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Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Dependency, in its most basic sense, refers to a reliance on a particular substance to function normally. This reliance may be driven by a physical need, wherein the body has adapted to the presence of the substance and requires it to avoid withdrawal symptoms. More broadly, it can also involve a psychological element, where the individual feels unable to cope without the substance, leading to a sense of attachment and habituation.  3, record 1, English, - dependence

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Not to be confused with "addiction," which includes cravings and urges despite the associated negative consequences.  4, record 1, English, - dependence

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Il existe de nombreuses raisons pour lesquelles les jeunes consomment la cigarette, de l'alcool, des drogues ou s'adonnent aux jeux. Il peut s'agir d'une façon de se détendre, d'affronter leurs problèmes, ou pour des raisons sociales ou par simple curiosité. Peu importe la raison, ce comportement n'est pas rare chez les jeunes, mais il est important de savoir reconnaître quand un problème de dépendance s'installe. La dépendance peut être psychologique (croyance qu'on ne peut fonctionner sans la consommation) ou physique (adaptation physique à une substance qui mène à une consommation croissante pour obtenir les mêmes effets et présence de symptômes de sevrage à l'arrêt).  2, record 1, French, - d%C3%A9pendance

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Ne pas confondre avec la désignation «dépendance» utilisée comme synonyme de la désignation «addiction», qui comprend une envie irrépressible de consommer une substance ou d'adopter un comportement malgré les conséquences négatives associées.  3, record 1, French, - d%C3%A9pendance

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 PHR

Dependencia física, psíquica.  1, record 1, Spanish, - dependencia

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The preventive health measure of hand hygiene is an acquired habit that is greatly associated with self-discipline and habituation.  3, record 2, English, - preventive%20health%20measure

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La vaccination est l'une des mesures de santé préventives les plus importantes, puisqu'elle a sauvé des millions de vies.  2, record 2, French, - mesure%20de%20sant%C3%A9%20pr%C3%A9ventive

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[Habituation] is usually considered to be a form of learning involving the elimination of behaviours that are not needed by the animal. Habituation may be separated from most other forms of decreased response(not including changes caused by maturation or seasonal cycles) on the basis of permanence; the habituated animal does not resume its earlier reaction to the stimulus after a period of nonstimulation...  2, record 3, English, - habituated%20animal

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[The] simulation models classical conditioning on top of this framework, using the output of the habituation, dishabituation, and sensitization routines to determine the familiarity of encountered stimuli and, therefore, whether new rules may need to be generated to cover a novel situation.  1, record 4, English, - dishabituation

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 2 CONT

After waning has occurred, the response can often be elicited again if the stimulus is given in the presence of a previously irrelevant stimulus. This is often referred to as "dishabituation" and used as evidence that the waning is due to a process of inhibition which the new stimulus "disinhibits".  2, record 4, English, - dishabituation

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La déshabituation consiste en une annulation de l'habituation, et donc en une réapparition de la réponse, à la suite de l'interférence d'un nouveau stimulus, dit stimulus parasite.  1, record 4, French, - d%C3%A9shabituation

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Après le déclin, la réponse peut souvent être redéclenchée lorsque le stimulus est fourni en présence d'un stimulus indépendant, préalablement présenté. On parle souvent alors de «déshabituation», qui met en évidence le fait que le déclin est dû à un processus d'inhibition que le nouveau stimulus «désinhibe».  1, record 4, French, - d%C3%A9shabituation

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... it is the simplest form of learning. Unlike the other forms, habituation involves not the acquisition of new responses but the loss of old ones. If an animal is given a stimulus which is not associated with any reward or punishment, it ceases to respond.(MANBE, 1979, p. 233).  2, record 5, English, - habituation

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

... habituation is sometimes applied to cases of response decrement in which any absent reinforcement has not been identified.  3, record 5, English, - habituation

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Extinction graduelle d'une réaction héréditaire, consécutive à la présentation répétitive d'une situation ou d'un stimulus qui évoque cette réaction, dans des conditions où aucun renforcement - positif ou négatif - n'intervient.  4, record 5, French, - accoutumance

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Thorpe a défini cet événement, qu'on appelle «accoutumance», comme une diminution de longue durée de la réaction qui est la conséquence d'une excitation répétée, non suivie d'une situation d'excitation qui aboutit au dressage.  5, record 5, French, - accoutumance

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Le terme «habituation» est un calque de l'anglais. Cependant, son usage est répandu, en particulier dans la bibliographie récente en psychologie et en éthologie.  6, record 5, French, - accoutumance

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Disminución progresiva de la respuesta provocada por un estímulo, debida a la frecuencia con que éste se repite.  2, record 5, Spanish, - habituaci%C3%B3n

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

... an increase in the strength of a response originally evoked by a cs [conditioned stimulus] as the result of pairing with a ucs [unconditioned stimulus] and a response.  2, record 6, English, - sensitization

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Sensitization is, in its outward appearance, approximately the opposite of habituation.... With sensitization, the animal shows increased response to repeated stimuli. This generally involves highly relevant stimuli, such as encounters with predators, unlike the irrelevant stimuli involved in habituation.  3, record 6, English, - sensitization

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[...] processus par lequel un stimulus qui, au préalable, ne déclenche aucune réponse particulière, acquiert un pouvoir de déclenchement d'une réponse, soit par simple répétition, soit par présentation d'un autre stimulus.  2, record 6, French, - sensibilisation

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La présentation répétée d'une stimulation n'entraîne pas toujours et uniquement une diminution de la réponse à cette stimulation. Elle peut aussi produire une augmentation de la réponse. C'est ce phénomène, qui est en quelque sorte l'inverse du phénomène d'habituation, que les chercheurs appellent «sensibilisation».  3, record 6, French, - sensibilisation

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

La sensibilisation est un concept flou : sous la même appellation, on retrouve toujours une augmentation de la réponse à un stimulus ou l'acquisition du pouvoir de déclenchement d'une réponse par un stimulus, mais le processus qui engendre cette augmentation ou cette acquisition varie selon les auteurs consultés.  4, record 6, French, - sensibilisation

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Cognitive-behavioral treatment has two components : cognitive restructuring and behavioral treatment. Cognitive restructuring is designed to change incorrect ways of thinking that cause distress, anxiety and fear [...] Behavioral treatment is based on the principle that prolonged exposure to anxiety-evoking situations leads to habituation or reduction in anxiety.  3, record 7, English, - cognitive%2Dbehavioral%20treatment

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le traitement comportemental et le traitement comportemental cognitif (TCC) sont les formes qui, dans les expériments, ont démontré le plus nettement leur efficacité dans le traitement des troubles anxieux.  1, record 7, French, - traitement%20comportemental%20cognitif

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Traitement comportemental cognitif : Étant donné qu'une inquiétude excessive est le symptôme principal de l'anxiété, des approches cognitives ont été trouvées particulièrement utiles dans le traitement du TAG.  1, record 7, French, - traitement%20comportemental%20cognitif

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

A number of research workers have shown considerable interest in exploring the potentials for control of pest insect species by the disruption of their sex-pheromone communication.... The exact manner by which the disruption approach prevents mating is not clear, although it may often be by some combination of sensory adaptation and habituation to the natural pheromone, occurring when male insects are exposed to the omnipresent, synthetic, atmosphere-permeating chemical, plus "confusion" of males that respond and are attracted to the many synthetic sources that are in competition with natural female pheromone sources in the field.  4, record 8, English, - mating%20disruption

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Action d'empêcher la communication entre les femelles qui émettent la phéromone et les mâles qui la reçoivent.  3, record 8, French, - confusion%20sexuelle

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

L'efficacité de la méthode de lutte par confusion sexuelle dépend de multiples facteurs, comme le degré d'infestation, l'étendue de la culture, la présence éventuelle d'hôtes secondaires [...] Si la population visée est trop importante, les mâles parviennent tout de même à trouver les femelles.  4, record 8, French, - confusion%20sexuelle

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[In one study] the parent holding the baby apparently could see the stimuli and, therefore, potentially influence the baby's behaviour... It is essential in work of this type that both the holder and observer be "blind". Moreover, in the completed work, the test phase was designed so that recovery to novelty could not be distinguished from regression to the mean... Babies in the seven groups that the applicants propose to compare are likely to be at different phases of habituation after 12 trials. As a consequence, it would be difficult to interpret any differences in their reaction to the novel stimulus presented... Such differences could be due to differential reinforcing effectiveness of the stimulus....  1, record 9, English, - recovery%20to%20novelty

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 2 CONT

The relationship between encoding, discriminative capacities and perinatal risk status in 4 - 12-month old infants : response decrement and recovery to a novel visual stimulus was examined in [these infants]. High (HR) and low (LR) perinatal risk groups were compared to well babies. For abstract stimuli, well babies showed response decrement and recovery to novelty; LR infants revealed some decrement, but no recovery ... Using face stimuli, all groups showed decrement and recovery [Source: PASCAL database].  2, record 9, English, - recovery%20to%20novelty

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[In one study] the parent holding the baby apparently could see the stimuli and, therefore, potentially influence the baby's behaviour... It is essential in work of this type that both the holder and observer be "blind". Moreover, in the completed work, the test phase was designed so that recovery to novelty could not be distinguished from regression to the mean... Babies in the seven groups that the applicants propose to compare are likely to be at different phases of habituation after 12 trials. As a consequence, it would be difficult to interpret any differences in their reaction to the novel stimulus presented... Such differences could be due to differential reinforcing effectiveness of the stimulus....  1, record 10, English, - regression%20to%20the%20mean

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Use of baseline data for estimation of treatment effects in the presence of regression to the mean. We consider a regression to the mean problem with a very large sample for the first measurement and relatively small subsample for the second measurement, selected on the basis of the initial measurement ... Response to a cholesterol-lowering diet : efficacy is greater in hypercholesterolemic subjects even after adjustment for regression to the mean ... To define how much regression to the mean confounds apparent responsiveness in subgroup analyses, and to test, using techniques that remove regression to the mean ... data collected on 812 men and women participating in the Minnesota Coronary Survey Dietary Trial who had a least 2 total cholesterol and regression toward the mean on measurement of diet responsiveness ... [Source: PASCAL database].  2, record 10, English, - regression%20to%20the%20mean

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 OBS

régression : Opération ayant pour objet de connaître la grandeur approximative d'un phénomène, qui correspond à la grandeur certaine d'un autre phénomène.  2, record 10, French, - r%C3%A9gression%20%C3%A0%20la%20moyenne

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

error of habituation. In the method of limits it is the tendency for the subject to give the same response within a given series even though the stimulus has changed.  1, record 11, English, - error%20of%20habituation

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

erreur d'habitude. Dans la méthode des limites, le "seuil croissant" d'intensité est en général supérieur au "seuil décroissant" (...) Cette erreur peut être due à une persévération du sujet dans la réponse qu'il vient de donner à plusieurs reprises.  1, record 11, French, - erreur%20d%27habitude

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish