisation de la terminologie des bulletins d'avalanche.  2, record 38, French, - grains%20fins%20de%20formes%20vari%C3%A9es

Record 38,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 39,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 39, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Conspicuous deviation of geothermal temperature gradient or heat flow from average values.  2, record 39, English, - geothermal%20anomaly

Record 39,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 39, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Écart caractéristique du gradient de température (de la profondeur géothermique ou du flux géothermique) par rapport aux valeurs moyennes.  2, record 39, French, - anomalie%20g%C3%A9othermique

Record 39,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 40,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 40, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A snow grain with flat faces separated by sharp corners.  7, record 40, English, - facet

Record number: 40, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Solid faceted crystals are those in which the original crystal form is often no longer discernible and the crystals begin to take on an angular, faceted or striated appearance with straight edges and angular corners beginning to predominate. Faceted grains typically tend to be larger grains and are often significantly larger than the grain from which they formed... Commonly referred to as "facets" or "sugar snow" these grains tend to be found in softer or weaker snowpack layers. Faceted grains typically form when there is a strong temperature gradient in the snowpack(>1 degree/10 cm). This strong temperature gradient occurs most often in areas where the snowpack is shallow and temperatures are cold.  8, record 40, English, - facet

Record number: 40, Textual support number: 2 CONT

There is a weak layer of facets buried deep in the snowpack. [Example approved by the Avalanche Bulletin Terminology Standardization Committee.]  2, record 40, English, - facet

Record number: 40, Textual support number: 1 OBS

When faceted crystals develop deep in the snowpack, they are usually referred to as "depth hoar" crystals. Because these angular, faceted crystals have relatively no internal cohesion or bonding, they behave much like sugar crystals and are frequently referred to as "sugar snow."  9, record 40, English, - facet

Record number: 40, Textual support number: 2 OBS

facet; facetted grain; facetted crystal: terms officially approved by the Avalanche Bulletin Terminology Standardization Committee.  7, record 40, English, - facet

Record 40,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 40, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Cristal de neige constitué d'une multitude de facettes qui résultent d'une métamorphose de gradient.  3, record 40, French, - grain%20%C3%A0%20faces%20planes

Record number: 40, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[...] l'effet de courbure permet au début de la métamorphose [de moyen gradient] de provoquer la sublimation des petits grains, induisant une augmentation moyenne des tailles de grains. Le résultat global est donc l'apparition d'un type de grains anguleux comportant des facettes faisant des angles à 120° [...]. Ces grains sont appelés grains à faces planes.  4, record 40, French, - grain%20%C3%A0%20faces%20planes

Record number: 40, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Les métamorphoses de la neige sèche. [...] Le devenir des particules reconnaissables va dépendre de la valeur du gradient de température de la couche concernée : - par faible gradient, elles vont se transformer en grains fins; - par moyen gradient, elles vont se transformer en grains à faces planes; - par fort gradient, elles se transformeront en grains à faces planes (passage intermédiaire obligé) puis en gobelets. Ces transformations sont irréversibles : il n'y a pas de retour en arrière possible.  5, record 40, French, - grain%20%C3%A0%20faces%20planes

Record number: 40, Textual support number: 3 CONT

Une couche fragile de grains à faces planes est enfouie profondément dans le manteau neigeux. [Exemple entériné par le Comité d'uniformisation de la terminologie des bulletins d'avalanche.]  2, record 40, French, - grain%20%C3%A0%20faces%20planes

Record number: 40, Textual support number: 1 OBS

métamorphose de moyen gradient: métamorphose de neige sèche commandée par un gradient moyen (0,1<G<0,2 °C/cm), où le givrage concurrence l'effet de rayon de courbure.  4, record 40, French, - grain%20%C3%A0%20faces%20planes

Record number: 40, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Éviter l'emploi du terme «grain à facettes», mais privilégier les termes «grain à faces planes» et «face plane». [Éviter aussi l'emploi de «grain de neige à facettes».]  2, record 40, French, - grain%20%C3%A0%20faces%20planes

Record number: 40, Textual support number: 3 OBS

Le terme «facette» est un calque de l'anglais.  2, record 40, French, - grain%20%C3%A0%20faces%20planes

Record number: 40, Textual support number: 4 OBS

grain à faces planes; face plane : termes uniformisés par le Comité d'uniformisation de la terminologie des bulletins d'avalanche.  6, record 40, French, - grain%20%C3%A0%20faces%20planes

Record 40,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 41,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 41, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Ice crystals formed by sublimation within snow, but beneath the snow surface.  5, record 41, English, - depth%20hoar

Record number: 41, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Depth hoar [are] large coarse recrystallized grains of snow that are the end result of the faceting or squaring process within the snowpack, a process driven by temperature gradients. Such crystals are often weak and develop as a result of (locally) strong temperature gradients and resulting vapor pressure differences in the snowpack, especially in shallow snowpacks with cold air temperatures. These grains are formed through re-crystallization of existing snow grains as water vapor is transferred (sublimation and deposition) from warmer regions of higher vapor pressure (near the ground) to colder regions with lower vapor pressure (upper layers closer to the snow surface).  6, record 41, English, - depth%20hoar

Record number: 41, Textual support number: 2 CONT

According to the Colorado Avalanche Information Center (CAIC), shallow snow that sits on the ground under clear skies and cold temperatures creates depth hoar, also known as sugar snow or squares.  7, record 41, English, - depth%20hoar

Record number: 41, Textual support number: 3 CONT

Depth hoar can be found near the base of the snowpack. [Example approved by the Avalanche Bulletin Terminology Standardization Committee.]  8, record 41, English, - depth%20hoar

Record number: 41, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Depth hoar is often the weakest layer in the snowpack and is a potential sliding layer for avalanches.  9, record 41, English, - depth%20hoar

Record number: 41, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Depth Hoar is also called :Temperature Gradient(TG)(but this is an outdated term), sugar snow, squares, sometimes incorrectly called "hoar frost" by old, rural geezers.  4, record 41, English, - depth%20hoar

Record number: 41, Textual support number: 3 OBS

Cup-shaped crystals are a common form of depth hoar.  10, record 41, English, - depth%20hoar

Record number: 41, Textual support number: 4 OBS

depth hoar: term officially approved by the Avalanche Bulletin Terminology Standardization Committee.  11, record 41, English, - depth%20hoar

Record 41,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 41, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Cristaux de glace formés par condensation solide au sein de la neige, mais sous la surface de la couche neigeuse.  6, record 41, French, - givre%20de%20profondeur

Record number: 41, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La conséquence en est un important changement de forme des cristaux. Ceux-ci deviennent anguleux avec l'apparition de petites facettes, un peu comme sur un diamant. On les appelle grains à face plane [...] Si la transformation dure assez longtemps et si le gradient de température est assez fort, ces cristaux vont grossir et prendre l'aspect de pyramides creuses, les faces striées un peu comme des gradins : leur taille peut devenir remarquable (5 à 6 mm de diamètre). On les appelle gobelets ou aussi givre de profondeur [...]  7, record 41, French, - givre%20de%20profondeur

Record number: 41, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Le givre de profondeur se trouve près de la base du manteau neigeux. [Exemple entériné par le Comité d'uniformisation de la terminologie des bulletins d'avalanche.]  8, record 41, French, - givre%20de%20profondeur

Record number: 41, Textual support number: 1 OBS

givre de profondeur : Les Suisses Romands l'appellent aussi la neige coulante, à cause de sa grande instabilité.  9, record 41, French, - givre%20de%20profondeur

Record number: 41, Textual support number: 2 OBS

givre de profondeur : terme uniformisé par le Comité d'uniformisation de la terminologie des bulletins d'avalanche.  9, record 41, French, - givre%20de%20profondeur

Record 41,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 41, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Cristales de hielo formados por sublimación en el interior de la nieve pero debajo de la superficie nevosa.  1, record 41, Spanish, - nieve%20en%20forma%20de%20az%C3%BAcar

Record 42,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 42, Textual support number: 1 CONT

At low temperatures(especially during clear weather) a temperature gradient appears in the snow, bringing about phenomena which render the snow or individual layers more fragile and loosen the bonds between crystals. The snow in these layers is called crusted snow, white frost or liquid snow. It can be recognised by its dryness, and on a slope it flows and looks like crystals of sugar. Layers of compressed snow lying on the fragile layer of white frost may tear off and trigger an avalanche. Dangerous layers of crusted snow are a very frequent phenomenon in cold winters with little snow.  4, record 42, English, - crusted%20snow

Record 42,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 42, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Couche de neige dont la surface présente une croûte plus ou moins cassante due au regel, au vent, à la pluie ...  3, record 42, French, - neige%20cro%C3%BBt%C3%A9e

Record number: 42, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La neige croûtée est une neige dont la surface comporte une croûte (de regel, de radiation, due au vent, de glace) qui se casse sous les skis et les bloque ou entrave leur mouvement. La «neige cartonnée» est une neige légèrement croûtée.  3, record 42, French, - neige%20cro%C3%BBt%C3%A9e

Record 42,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 43,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 43, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Ocean-floor metamorphism is a type of metamorphism of regional or local extent related to the steep geothermal gradient occurring near spreading centres in oceanic environments. The recrystallisation, which is mostly incomplete, encompasses a wide range of temperatures. The metamorphism is associated with circulating hot aqueous fluids(with related metasomatism) and typically shows an increasing temperature of metamorphism with depth.  5, record 43, English, - ocean%2Dfloor%20metamorphism

Record number: 43, Textual support number: 2 CONT

During extension at mid-ocean ridges (red-orange), convection carries heat to very shallow levels, where 7-km thick oceanic crust forms; hydrothermal circulation produces low P/T metamorphism, often called seafloor metamorphism: Many good examples of seafloor metamorphism are known from ophiolites in the Sierra Nevada and Klamaths.  3, record 43, English, - ocean%2Dfloor%20metamorphism

Record number: 43, Textual support number: 1 OBS

ocean-floor metamorphism; sea floor metamorphism: terms used at Natural Resources Canada - Earth Sciences Sector.  6, record 43, English, - ocean%2Dfloor%20metamorphism

Record 43,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 43, Textual support number: 1 OBS

métamorphisme du fond océanique : terme en usage à Ressources naturelles Canada - Secteur des sciences de la Terre.  3, record 43, French, - m%C3%A9tamorphisme%20du%20fond%20oc%C3%A9anique

Record 43,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 44,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 44, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Spatio-temporal gradients of disturbance, biotic and environmental constraints.  1, record 44, English, - spatio%2Dtemporal%20gradient%20of%20disturbance

Record number: 44, Textual support number: 1 OBS

"gradient": A more or less continuous change of some property in space. [Note:] Gradients of environmental properties are ordinarily reflected in gradients of biota.  2, record 44, English, - spatio%2Dtemporal%20gradient%20of%20disturbance

Record number: 44, Textual support number: 2 OBS

"gradient" : Change in elevation, velocity, pressure or other characteristics per unit length. [Note :] Applied to a stream, it is the slope measured along the course of the stream. Change in value of one variable with respect to another variable, i. e., geothermal gradient, change in temperature with depth.  2, record 44, English, - spatio%2Dtemporal%20gradient%20of%20disturbance

Record 44,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 44, Textual support number: 1 OBS

spatiotemporel : Cette graphie, puisée des Rectifications de l'orthographe recommandées par le Conseil supérieur de la langue française, est attestée dans le Petit Robert (2006).  2, record 44, French, - gradient%20spatiotemporel%20des%20perturbations

Record number: 44, Textual support number: 2 OBS

«gradient» : taux de variation d'une grandeur physique en fonction d'une distance ou du temps.  3, record 44, French, - gradient%20spatiotemporel%20des%20perturbations

Record 44,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 45,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 45, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Metal zonation formed through incremental precipitation of metals from high temperature fluids across a large thermal gradient within the chimneys or mounds.  1, record 45, English, - incremental%20precipitation

Record 45,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 45, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La zonalité métallique a été établie par la précipitation successive des métaux contenus dans les fluides de haute température au sein des cheminées ou monticules dans lesquels existait un fort gradient thermique.  1, record 45, French, - pr%C3%A9cipitation%20successive

Record 45,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 46,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 46, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Model atmosphere in which the isosteric or isopycnic surfaces intersect the isobaric surfaces.  2, record 46, English, - baroclinic%20atmosphere

Record number: 46, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In weather analysis, a baroclinic atmosphere exists when isotherms exist in an isobaric surface analysis. In a baroclinic atmosphere, there is a horizontal temperature gradient and variation with height of the geostrophic wind(thermal wind).  3, record 46, English, - baroclinic%20atmosphere

Record 46,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 46, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Modèle d'atmosphère dans lequel les surfaces isostères ou isopycnes ne coïncident pas avec les surfaces isobares.  2, record 46, French, - atmosph%C3%A8re%20barocline

Record 46,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 46, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Modelo de atmósfera en que las superficies isostéricas o isopícnicas se cruzan con las isobáricas.  1, record 46, Spanish, - atm%C3%B3sfera%20barocl%C3%ADnica