TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Hydrophilicity means that polar functional groups molecules combine with water molecules through electrostatic interaction or hydrogen bonding...  1, record 1, English, - hydrophilicity

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Propriété d'une substance polaire ou chargée à forte affinité pour l'eau.  1, record 1, French, - hydrophilie

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A pair of nucleotides in the complementary strands of a [nucleic acid] molecule that interact through hydrogen bonding across the axis of the helix.  3, record 2, English, - base%20pair

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Because DNA is double-stranded, the lengths of molecules are described as so many base pairs (bp).  2, record 2, English, - base%20pair

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 2 OBS

[In general,] lengths of RNA molecules [are not] expressed in bp because most RNAs are single-stranded.  2, record 2, English, - base%20pair

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 3 OBS

[In DNA,] one of the nucleotides in each pair is a purine (either adenine or guanine), and the other is a pyrimidine (either thymine or cytosine). Because of their spatial configuration, adenine always pairs with thymine, and guanine always pairs with cytosine.  3, record 2, English, - base%20pair

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Dans un [acide nucléique] double brin, paire de nucléotides complémentaires utilisé comme unité de mesure de la longueur d'une séquence.  3, record 2, French, - paire%20de%20bases

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

[En général,] la longueur des molécules d'ARN [n'est pas] exprimée en paires de bases, car [la majorité de] ces molécules sont à simple brin.  4, record 2, French, - paire%20de%20bases

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 2 OBS

paire de bases : terme normalisé par l'AFNOR.  5, record 2, French, - paire%20de%20bases

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The folding of part of a polypeptide chain into an ordered structure such as a α-helix [alpha-helix] or ß-pleated [beta-pleated] sheet; it is the result of hydrogen bonding between adjacent segments of the chain.  2, record 3, English, - secondary%20structure

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Secondary structure prediction has been a reasonably successful approach in polypeptide design. Choice of amino acid sequence was aimed at achieving the proposed folding and to form a sufficient number of specific non-covalent bonds with a particular ligand.  2, record 3, English, - secondary%20structure

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Although the term usually is applied to proteins, it can be applied to other polymers, e.g., the cloverleaf structure of transfer RNA.  1, record 3, English, - secondary%20structure

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 2 OBS

The distinction between secondary and tertiary structure is somewhat arbitrary.  2, record 3, English, - secondary%20structure

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Élément structural d'une chaîne polypeptidique, qui peut adopter deux conformations principales, hélice α et feuillet ß, stabilisées par des liaisons hydrogène entre l'oxygène d'un carbonyle et l'hydrogène d'un amide, de même qu'entre les chaînes latérales des aminoacides.  2, record 3, French, - structure%20secondaire

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les protéines globulaires sont, en moyenne, formées d'environ 350 acides aminés et leur chaîne principale peut se replier d'innombrables façons. Le nombre de niveaux de structure différents montre à quel point la variété règne. Tout d'abord, les interactions locales entre des acides aminés voisins sont à l'origine de la formation des hélices alpha, des feuillets bêta ou d'autres types de structures secondaires; ces structures, formant des blocs assez bien définis, s'organisent en domaines; enfin la disposition des domaines les uns par rapport aux autres produit la structure tertiaire. L'existence des mêmes structures secondaires et des mêmes domaines, dans de nombreuses protéines différentes, prouve que [...] toutes ces structures semblent jouer un rôle fondamental dans l'évolution et la diversification des protéines.  3, record 3, French, - structure%20secondaire

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Conformación tridimensional que adoptan las macromoléculas, en particular los ácidos nucleicos y los polipéptidos.  1, record 3, Spanish, - estructura%20secundaria

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Su formación resulta de la acción de fuerzas no covalentes generadas por interacciones entre residuos próximos. Algunos ejemplos son la hélice alfa y la hoja plegada beta de las proteínas y los bucles en horquilla de los ácidos nucleicos.  1, record 3, Spanish, - estructura%20secundaria

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The "bonding number" of a neutral heteroatom in the corresponding unsubstituted parent compound is defined as the sum of the total number of bonds to adjacent skeletal atoms, if any, and the number of hydrogen atoms attached to it, if any.  2, record 4, English, - bonding%20number

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Nombre total de liaisons à deux électrons qu'un atome d'un hydrure fondamental peut contracter avec les atomes adjacents, y compris ceux d'hydrogène.  2, record 4, French, - indice%20de%20valence%20formelle

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

indice de valence formelle : terme et définition publiés au Journal officiel de la République française le 8 octobre 2003.  3, record 4, French, - indice%20de%20valence%20formelle

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A fine-structure analysis of the tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase from Bacillus stereothermophilus is revealing the subtle roles of hydrogen bonding in catalysis and specificity. Modification of the residues that hydrogen-bond with ATP and tyrosine shows how the energetics must be analysed in terms of an exchange reaction with solvent water. Based on this idea, and structural data, an enzyme of vastly improved enzyme-substrate affinity has been engineered.  2, record 5, English, - enzyme%2Dsubstrate%20affinity

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L'affinité d'un enzyme pour un substrat est égale à 1/K_m. Si K_m est élevé (il faut donc une concentration élevée en substrat pour avoir une vitesse égale à V_max/2) l'affinité est faible; si K_m est faible, l'affinité est grande (il suffit d'une faible concentration en substrat pour avoir une vitesse égale à V_max/2).  1, record 5, French, - affinit%C3%A9%20d%27un%20enzyme%20pour%20un%20substrat

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Lorsqu'un activateur allostérique se fixe au site allostérique, il s'ensuit une légère modification de la conformation de l'enzyme -- appelée transition allostérique -- (d'ailleurs réversible), qui entraîne une modification de la conformation au niveau du site actif (catalytique). Ce site acquiert une conformation plus propice à la fixation du substrat, il y a augmentation de l'affinité de l'enzyme pour le substrat (K_m' <K_m).  1, record 5, French, - affinit%C3%A9%20d%27un%20enzyme%20pour%20un%20substrat

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Triggered conformational changes... are the motions of groups of atoms(i. e. individual side-chains) or whole sections of a protein(i. e. loops of chain, domains of secondary and tertiary structure, or subunit), which occur as a response to a specific stimulus. The distance moved can be as much as 10 [angstrom unit] or more. The time scale can be estimated by studies of the rate of binding or turnover reactions. The energy for triggered conformational change comes from specific interactions, such as electrostatic attractions or hydrogen bonding interactions. The best-known example of a triggered conformational change is the transition in tertiary structure that occurs when ligands bind to the iron atoms of hemoglobin.  1, record 6, English, - triggered%20conformational%20change

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The types of substances whose binding can trigger a specific conformational change include substrates (dihydroxyacetone phosphate in triose phosphate isomerase), coenzymes (NAD binding to lactate dehydrogenase), allosteric effectors (CTP and ATP in aspartic transcarbamylase), inhibitors (statine-containing polypeptide inhibitors of acid proteases) and even protons (the Bohr effect in hemoglobin; pH-dependent conformational changes in adenylate kinase).  1, record 6, English, - triggered%20conformational%20change

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Modification de la conformation des protéines provoquée par la fixation de ligands à leur surface. Parmi ces ligands, notons les substrats, activateurs, inhibiteurs et coenzymes.  2, record 6, French, - changement%20de%20conformation%20prot%C3%A9ique%20induit

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Weak bond, primarily electrostatic, between an electronegative atom within a given molecule and a hydrogen atom attached to another electronegative atom.  3, record 7, English, - hydrogen%20bond

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The intermolecular attractive forces binding antigen to antibody.... Hydrogen bonding results from the formation of hydrogen bridges between appropriate atoms.  4, record 7, English, - hydrogen%20bond

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Type de liaison moléculaire où l'hydrogène établit un pont entre deux atomes fortement électronégatifs (azote, oxygène). Dans les macromolécules, elle assure le maintien de la structure. Ce type de liaison se répète un grand nombre de fois tout le long de la molécule concernée.  3, record 7, French, - liaison%20hydrog%C3%A8ne

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les forces unissant antigène et anticorps sont de quatre types. [...] Les liaisons hydrogène sont des liaisons de faible énergie (0, 5 à 2 kcal/mole) entre atomes électropositifs (hydrogène) et atomes électronégatifs (oxygène ou azote). La stabilité de ces liaisons dépend de la présence de molécules d'eau. Elle augmente quand la température diminue.  4, record 7, French, - liaison%20hydrog%C3%A8ne

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

One method used to assess the effect of ions on protein conformation is to measure the melting temperature (T_m) which is the midpoint of the reversible folding ... unfolding transformation or order = disorder transformation. It can be illustrated by the thermally induced conversion of collagen from the triple helical order form to the disordered random coil conformation where T_m is the temperature at which the helical and the coil forms are equally stable. T_m decreases by about 16[degrees c] per mole if calcium chloride is added and is approximately linear with molarity. The transformation can be followed by a plot of change in optical rotation against temperature.  3, record 8, English, - melting%20temperature

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Ions can potentially affect the three major factors namely hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic bonds and electrostatic interaction, that hold an enzyme in an optimal conformation.  3, record 8, English, - melting%20temperature

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 2 OBS

The term Tm should read T[subscript]m.  4, record 8, English, - melting%20temperature

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 3 OBS

Because of technical constraints, the formula(s) given in CBT-167 could not be reproduced.  4, record 8, English, - melting%20temperature

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Température à laquelle la moitié des molécules ont subi une transformation réversible de type déploiement de chaîne ou dénaturation.  2, record 8, French, - temp%C3%A9rature%20de%20fusion

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Ce terme est aussi employé pour désigner le point médian de la variation de température nécessaire pour séparer les deux brins d'une molécule d'ADN  2, record 8, French, - temp%C3%A9rature%20de%20fusion

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF

An analytical technique analogous to x-ray diffraction in which an incident beam of neutrons is scattered by the atoms of a crystal.  2, record 9, English, - neutron%20diffraction

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Because elements that are close to each other in the Periodic Table differ considerably in their neutron-scattering ability, neutron diffraction is capable of distinguishing between them. For example, carbon nitrogen, and oxygen atoms can be readily identified by neutron diffraction, where as they appear almost identical by the x-ray method. More accurate determination of the bond lengths of light atoms and distribution of molecular bonding electrons is also possible. Details of molecular structure that can only be inferred by other techniques can often be observed directly by neutron diffraction. Investigations using this method include hydrogen bonding, so-called metal cluster compounds(C. H. M relationships) and electronic charge distributions.  2, record 9, English, - neutron%20diffraction

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

En réalité la seule méthode capable de déceler la structure atomique de la plupart des macromolécules est la diffraction des rayons X par des cristaux. [...] La diffraction neutronique est surtout utilisée pour placer les atomes d'hydrogène, trop légers pour être normalement détectés par diffraction des rayons X, dans des modèles atomiques obtenus par cette dernière méthode.  4, record 9, French, - diffraction%20neutronique

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Difracción de los neutrones térmicos que por tener una longitud de onda asociada aproximadamente igual a la distancia entre los átomos de los cristales, son difractados por éstos.  1, record 9, Spanish, - difracci%C3%B3n%20de%20neutrones

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Starch is supplied as a white, granular powder which is insoluble in cold water because of the polymeric structure and hydrogen bonding between adjacent chains. However, when an aqueous suspension is heated, the water is able to penetrate the granules and causes them to swell, producing a "gelatinized" solution or paste, depending on the concentration. Cooling this hot solution causes thickening, which is called "setback".  1, record 10, English, - setback

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les nombreux groupes hydroxyles libres (OH) de la molécule d'amidon déterminent le comportement du polymère en solution aqueuse car ils ont tendance à former des liaisons hydrogène entre les chaînes de polysaccharides, cela empêchant la solution des dispersions de l'amidon en cas de refroidissement ou de congélation. Cette réaction intermoléculaire est le mécanisme sous-jacent de la rétrogradation, un processus indésirable modifiant la texture et la stabilité (donc l'acceptabilité) de nombreux produits alimentaires contenant de l'amidon.  2, record 10, French, - r%C3%A9trogradation

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The coiled conformation of a polypeptide which is maintained by hydrogen bonding between the CO and NH groups of the peptide bonds of adjacent coils; in natural polypeptides the helix is right-handed.(Gk helix coil).  1, record 11, English, - alpha%20helix

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Configuration spatiale de nombreuses protéines, caractérisée par une disposition des acides aminés constitutifs selon une hélice dont le pas est de 0,51 à 0.54 nm. Cette disposition hélicoïdale assure une solide cohésion moléculaire grâce à des liaisons hydrogènes entre les spires successives de l'hélice.  1, record 11, French, - h%C3%A9lice%20alpha

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish