TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A DNA fragment containing the untranslated leader and the proximal 2, 5 kb of the promoter directs expression of the GUS reporter gene in transgenic potatoes in a similar way as the agpS promoter, i. e. very strong expression in tuber and a more temperate expression in perivascular starch sheath, stomata guard cells, pollen and placenta. No expression at all could be detected in roots and in mesophyll cells. As in the case of agpS, another gene thus need to be expressed in these contexts to sustain amylosynthesis.  1, record 1, English, - amylosynthesis

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Synthèse de l'amidon.  1, record 1, French, - amylosynth%C3%A8se

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Learning Objectives-Environment and Photosynthesis.... Understand the impact of wind on boundary layer effects. Understand factors that control boundary layer resistance, stomatal resistance, and mesophyll resistance.  2, record 2, English, - boundary%20layer%20resistance

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Diffusion of CO₂ into a C3 Leaf. The pathway for CO₂ to enter a leaf and be carboxylated by Rubisco can be described in terms of various resistances to diffusion. 1. Boundary layer resistance-still air at surface of leaf.... 2. Stomatal resistance-diffusion through the stomatal pore.... 3. Intercellular air space resistance-diffusion from the pore to the mesophyll cell wall.... 4. Mesophyll resistance-CO₂ dissolves in water bathing the cell wall and diffuses in the aqueous phase into the chloroplasts; it includes the carboxylation resistance(resistance to fixation by Rubisco).  3, record 2, English, - boundary%20layer%20resistance

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Cette absorption [de gaz carbonique] dépend aussi des résistances au transfert gazeux. On en distingue habituellement quatre : la résistance dans la couche limite d'air au voisinage de la feuille, la résistance stomatique, la résistance au transfert dans les tissus de la feuille ou mésophylle et la résistance à la carboxylation de nature chimique.  1, record 2, French, - r%C3%A9sistance%20dans%20la%20couche%20limite%20d%27air

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The ground tissue of a leaf, between epidermal layers.  2, record 3, English, - mesophyll

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Mesophyll cells generally contain chloroplasts.  2, record 3, English, - mesophyll

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Tissu fondamental de la feuille, localisé entre les deux épidermes.  2, record 3, French, - m%C3%A9sophylle

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Les cellules du mésophylle contiennent généralement des chloroplastes.  2, record 3, French, - m%C3%A9sophylle

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[...] zona intermedia de los tejidos foliares. Está delimitado por las dos epidermis, superior e inferior.  2, record 3, Spanish, - mes%C3%B3filo

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[One of the phases of photosynthesis, involving] the incorporation of CO₂ into glucose by enzymatic reactions (Source: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, 1990).  7, record 4, English, - Calvin%20cycle

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The second stage in the process of phtosynthesis is called the Calvin Cycle (it is also called the Calvin-Benson Cycle or the Carbon Fixation Cycle). In the Calvin Cycle, carbon molecules from carbon dioxide, CO₂, are fixed into the sugar glucose, (C₆H₁₂O₂) (in six repeats of the cycle). The Calvin Cycle takes place in the stroma of eucaryotic chloroplasts. The major enzyme that mediates the Calvin Cycle is Rubisco (ribulose-1-5-biphosphate carboxylase). The Calvin Cycle was first investigated in the late 1940s and early 1950s by the Nobel Prize winning chemist Melvin Calvin (1911-1997).  6, record 4, English, - Calvin%20cycle

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 2 CONT

All photosynthetic plants take carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and convert it, through a complicated sequence of chemical reactions, into starches and sugars. In C3 plants all the cells in the mesophyll of a leaf conduct photosynthesis by the same process, a sequence of reactions called the Calvin cycle. Early in the cycle, atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated, or fixed, into a compound containing three carbon atoms.  8, record 4, English, - Calvin%20cycle

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 3 CONT

Calvin-Benson Cycle (C3 cycle). So named because some of the important molecules in the cycle have 3 carbons in them. Requires CO₂ (normally from air); a sugar to capture the CO₂ (ribulose biphosphate, RuBP); catalytic enzymes and energy as ATP & NADPH (obtained from light-dependent reactions).  3, record 4, English, - Calvin%20cycle

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Cascade de réactions permettant, à partir de cinq trioses, de regénerer trois pentoses, nécessaires à la fixation de trois molécules de CO₂ [...]  5, record 4, French, - cycle%20de%20Calvin

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

À chaque révolution de ce cycle, un triose est utilisé à la synthèse des glucides, les cinq autres sont réinvestis dans le cycle. L'énergie nécessaire à cette synthèse provient de la phase lumineuse de la photosynthèse; les réactions sont catalysées par des enzymes spécifiques.  5, record 4, French, - cycle%20de%20Calvin

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le mécanisme le plus classique découvert par Calvin en 1949, met en jeu des molécules organiques à trois atomes de carbone, d'où le nom de cycle C3 ou métabolisme C3 qu'on lui donne généralement.  3, record 4, French, - cycle%20de%20Calvin

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 2 CONT

La production de sucres contenant trois à sept atomes de carbone a lieu par l'intermédiaire d'un cycle de réactions biochimiques complexes appelé cycle de Calvin, en référence au biochimiste américain Melvin Calvin qui l'a élucidé, et conduit à la formation de grains d'amidon stockés dans la matrice des chloroplastes.  6, record 4, French, - cycle%20de%20Calvin

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Une des étapes de la photosynthèse.  2, record 4, French, - cycle%20de%20Calvin

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Ciclo metabólico que se produce en los cloroplastos de plantas verdes y bacterias autótrofas y en el que se realiza fijación de CO₂ sobre la riburosa-1,5-P, lo que permite la síntesis de hidratos de carbono.  1, record 4, Spanish, - ciclo%20de%20Calvin

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The roots of wetland plants often grow in oxygen-free environments (anaerobic). Consequently, many species have developed air spaces (aerenchyma) throughout their roots and shoots so that oxygen molecules can diffuse from aerial (emergent) parts to submerged roots. Certain plants have aerial prop roots (lenticels) to facilitate oxygen diffusion to underwater roots.  2, record 5, English, - oxygen%20diffusion

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Plants growing in this relatively CO₂-poor atmosphere had three options :... The second option, which is to reduce oxygen diffusion into the mesophyll, or even actively pump O₂ out of the leaf is not an efficient option... because reducing the intercellular concentration of O₂ would create a steep oxygen diffusion gradient.  3, record 5, English, - oxygen%20diffusion

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Section d'une feuille de Spartina montrant la grande superficie de l'épiderme supérieur et les espaces d'aération qui font partie de la voie de diffusion de l'oxygène qui va des feuilles (où l'oxygène entre par des petits pores sur la surface de la feuille) aux extrémités des racines. Les expériences indiquent que les hydrocarbures recouvrant les feuilles réduisent la diffusion d'oxygène aux racines et que la pollution des parties aériennes nuit indirectement à la santé des racines.  2, record 5, French, - diffusion%20de%20l%27oxyg%C3%A8ne

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 2 CONT

En cas de bonne alimentation en eau et donc de transpiration active, la température de la feuille aura tendance à être inférieure à celle de l'air, et le gradient thermique ainsi créé sera favorable à la diffusion du gaz carbonique vers la feuille, donc à la photosynthèse. Par contre, dans le cas d'une mauvaise alimentation en eau, cette diffusion sera freinée. En outre, la diffusion de l'oxygène vers l'extérieur dans le cas de la photosynthèse sera favorisée dans les mêmes conditions que celle du gaz carbonique vers l'intérieur de la feuille.  3, record 5, French, - diffusion%20de%20l%27oxyg%C3%A8ne

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Leaf temperature and the relative humidity of the air are two of the most important influences on transpiration rate. During transpiration water diffuses from the leaf mesophyll into the air. The rate of transpiration increases as the temperature rises(because molecules move faster in warmer temperatures), and it increases as humidity falls(because there is a greater water potential gradient from the moist mesophyll into the dry air).  1, record 6, English, - leaf%20temperature

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 2 CONT

At each leaf, the amount of light received allows to compute both the temperature of the leaf (hence the leaf perspiration and the speed of the different chemical reactions into it) and the amount of light energy received, which directly rules the photosynthetic reactions that create the body of the plant.  2, record 6, English, - leaf%20temperature

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

En cas de bonne alimentation en eau et donc de transpiration active, la température de la feuille aura tendance à être inférieure à celle de l'air, et le gradient thermique ainsi créé sera favorable à la diffusion du gaz carbonique vers la feuille, donc à la photosynthèse.  2, record 6, French, - temp%C3%A9rature%20de%20la%20feuille

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 2 CONT

[...] la température de la feuille dépend du taux de transpiration et peut être dès lors utilisée comme indicateur de l'ouverture des stomates.  3, record 6, French, - temp%C3%A9rature%20de%20la%20feuille

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 3 CONT

Adaptations des plantes. [La] température de la feuille répond à la quantité de rayonnement solaire et la température ambiante.  4, record 6, French, - temp%C3%A9rature%20de%20la%20feuille

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish