TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

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Land surface temperature(LST) is the radiative skin temperature of the land derived from solar radiation. LST measures the emission of thermal radiance from the land surface where the incoming solar energy interacts with and heats the ground, or the surface of the canopy in vegetated areas. LST is a mixture of vegetation and bare soil temperatures.  2, record 1, English, - land%20surface%20temperature

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

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Absorbed solar radiation is the difference between the incoming solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere and the outgoing reflected flux at the top of the atmosphere.  2, record 2, English, - absorbed%20solar%20radiation

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

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Le rayonnement solaire absorbé en chaque point du globe est calculé à partir des mesures du rayonnement incident (gain d'énergie) tout en tenant compte de l'albédo (perte).  2, record 2, French, - rayonnement%20solaire%20absorb%C3%A9

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

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Radiación solar absorbida por los constituyentes gaseosos de la atmósfera, las materias en suspensión, las nubes o la superficie terrestre.  1, record 2, Spanish, - radiaci%C3%B3n%20solar%20absorbida

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

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The absorption of electromagnetic radiation by the water drops and water vapor within a cloud.  2, record 3, English, - cloud%20absorption

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For insolation(incoming solar radiation), clouds absorb rather small fractions, particularly of the shorter wavelengths. Even for depths of clouds of the order of 20, 000 ft, measurements suggest absorptions of less than 30 percent, while layers only one or two thousand feet thick may absorb only about 5 percent. However, for long-wave terrestrial radiation, even very thin layers of cloud act as almost complete black-body absorbers.  2, record 3, English, - cloud%20absorption

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

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Il existe encore une diffusion et une absorption simultanées par les nuages, très variables selon leur nature (gouttelettes, cristaux), leur altitude, leur densité, leur nébulosité, leurs dimensions, etc. mais souvent considérées comme neutres et indépendantes des longueurs d'onde (notion de densité optique), sauf pour celles supérieures à 1,2 um environ, qui sont le plus souvent complètement absorbées.  2, record 3, French, - absorption%20par%20les%20nuages

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

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The effect of anthropogenic aerosols on the radiative fluxes at the top of the atmosphere ... and at the surface and on the absorption of radiation within the atmosphere.  1, record 4, English, - aerosol%20radiative%20forcing

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Aerosol forcing is divided into two components : direct effects, mainly from absorbing or scattering incoming solar radiation, and indirect effects from aerosol interactions with clouds.  3, record 4, English, - aerosol%20radiative%20forcing

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

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Du fait de toutes les incertitudes évoquées [...] (composition, dimensions, répartition), le forçage radiatif des aérosols est beaucoup moins bien estimé que celui des gaz à effet de serre.  3, record 4, French, - for%C3%A7age%20radiatif%20des%20a%C3%A9rosols

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

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In addition to the vertical distribution of air temperature, there also exists a horizontal distribution of air temperature, due to the differential heating of the incoming solar radiation between the low and high latitudes. Typically, the air temperature decreases poleward in the troposphere.  1, record 5, English, - horizontal%20distribution%20of%20air%20temperature

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

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The earth's atmosphere is mostly transparent to the incoming solar radiation, and hence the above radiation from the sun is absorbed by the earth surface. The earth's atmosphere in turn absorbs the terrestrial long wave radiation from the earth surface resulting in a situation where the atmosphere is primarily heated from below. This results in a vertical distribution of air temperature, wherein the air temperature decreases with height.  1, record 6, English, - vertical%20distribution%20of%20air%20temperature

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

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An instrument which measures combined direct solar radiation and diffuse sky radiation.  3, record 7, English, - pyranometer

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Diffuse solar irradiance is a measure of the rate of incoming solar energy on a horizontal plane at the Earth’s surface resulting from scattering of the Sun’s beam due to atmospheric constituents. Diffuse solar irradiance is measured by a pyranometer, with its glass dome shaded from the Sun’s beam. The shading is accomplished either by an occulting disc or a shading arm attached to a solar tracker. The angle subtended by the shading disc of the diffuse pyranometer should be the same as the field of view of the pyrheliometer. It is important that the dome of the pyranometer is always fully shaded from the Sun’s beam to ensure accuracy of measurement, and should be checked for correct alignment on a regular basis.  4, record 7, English, - pyranometer

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The pyranometer consists of a recorder and a radiation sensing element that is mounted so that it views the entire sky (radiation from the solid angle 2 on a plane surface).  5, record 7, English, - pyranometer

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pyranometer; solarimeter [are] general names for the class of actinometers which measure the combined intensity of incoming direct solar radiation and diffuse sky radiation.  6, record 7, English, - pyranometer

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pyranometer [is] sometimes called solarimeter.  5, record 7, English, - pyranometer

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 PHR

Black and white, CM 21, Eppley Precision Spectral, Kipp & Zonen, silicon, total solar, ultraviolet pyranometer.  7, record 7, English, - pyranometer

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

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Instrument qui mesure la radiation du soleil et du ciel tombant sur une surface horizontale.  3, record 7, French, - pyranom%C3%A8tre

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Capteurs héliographiques thermiques ou pyranomètres. [...] il s'agit de piéger le maximum de rayonnement afin de le transformer en élévation de température d'une surface noire et mate, comportant un capteur de température intégré. Le solarimètre qui porte alors le nom de pyranomètre est présenté sur la figure suivante. Sur cette figure on remarque une coupole hémisphérique en verre, destinée à piéger la lumière. Dans le plan horizontal, on va avoir la surface noire réceptrice[, dirigée vers le zénith] et le capteur de température (couche mince); l'électronique associée est évidemment intégrée dans la partie inférieure. La partie blanche possède une géométrie optimisée pour tenir compte des phénomènes de réflexion afin qu'ils ne perturbent pas la mesure.  4, record 7, French, - pyranom%C3%A8tre

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En France, en Europe et en Afrique, on utilise surtout le pyranomètre de Kipp constitué d'une thermopile de Moll.  5, record 7, French, - pyranom%C3%A8tre

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pyranomètres. [...] Ces appareils étaient autrefois appelés des solarimètres.  5, record 7, French, - pyranom%C3%A8tre

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Pyranomètre à rayonnement global, au silicium, à thermopiles; de Kipp; série CM-11, stellaire, Zipp-Konen, Zipp and Konen.  6, record 7, French, - pyranom%C3%A8tre

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Instrumento para medir la radiación solar incidente, desde un ángulo sólido igual a 2[pi], sobre una superficie plana.  3, record 7, Spanish, - piran%C3%B3metro

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

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Thermometer, whose bulb is in black glass or is covered with lamp black in order that it may function approximately as a "black body".  3, record 8, English, - black%2Dbulb%20thermometer

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Placed in an evacuated, transparent chamber, it [black-bulb thermometer] is sometimes used to measure incoming solar radiation.  3, record 8, English, - black%2Dbulb%20thermometer

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

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Thermomètre dont l'organe sensible est en verre noir ou recouvert de noir de fumée, de façon à fonctionner approximativement comme un «corps noir».  2, record 8, French, - thermom%C3%A8tre%20%C3%A0%20boule%20noire

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Placé dans une enceinte transparente dans laquelle on a fait le vide, il [thermomètre à boule noire] est parfois utilisé pour mesurer le rayonnement solaire incident [soit l'intensité de la chaleur solaire frappant sur un objet noir].  3, record 8, French, - thermom%C3%A8tre%20%C3%A0%20boule%20noire

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

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Termómetro en el que el elemento sensible es de vidrio negro o está cubierto por negro de humo, de forma que pueda funcionar aproximadamente como un «cuerpo negro».  1, record 8, Spanish, - term%C3%B3metro%20de%20bulbo%20negro

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Colocado en un recipiente transparente, en el cual se ha hecho el vacío, se utiliza a veces para medir la radiación solar incidente.  1, record 8, Spanish, - term%C3%B3metro%20de%20bulbo%20negro

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

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Amount of incoming solar radiation incident on a unit horizontal surface at a specific level.  3, record 9, English, - insolation

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Insolation [is] the amount of solar energy striking a surface, measured in watts per square meter.  4, record 9, English, - insolation

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... solar insolation [is] the amount of electromagnetic energy (solar radiation) incident on the surface of the earth. Basically that means how much sunlight is shining down on us. ... The value [is] generally expressed in kWh/m²/day. This is the amount of solar energy that strikes a square metre of the earth’s surface in a single day. Of course this value is averaged to account for differences in the days’ length. There are several units that are used throughout the world. The conversions based on surface area as follows: 1 kWh/m²/day = 317.1 btu/ft²/day = 3.6MJ/m²/day. The raw energy conversions are: 1kWh = 3412 Btu = 3.6MJ = 859.8kcal.  2, record 9, English, - insolation

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Scientists use the word "insolation" not "sunshine" to refer to the amount of incoming solar radiation that reaches the earth's surface.  5, record 9, English, - insolation

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

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Quantité de rayonnement solaire incident par unité de surface horizontale à un niveau donné.  3, record 9, French, - insolation

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Gisement solaire. Les rayons solaires sont filtrés par notre atmosphère. Ainsi, les régions plus humides sont moins ensoleillées que les régions sèches. L'ensoleillement dépend aussi des saisons, car certaines régions sont humides en été, et sèches en hiver. Pratiquement, la puissance disponible au sol dépasse rarement 1000W/m² alors que la puissance qui arrive à la limite de notre atmosphère est de l'ordre de 1400W/m². Une partie de cette énergie est diffusée et c'est ce qui fait que le temps soit clair même si des nuages cachent le soleil.  4, record 9, French, - insolation

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Le terme «gisement solaire» est utilisé figurativement.  5, record 9, French, - insolation

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Quantité [...] exprimée en watts.  6, record 9, French, - insolation

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

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Cantidad de radiación solar directa, que incide por unidad de área horizontal.  2, record 9, Spanish, - insolaci%C3%B3n

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

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The radiation [ultraviolet, visible and infrared] from the sun received by a surface, especially the earth’s surface.  3, record 10, English, - insolation

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Insolation is the incoming solar radiation that reaches a planet and its atmosphere. In construction,... it [is] one of "the most important climate variables for human comfort and building energy efficiency".  4, record 10, English, - insolation

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Incoming Solar Radiation--Insolation. Some is : scattered, absorbed, reflected from [Earth's] surface.  5, record 10, English, - insolation

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"insolation" is an acronym for INcoming SOLar radiATION. Insolation is the energy that powers weather phenomena.  6, record 10, English, - insolation

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insolation: [Some authors indicate that] this term has been generally replaced by "solar irradiance" because of the confusion of the word with insulation.  7, record 10, English, - insolation

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Do not confuse with "insulation".  8, record 10, English, - insolation

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

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Seule, une faible partie du rayonnement solaire incident est en effet absorbée par l'atmosphère, une autre part étant directement renvoyée vers l'espace, le reste (près de 50%) étant absorbé à la surface du globe.  4, record 10, French, - rayonnement%20solaire%20incident

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Placés au-dessus de l'atmosphère, les satellites peuvent mesurer le rayonnement solaire incident, c'est-à-dire reçu à la surface de l'atmosphère.  2, record 10, French, - rayonnement%20solaire%20incident

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La plus grande partie de l'énergie de la Terre provient du rayonnement solaire incident.  5, record 10, French, - rayonnement%20solaire%20incident

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

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Radiación recibida por unidad de superficie, multiplicada por la superficie terrestre.  2, record 10, Spanish, - radiaci%C3%B3n%20solar%20incidente

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No toda la radiación solar incidente en el límite de la atmósfera llega a la superficie terrestre; esto se debe a que la capa gaseosa actúa sobre ella produciendo distintos fenómenos […]  3, record 10, Spanish, - radiaci%C3%B3n%20solar%20incidente

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Equation for estimating the evaporation from open water bodies, or the evapotranspiration from land surfaces, in which the increase in energy stored in the body of water is the residual between the incoming energies(solar radiation, long-wave atmospheric radiation, net advected energy into the body of water) and the outgoing energies(reflected solar and long-wave radiations emitted by the body of water, energy of evaporation, energy conducted from the body of water as sensible heat, and energy advected by the evaporated water).  3, record 11, English, - energy%20balance

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

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Différence des gains et pertes d'énergie sous toutes ses formes au sein d'un système océanique ou atmosphérique.  2, record 11, French, - bilan%20%C3%A9nerg%C3%A9tique

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Équation servant à évaluer l'évaporation des surfaces d'eaux libres ou l'évapotranspiration à la surface du sol, dans laquelle l'accroissement d'énergie stockée dans la masse d'eau est la différence entre les énergies entrant (rayonnement solaire, rayonnement atmosphérique de grandes longueurs d'onde, énergie nette d'advection dans la masse d'eau) et les énergies sortant (rayonnements solaire et réfléchis de grandes longueurs d'onde, énergies d'évaporation, de conduction (sous forme de chaleur sensible) et d'advection par l'eau évaporée).  3, record 11, French, - bilan%20%C3%A9nerg%C3%A9tique

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Nous n'avons envisagé que le bilan thermique de la planète Terre, le bilan énergétique est beaucoup plus complexe puisqu'une partie de l'énergie interne est dissipée sous forme mécanique [...]  4, record 11, French, - bilan%20%C3%A9nerg%C3%A9tique

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish

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Ecuación para estimar la evaporación en superficies de agua abiertas, o la evapotranspiración en superficies de terreno, en la que el incremento de energía almacenada en la masa de agua es la diferencia entre las energías entrantes (radiación solar, radiación atmosférica de onda larga, energía neta de advección en la masa de agua) y las energías salientes (radiaciones solares y de onda larga reflejadas por la masa de agua, energía de evaporación, energía transmitida por la masa de agua en forma de calor sensible, y energía de advección por evaporación).  3, record 11, Spanish, - balance%20energ%C3%A9tico

Record 12,  Textual support,  English

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The compass direction a slope faces.  4, record 12, English, - slope%20orientation

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Slope Orientation. The orientation of the slope to the wind and sun is critical. Leeward slopes(facing away from the prevailing wind) are rapidly loaded by heavy snowfall, even during periods of clear weather.... The slope's orientation to the sun is also important. South-facing slopes receive the greatest amount of incoming solar radiation and tend to stabilize more quickly, but they may also release as a wet slide when the sun warms them.  5, record 12, English, - slope%20orientation

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Natural and accidental avalanches were reported this week in various areas on steep slopes, in particular, on south and east aspect. [Example approved by the Avalanche Bulletin Terminology Standardization Committee.]  3, record 12, English, - slope%20orientation

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

For example, a slope on the east side of a mountain has an east aspect.  4, record 12, English, - slope%20orientation

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aspect; slope aspect: terms officially approved by the Avalanche Bulletin Terminology Standardization Committee.  6, record 12, English, - slope%20orientation

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

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Direction dans laquelle est orientée une pente.  3, record 12, French, - versant

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L'exposition intervient sur la quantité de neige puisqu'elle détermine l'incidence du vent; elle intervient également sur les métamorphoses de la neige puisqu'elle conditionne l'exposition au rayonnement solaire et l'échauffement du manteau neigeux.  4, record 12, French, - versant

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Cette semaine, on a observé plusieurs avalanches naturelles et accidentelles dans plusieurs secteurs, en particulier, dans les pentes raides à orientation sud et est. [Exemple entériné par le Comité d'uniformisation de la terminologie des bulletins d'avalanche.]  1, record 12, French, - versant

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versant; orientation; exposition: termes uniformisés par le Comité d'uniformisation de la terminologie des bulletins d'avalanche.  3, record 12, French, - versant

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Record 13,  Textual support,  English

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... the sum total of all the longwave electromagnetic energy, or infrared radiation at wavelengths ranging from 5 to 100 micrometers, that escapes from the top of the Earth’s atmosphere back into space.  6, record 13, English, - outgoing%20longwave%20radiation

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Radiation budget experiments have used satellites to measure the fundamental radiation parameters--the amount of solar energy received by the planet, the planetary albedo(the portion of incoming solar radiation that is reflected back to space), the emitted terrestrial radiation(also referred to as the outgoing longwave radiation--OLR), and the net planetary energy balance(the difference between the absorbed solar energy and the OLR).  5, record 13, English, - outgoing%20longwave%20radiation

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Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) [refers to] the smallest amount of Earth’s radiation emitted to space ...  7, record 13, English, - outgoing%20longwave%20radiation

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outgoing longwave radiation [expressed in] watts/m².  7, record 13, English, - outgoing%20longwave%20radiation

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

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Près de la moitié de l'énergie provenant du Soleil est absorbée par la surface de la Terre. Le rayonnement de grande longueur d'onde, ou infrarouge, est émis par la Terre. Une partie de ces rayons traversent l'atmosphère et le reste est absorbé par les gaz, comme le dioxyde de carbone (CO₂) et la vapeur d'eau.  8, record 13, French, - rayonnement%20sortant%20%C3%A0%20grandes%20longueurs%20d%27onde

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Le rayonnement net [...] tient compte de l'albédo de la surface (ALBEDOLAI) appliqué au rayonnement solaire (TRG) et du rayonnement de grande longueur d'onde (RGLO).  5, record 13, French, - rayonnement%20sortant%20%C3%A0%20grandes%20longueurs%20d%27onde

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Le rayonnement solaire que reçoit la Terre est sa seule source d'énergie. Il est composé d'ondes électromagnétiques dont la longueur d'onde est courte (inférieure à 4 µm et majoritairement située dans le domaine visible). Une partie (environ 30 %) est réfléchie vers l'espace par l'atmosphère et par la surface. Le reste (environ 70 %) est absorbé en partie par l'atmosphère (23 %) et en partie par la surface (sol et océans) (47 %) qui sont ainsi chauffés. Cette énergie absorbée est réémise sous forme d'un rayonnement électromagnétique de grande longueur d'onde (supérieure à 4 µm), c'est-à-dire dans l'infrarouge dit «thermique».  9, record 13, French, - rayonnement%20sortant%20%C3%A0%20grandes%20longueurs%20d%27onde

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Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) : [Le rayonnement] de grande longueur d'onde (infrarouge) émis par la Terre [exprimé] (en W/m²).  10, record 13, French, - rayonnement%20sortant%20%C3%A0%20grandes%20longueurs%20d%27onde

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Dans les sources consultées, les auteurs utilisent souvent le générique «rayonnement de grande longueur d'onde» plutôt que le terme «rayonnement sortant (ou ascendant) de grande longueur d'onde». Le générique est alors souvent accompagné des verbes «émettre» et «réémettre», s'il ne l'est pas, le contexte ne laisse pas de doute quant au sens.  11, record 13, French, - rayonnement%20sortant%20%C3%A0%20grandes%20longueurs%20d%27onde

Record 13,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 14,  Textual support,  English

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Methods of measuring evapotranspiration generally are divided into two categories : water budgeting and energy budgeting. The former method relies on accurate accounting of water flow into and out of a control area.... Energy budget methods rely on an accurate accounting of energy to and from the land surface and generally assume one-dimensional energy flow. Because the energy needed to evaporate water is relatively large(about 580 calories per gram), ET, or latent heat, can represent a significant component of the energy budget. Net radiation is the difference between incoming shortwave(solar) radiation and outgoing shortwave and longwave radiation, sensible heat is the energy transported from the land surface by air movement(convection), latent heat is the energy transported away from the surface by evaporating water, and soil/water heat is the heat that goes into changing the temperature of the soil or the water standing on the land surface. Any of these components may reverse in direction-for example, latent heat is added to the surface by condensation(dew formation), and net radiation is directed upward at night.  1, record 14, English, - energy%20budget%20method

Record 14,  Textual support,  French

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L'évapotranspiration instantanée peut être déterminée par la méthode du bilan énergétique, grâce à la mesure directe du rayonnement net, du flux de chaleur du sol, des gradients de température et de tension de vapeur à quelques décimètres au-dessus de la végétation.  3, record 14, French, - m%C3%A9thode%20du%20bilan%20%C3%A9nerg%C3%A9tique

Record 14,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 15,  Textual support,  English

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D. B. Turner(1961) introduced a version of Pasquill' s scheme in which the incoming solar radiation is classified in terms of elevation angle, cloud amount and cloud height. This stability classification system has been made completely objective so that an electronic computer can be used to compute stability classes. The stability classes proposed by Turner are as follows : A=extremely unstable; B=unstable; C=slightly unstable; D=neutral; E=slightly stable; F=stable, and G=extremely stable.  1, record 15, English, - Turner%27s%20method

Record 15,  Textual support,  French

Record 15,  Textual support,  Spanish