TERMIUM Plus^®

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Second, there is liquid-surface holography, in which, usually, the liquid surface, disturbed by both the scattered and the reference acoustic field, is used to reflect light which is made to produce the final image; the hologram itself is at the surface.  2, record 1, English, - liquid%2Dsurface%20holography

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A later solution [to the lighting issue was an] ’edge-lit’ hologram … which employed a prism to channel light into a glass-plate hologram at the optimal angle to reconstruct the three-dimensional image.  2, record 2, English, - glass%2Dplate%20hologram

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The upper part of the hologram records the view of the upper part of the object, the right-hand side of the hologram, the right side of the object, and so on. It is like looking through a window at the object itself; and if you reduce the size of the window(e. g., by breaking the hologram into small pieces and looking through a single piece) … Such a hologram is often termed the master or primary hologram as distinguished from a copy or transfer hologram made from it.  3, record 3, English, - primary%20hologram

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If a plane-wave reference is used for recording and for reconstruction, then the reconstructed image will coincide with the magnified image of the object in amplitude, although the phase will contain the curvature due to the imaging lens. Alternatively, holographic interference of the object and the plane-wave reference can be formed first and its magnified image projected near the hologram plane...  2, record 4, English, - holographic%20interference

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Spectroscopic holography refers to techniques in which the detected hologram contains information about specific species in the medium under study. In general, at least two lasers are required with wavelengths chosen carefully to fit the interaction process utilized.  2, record 5, English, - spectroscopic%20holography

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The high-efficiency hologram … uses a metasurface as a phase modulator to generate reflective hologram … rather than the transmitting image that was formed with light propagating through four layers of metal structures.  2, record 6, English, - high%2Defficiency%20hologram

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... in the reception mode, the maximum coupling occurs at the incoming angle of 30 degrees, which confirms the accuracy of the design. To confirm the accuracy of the analytical results, a one-dimensional hologram is designed by exploiting the subwavelength quasi-periodic patches,...  2, record 7, English, - one%2Ddimensional%20hologram

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[Scientists have] adopted the electrical ladder-network model to find an expression for the diffraction efficiency of the reflection phase hologram, which is actually dependent on the emulsion thickness.  1, record 8, English, - reflection%20phase%20hologram

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A hologram [that] gives shifted images of the logic array to provide nearest neighbour interaction for image processing applications.  2, record 9, English, - space%2Dinvariant%20hologram

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It may be interesting to know that the best image resolution in a phase in-line hologram … was obtained with the direct bleaching technique(bromine-methanol), where no ion diffusion takes place during processing.  2, record 10, English, - phase%20in%2Dline%20hologram

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... the reception of radio signals from orbital satellites at a single ground-based antenna allows synthesizing a one-dimensional hologram. In this case, since the irregularities have certain horizontal dimensions, the results obtained from a linear hologram will depend on the one-dimensional parameters of the irregularities.  2, record 11, English, - linear%20hologram

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In essence, [optical coherence tomography(OCT) ] provides a multifrequency hologram and the refocusing method may be applied frequency-by-frequency to effectively move the focal plane even to planes outside the Rayleigh range. However, the image in the plane of the original focus is then out of focus.  2, record 12, English, - multifrequency%20hologram

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First, a digital hologram representing a given three dimensional(3D) object is down-sampled based on a fix, jitter down-sampling lattice. Second, the down-sampled hologram is interpolated, through pixel duplication, into a low resolution hologram that can be displayed with a low-resolution spatial light modulator(SLM).  2, record 13, English, - low%2Dresolution%20hologram

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A composite hologram in which a separate hologram is recorded for each input with the reference wave at a new angle of incidence.  2, record 14, English, - frequency%20multiplexed%20hologram

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A photograph, as a two-dimensional recording of an image formed by a lens, can be blurred from the start; the sharpness of the image is not affected by the light source used to illuminate it. The situation, however, is completely reversed for an optical hologram, which is a recording of a stationary quantum interference pattern, not an image.  2, record 15, English, - optical%20hologram

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L'acquisition d'un hologramme optique s'effectue à l'aide d'un processus d'interférence entre deux faisceaux lumineux issus d'un laser.  1, record 15, French, - hologramme%20optique

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Extraction of the phase encoded in optically stored heterodyne holograms is thus possible with the two tested variants of [phase-shifting interferometry(PSI) ]... The heterodyne hologram practically behaves as a beam splitter with memory, ready to be a part of a phase-shifting interferometer.  1, record 16, English, - heterodyne%20hologram

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The upscaling quality of holograms was verified by comparing the upscaled hologram with the high-resolution hologram. The hologram image upscaled with deep learning network provides better quality in diffraction patterns and reconstruction compared with conventional upscaling methods.  2, record 17, English, - high%2Dresolution%20hologram

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A nonlinear hologram enables to record the amplitude and phase of a waveform by spatially modulating the second order nonlinear coefficient, so that when a pump laser illuminates it, this waveform is reconstructed at the second harmonic frequency.  3, record 18, English, - nonlinear%20hologram

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Fringes give "contours" measuring the displacement that the object underwent between the two exposures. A variation on this procedure is to make a single-exposure hologram, process it, and return it to the place where it was made with the original object still in place.  2, record 19, English, - single%2Dexposure%20hologram

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Over the years, [scientists] have demonstrated that one single planar hologram can reach a high resolution(down to 0. 015 nm) in a very narrow spectral range(1 nm) or be designed to work over multiple narrow bands(up to 4).  2, record 20, English, - planar%20hologram

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A hologram exhibiting optical power in transforming an object point to a conjugate image point.  2, record 21, English, - lenticular%20hologram

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A phase-modulation hologram results when the hologram modulates the phase of the illuminating wave such that the resulting wave has relative phase shifts...  2, record 22, English, - phase%2Dmodulation%20hologram

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… the diffractive characteristics of a polychromatic hologram can be adjusted by tuning the applied index modulation with respect to the recording parameters.  2, record 23, English, - polychromatic%20hologram

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... if a hologram is read out by one of its stored data, then its associated output corresponding to the other will be recalled. In principle, the holographic associative memory utilizes a correlation and a convolution in order to identify and to reconstruct a desired image and/or pattern.  1, record 24, English, - holographic%20associative%20memory

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To accelerate optical time reversal based on on-axis interferometry, the quasisingle-shot method was proposed and widely used in many fast [digital optical phase conjugation(DOPC) ] systems for focusing through scattering media. However, this method needs to acquire two images for optical time reversal : one image for the reference beam, and the other one for the interferometric hologram.  2, record 25, English, - interferometric%20hologram

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[The new approach] takes a [three-dimensional(3D) ] object as a basic element and then adds the holograms of all the 3D objects of one 3D scene together to obtain the ultimate hologram. The superposed hologram is able to reconstruct entire 3D objects.  2, record 26, English, - superposed%20hologram

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A hologram is an analog information carrier. Perspective information varies continuously across the spatial extent of the hologram. … Consideration of the psychophysics of human sight led to the reduction of the discrete hologram to a horizontal-parallax-only version, greatly reducing the nonessential and redundant information content of the discrete hologram.  2, record 27, English, - discrete%20hologram

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Incoherent digital holography refers to a group of methods, in which a 3D [three-dimensional] scene, illuminated by incoherent light, is recorded onto a two-dimensional digital hologram. Since the hologram is stored digitally in the computer, the image of the scene is usually reconstructed from the hologram by a digital computation.  1, record 28, English, - incoherent%20digital%20holography

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Conoscopic holography was a method suggested to obtain the incoherent hologram without spatially dividing the incident object wavefront into two by utilizing the birefringent crystal slap.  2, record 29, English, - incoherent%20hologram

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There are two types of representative IDH [incoherent digital holography] techniques : IDH with a structured illumination and a single photodetector termed optical scanning holography and self-interference IDH. The latter IDH is a technique to obtain an incoherent digital hologram by modulating an incoherent light wave between an object and an image sensor.  1, record 30, English, - incoherent%20digital%20hologram

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The image recorded on the holographic plate is called a hologram of the target, which carries both the amplitude and phase of the returned, scattered beam from the target. The first exposure of the holographic plate by the reference beam results in a reference hologram, while the second exposure by the returned beam imposes all changes of the target to the reference hologram.  2, record 31, English, - reference%20hologram

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Determining flow velocities from a double-exposure hologram requires particle pairing and the precise extraction of particle positions. This is done by computer-controlled video scanning of the field of particle images in three dimensions.  1, record 32, English, - double%2Dexposure%20hologram

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… the enormous amount of calculation in the generation of a complex hologram from a 3D [three-dimensional] object model consisting of many points is a huge challenge and the fast CGH [computer-generated holography] calculation problem has been investigated from different perspectives. Another major concern is that holographic display devices such as spatial light modulators(SLM) usually cannot display both the amplitude and phase part of a complex hologram simultaneously.  2, record 33, English, - complex%20hologram

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A phase-only hologram … can be calculated from an object image with various methods such as Gerchberg-Saxton iterative algorithm, error diffusion algorithm, random phase mask method and down-sampling mask method.  2, record 34, English, - phase%2Donly%20hologram

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Dolphins and bats have been using their own brand of sonar for millions of years, and both animals interpret their received pattern of signals by a neural network that closely resembles a real-time hologram.  2, record 35, English, - real%2Dtime%20hologram

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In the commonly used segment Fourier transform method for rainbow hologram reconstruction, the computation of 2D [two dimensional] Fourier transform on each hologram segment is very time consuming.  2, record 36, English, - hologram%20segment

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For the acquisition of a single pair of double exposure holograms, a reference hologram … is captured at an initial state of deformation, an acoustic excitation is applied, and a deformed hologram … is captured after a controlled time delay …  2, record 37, English, - deformed%20hologram

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… by this type of hologram deformation, it is possible to retrieve the EFI [extended focus image] of a tilted object, putting all parts of the object in focus in a single constructed image.  2, record 38, English, - hologram%20deformation

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The holographic principle is an emerging notion within physics that the universe we know could be viewed as holographic. A hologram is essentially a means of storing the information for a system in a form that exists a dimension lower, like a 3D image projected from a 2D film.  2, record 39, English, - holographic%20principle

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… the twin-image problem of conventional holography is a direct consequence of the fact that the hologram is recorded on a two‑dimensional surface. Like optical volume holography, which overcomes this problem by recording a diffraction pattern on a thick photographic emulsion, multienergy [holographic crystallography] HXT does so by recording the pattern in a volume of reciprocal space.  2, record 40, English, - optical%20volume%20holography

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Recently, some methods for generating CGH [computer‑generated holograms] from three-dimensional objects have been proposed. … There are three types : pure amplitude hologram, pure phase hologram, and complex hologram …  2, record 41, English, - pure%20amplitude%20hologram

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Under the pixelated performance of an SLM [spatial light modulator], an optical trap focuses at a distance … by displaying the following phase profile onto the liquid crystal plane … One immediate result of hologram discretization is the decrease in trap steering efficiency.  1, record 42, English, - hologram%20discretization

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A thick transmission hologram is angular sensitive. Hence[, ] the lateral location of the input is critical, which means it is highly space variant.  2, record 43, English, - thick%20transmission%20hologram

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The entire system delivers single pixel accuracy for more than 95% of the generated displacement vectors. The current system records, reconstructs, digitizes and erases a particle field hologram in less than 3 [minutes]. This allows for large-scale repetitive measurements(more than a hundred holograms [in] a single day), thereby enabling the acquisition of three-dimensional flow statistics.  2, record 44, English, - particle%20field%20hologram

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Another way of making the original photographs for mastering is to take the camera round the subject at a constant distance … The photographs are combined in the same way, but this time the finished hologram is part of a cylinder, with the image of the subject at its center. Cylindrical stereograms are a kind of one-step rainbow hologram.  1, record 45, English, - cylindrical%20stereogram

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A hologram that uses a mixture of gelatin, water, and ammonium dichromate as an emulsion.  2, record 46, English, - dichromated%20gelatin%20hologram

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A hologram made with electron waves rather than visible light.  2, record 47, English, - electron%20hologram

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An optical reconstruction method is the direct implementation of Gabor’s original holography idea in which the wavefronts of electron waves are replaced by those of light waves … The electron holograms are regarded as diffraction gratings, and laser lights are irradiated on them as reconstruction waves.  3, record 47, English, - electron%20hologram

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… in cylindrical holography, the vertical property is the same as that of the planar hologram : neither the vertical viewing zone nor vertical reconstructible size is improved …  2, record 48, English, - cylindrical%20holography

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Holographic multiplexing means compression of additional information into the hologram...  2, record 49, English, - holographic%20multiplexing

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… a copy hologram is made by laying a photoresist coated plate in close contact to the original hologram and illuminating the original hologram through the photoresist plate.  4, record 50, English, - copy%20hologram

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Hologramme obtenu par l'enregistrement de l'image de la matrice holographique […] sur l'émulsion d'un deuxième hologramme […]  1, record 50, French, - hologramme%20de%20seconde%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ration

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Un hologramme de seconde génération peut être du type transmission ou du type réflexion. Il est visible à la lumière blanche.  1, record 50, French, - hologramme%20de%20seconde%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ration

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The recording of sound waves in a two-dimensional pattern(the hologram) and the use of the hologram to reconstruct the entire sound field throughout a three-dimensional region of space.  3, record 51, English, - acoustic%20holography

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Acoustical holography involves reconstruction of the sound field that arises due to radiation of sound at a boundary, such as the vibrating body of a violin, the fuselage of an aircraft, or the surface of a submarine.  3, record 51, English, - acoustic%20holography

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Optoelectronic reconstruction can be realized by using an electronic addressing reflective liquid-crystal display(LCD) spatial light modulator. A binary digital hologram from the computer is loaded on a LCD panel. A clear image can be observed in the distance by illuminating a reference light from a laser source to the liquid-crystal panel.  2, record 52, English, - binary%20digital%20hologram

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The Fourier-Fraunhofer hologram, in which the object and the reference source are at infinity in the recording step, is the only practical case where an aberration-free image may be reconstructed from a plane hologram when the reconstruction source is not at the same place as the reference source relative to the hologram.  4, record 53, English, - Fourier%20hologram

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binary Fourier hologram  5, record 53, English, - Fourier%20hologram

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Hologramme formé par un objet plat situé dans le point focal d'une lentille.  3, record 53, French, - hologramme%20de%20Fourier

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The curved multiplexing based on a curved hologram can improve FOV [field of vision] and information capacity...  2, record 54, English, - curved%20hologram

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The cylindrical hologram has a 360 [degree] look-around property and can be observed from any direction.  2, record 55, English, - cylindrical%20hologram

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Detour phase is the design principle … and is the core concept behind binary holograms, where the amplitude and the phase of the optical field are imposed by an array of apertures on an opaque screen. In a typical binary hologram, the dimension of each aperture sets the amount of light passing through it.  2, record 56, English, - binary%20hologram

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Computer-generated holograms may be produced using different forms of [wave-front] encoding methods. In the following section, three of the most representative [methods] are reviewed : detour-phase hologram, kinoform, and binary computer-generated hologram.  3, record 57, English, - binary%20computer%2Dgenerated%20hologram

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A technique in which a hologram of a vibrating object is recorded using a sequence of light pulses that are triggered during the vibration cycle.  2, record 58, English, - stroboscopic%20holographic%20interferometry

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… the output of any real-time holographic interferometer contains a term which is a function of the phase differences introduced in any beam of the hologram between the recording and reconstructing steps in addition to those variations in intensity which result from the intensities of the beams themselves.  2, record 59, English, - real%2Dtime%20holographic%20interferometer

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[A composite repeat hologram is created when] a holographic exposure is made on a surface, then, before the hologram is removed or developed, the surface is slightly tilted and a repeat hologram is made, superimposed on the first hologram.  2, record 61, English, - holographic%20exposure

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A hologram made with a real image as object.  2, record 62, English, - image%20hologram

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L'hologramme image est enregistré dans le plan focal image de la lentille [...] Cet enregistrement est utilisé lorsque l'objet n'est pas trop profond.  1, record 62, French, - hologramme%20image

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Record 63,  Textual support,  English

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The image is created by splitting [it] into vertical slit-shaped component holograms, and then exposing them in order. Each component hologram is collected in the left-right direction(parallax direction) … As a result, each component hologram has a two-dimensional image recorded in it. But because there is appropriate parallax information in each image that is exposed onto the component hologram, the entire photograph looks like a 3-D image …  2, record 63, English, - component%20hologram

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… the red component hologram can be obtained by adding all of the holograms [calculated from the red components] of all polygons …  2, record 64, English, - red%20component%20hologram

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Record 64,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 65,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 65, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[A hologram] that takes up selected parts of the viewing light so that the rest can go into making the image.  2, record 65, English, - absorption%20hologram

Record 65,  Textual support,  French

Record 65,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 66,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 66, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In a bleached hologram … it is the great reduction in loss of light through absorption that is important …  2, record 66, English, - bleached%20hologram

Record 66,  Textual support,  French

Record 66,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 67,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 67, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A hologram in which the image is viewed only by laser … light.  2, record 67, English, - laser%20transmission%20hologram

Record 67,  Textual support,  French

Record 67,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 68,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 68, Textual support number: 1 CONT

An extension of the kinoform approach is the "referenceless on-axis complex hologram"(ROACH), which encodes both the amplitude and phase of the Fourier coefficients in separate layers of color film.  2, record 68, English, - referenceless%20on%2Daxis%20complex%20hologram

Record 68,  Textual support,  French

Record 68,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 69,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 69, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[...] a hologram recorded with a point source acting as a spherical reference located in the same plane as that of the object and reconstructed later using a plane wave.  2, record 69, English, - quasi%2DFourier%20hologram

Record 69,  Textual support,  French

Record 69,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 70,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 70, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A hologram that must be illuminated by a wave exactly like the reference wave if the image of the object is to be seen.  2, record 70, English, - coded%20hologram

Record 70,  Textual support,  French

Record 70,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 71,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 71, Textual support number: 1 CONT

If the two interfering beams are travelling in substantially the same direction, the recording of the interference pattern is said to be a Gabor hologram or in-line hologram.  4, record 71, English, - in%2Dline%20hologram

Record 71,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 71, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[Hologramme] enregistré à partir de la disposition sur un même axe du faisceau objet et du faisceau de référence (un seul rayon servant aux deux).  4, record 71, French, - hologramme%20en%20ligne

Record 71,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 72,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 72, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... the field of view(FOV) of a plane hologram is limited and can’t meet the display requirements of a large view angle...  2, record 72, English, - plane%20hologram

Record 72,  Textual support,  French

Record 72,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 73,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 73, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The synthesized intensity-based [orthographic projection images] are then multiplied by the corresponding phase functions and combined to form a digital hologram(also known as an integral hologram) of a 3D object under illumination.  2, record 73, English, - integral%20hologram