TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The essence of the calibration process is to measure the output(voltage) of the probe at known velocities and temperatures. Then a curve can be fitted through the data points. This curve can be used in the real measurements to calculate the velocity from the output signal of the anemometer.... The calibrations are performed in a calibration tunnel, from which the geometry is accurately known(the outgoing flow is laminar). The velocity at the outlet of the tunnel is thus known with a high precision.  3, record 1, English, - calibration%20tunnel

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The layer immediately next to a fixed boundary in which laminar flow prevails.  4, record 2, English, - laminar%20boundary%20layer

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Aircraft ... in general, ... are not certified to fly with any contamination [(e.g. possible contaminants: frost, squashed bugs, anti-icing fluids, etc.)] on the lift and control surfaces. However, ... small amounts of surface contamination usually result in roughness. This causes local changes in the pressure gradient in the boundary layer and can cause turbulence in a laminar flow boundary layer or complete flow separation from the surface.  3, record 2, English, - laminar%20boundary%20layer

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Above a surface, a laminar layer will develop and fluid velocity will increase with distance from the surface, but not indefinitely. At some point, flow will become turbulent, with the laminar sublayer separating the turbulent layer from the surface. In the real world, most laminar boundary layers are extremely thin(order of 1 mm), but can be of biological importance, for example, next to plant leaves or as invertebrate refuges in streams.  5, record 2, English, - laminar%20boundary%20layer

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

... flow is smooth and nonturbulent.  5, record 2, English, - laminar%20boundary%20layer

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 2 OBS

The equations of motion of the fluid in the laminar boundary layer are the Navier-Stokes equations containing only the inertia and molecular viscosity terms.  6, record 2, English, - laminar%20boundary%20layer

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Couche voisine d'une surface limite donnée dans laquelle les forces de viscosité moléculaire sont grandes parce que le gradient de vitesse normal à la surface limite est élevé.  2, record 2, French, - couche%20limite%20laminaire

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La présence d'une couche limite laminaire à la surface de notre peau limite notamment nos échanges de chaleur avec l'air extérieur et permet de maintenir la température de surface de nos mains ou de notre figure à une valeur voisine de 30 °C même si l'air extérieur est froid.  3, record 2, French, - couche%20limite%20laminaire

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Les équations du mouvement du fluide dans la couche limite laminaire sont les équations de Navier-Stokes ne contenant que les termes d'inertie et de viscosité moléculaire.  2, record 2, French, - couche%20limite%20laminaire

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Capa inmediata a una superficie límite dada en la cual son elevadas las fuerzas de viscosidad molecular porque es alto el gradiente de velocidad normal a la superficie límite.  1, record 2, Spanish, - capa%20l%C3%ADmite%20laminar

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Las ecuaciones de movimiento del fluido en la capa límite laminar son las de Navier-Stokes, que contienen sólo los términos de inercia y de viscosidad molecular.  1, record 2, Spanish, - capa%20l%C3%ADmite%20laminar

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

In a fluid, a region of concentrated velocity variation and shear stress close to a solid that is moving relatively to the fluid. It is thin and its flow may be either turbulent or laminar.  2, record 3, English, - boundary%20layer

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

By drawing an analogy between linear and rotational dynamics, an equation describing the viscous torque acting on an object rotating in a fluid can be anticipated. Stokes’ and Newton's models of a viscous drag force are commonly used to describe the damping force acting on an object moving linearly through a fluid. This experiment demonstrates that these models can be extended to describe the viscous torque that damps the rotation of an object in a fluid. When the rotating object is round, the fluid flow is laminar; hence, the viscous torque is proportional to the angular velocity to the first power, analogous to Stokes’ model. However, when the rotating object is rough, causing the fluid flow to be turbulent, the viscous torque is proportional to the angular velocity to the second power, analogous to Newton's model. In addition, this experiment demonstrates that the proportionality constant between viscous torque and angular velocity is dependent on the shape of the object, as is the case in both Stokes’ and Newton's models.  1, record 4, English, - viscous%20torque

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les gyroscopes 1 axe sont essentiellement constitués : d'une toupie [...]; d'un élément de cardan (anneau ou carter) reliant [delta] au boîtier de l'appareil, par l'intermédiaire de l'axe de sortie [...]; d'un détecteur d'écart [...]; d'un moteur-couple [...]. De plus, ils comportent éventuellement : un liquide amortisseur dans lequel baigne un carter étanche contenant la toupie; il en résulte l'application à ce carter d'un couple «visqueux» [...] étant un coefficient constant; en outre, la flottaison ainsi obtenue permet de soulager la liaison boîtier-carter, qui peut alors être constituée par des ensembles pivot-rubis; [...]  2, record 4, French, - couple%20visqueux

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Velocity at which flow changes from laminar to turbulent, or vice versa.  1, record 5, English, - critical%20velocity

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Vitesse à laquelle l'écoulement passe du régime laminaire au régime turbulent, ou inversement.  1, record 5, French, - vitesse%20critique

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Velocidad para la cual el flujo cambia de laminar a turbulento o viceversa.  1, record 5, Spanish, - velocidad%20cr%C3%ADtica

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The velocity of water flowing in a conduit above which the flow will always be turbulent, and below which the flow may be either turbulent or laminar, depending upon circumstances.  2, record 6, English, - turbulent%20velocity

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Dans une conduite ou un canal, vitesse au-dessus de laquelle l'écoulement sera toujours turbulent et au-dessous de laquelle l'écoulement peut être turbulent ou laminaire suivant les circonstances.  1, record 6, French, - vitesse%20limite%20de%20r%C3%A9gime%20turbulent

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

That velocity at which, in a particular channel or conduit, and for a particular fluid, laminar flow will always exist.  2, record 7, English, - laminar%20velocity

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Vitesse au-dessous de laquelle, dans un canal ou une conduite, l'écoulement sera toujours laminaire.  1, record 7, French, - vitesse%20laminaire

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 2 DEF

Vitesse nécessaire pour entraîner un matériau d'une grosseur donnée.  1, record 7, French, - vitesse%20laminaire

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Detachment mechanisms.... a reduction occurs in the space between the walls of the material covered with particles that have already settled. Consequently the velocity increases and the flow can change from laminar to turbulent. The retained deposits may become partially detached...  1, record 8, English, - detachment%20mechanism

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Les mécanismes de détachement. [...] il se produit une diminution de l'espace entre les parois du matériau recouvertes de particules déjà déposées. Il y a alors augmentation de la vitesse et l'écoulement peut passer de l'état laminaire à l'état turbulent. Les dépôts déjà retenus peuvent se détacher [...]  1, record 8, French, - m%C3%A9canisme%20de%20d%C3%A9tachement

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 OBS

There is also a lower critical velocity, at which the eddies in originally turbulent flow die out.  3, record 9, English, - lower%20critical%20velocity

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 2 OBS

That velocity of water in a stream below which the flow is laminar or turbulent.  4, record 9, English, - lower%20critical%20velocity

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 3 OBS

That velocity below which, in a particular conduit, laminar flow will always exist, and above which the flow may be either laminar or turbulent, depending on circumstances.  5, record 9, English, - lower%20critical%20velocity

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Si maintenant, étant en régime turbulent, on diminue la vitesse de l'eau, à partir d'une certaine vitesse le régime laminaire reprendra. Cette vitesse est la vitesse critique inférieure.  1, record 9, French, - vitesse%20critique%20inf%C3%A9rieure

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 OBS

When air passes over land or water surfaces the lower atmosphere may be divided into three layers; the laminar layer(...) in which flow is laminar, is only in the order of a few millimeters in thickness. In this layer, the temperature, humidity and wind velocity vary almost linearly with height(...)  1, record 10, English, - laminar%20layer

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Lorsque l'air circule au-dessus des terres ou des surfaces d'eau, on peut fractionner la basse atmosphère en trois couches: la couche laminaire (...) dans laquelle le mouvement est de type laminaire n'a que quelques millimètres d'épaisseur. Au niveau de cette couche, la température, l'humidité et la vitesse du vent varient d'une façon presque linéaire avec la hauteur.  1, record 10, French, - couche%20laminaire

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish