TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Although great progress has been made using ground-based Doppler radars to study storm structure, remote storms such as oceanic cyclones and hurricanes cannot be observed with these systems. Also, some phenomena are remote, such as orographic storms over mountains or clouds over the arctic... Airborne meteorological radars provide a means to make measurements of the structure and dynamics of these difficult-to-observe weather systems.... meteorological radar systems are deployed on a number of research aircraft.  4, record 1, English, - airborne%20weather%20radar

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Even supposing that the plume rises were a clear concept, and its value correctly known, we still have the enormous variations in the spreading of known passive plume.  2, record 2, English, - plume%20rise

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Plume Geometry and Rise. Once a puff is released from a point source it will move away from it with a speed and direction determined by the wind.  3, record 2, English, - plume%20rise

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 3 CONT

At the request of member utilities, EPRI is managing a multi-year collaborative applied research effort focused on developing improved plume rise and downwash sub-models for incorporation into regulatory air quality dispersion models.... A field measurements program was performed from February 10-March 5, 1994 to characterize plume rise and building-induced downwash at a representative combustion turbine facility, under a variety of meteorological conditions.... PRIME [Plume Rise Model Enhancements] explicitly calculates the local slope of the mean streamlines as a function of building shape and wind angle, and coupled with a numberical plume rise model, determines the change in plume centerline location with downwind distance.  4, record 2, English, - plume%20rise

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 PHR

To characterize plume rise, to computer plume rise in models, to develop plume rise models, to develop plume rise modules, to evaluate plume rise modules.  5, record 2, English, - plume%20rise

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 2 PHR

Numerical plume rise model.  5, record 2, English, - plume%20rise

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 3 PHR

Plume rise algorithms, plume rise models, plume rise modules.  5, record 2, English, - plume%20rise

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Différence de niveau observée entre le point d'émission des panaches et la hauteur qu'ils atteignent sous l'effet du gradient thermique et de leur énergie cinétique.  3, record 2, French, - %C3%A9l%C3%A9vation%20du%20panache

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[...] à cause de sa poussée et de sa vitesse, le panache s'élève jusqu'à une certaine hauteur au-dessus de la cheminée, appelée l'élévation du panache, et il se disperse [...], retombant éventuellement sur le sol.  4, record 2, French, - %C3%A9l%C3%A9vation%20du%20panache

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Diffusion pour sources ponctuelles. Le modèle gaussien : classes de stabilité, coefficients de dispersion. L'élévation du panache. Rabattement, élévation du terrain, proximité d'une masse d'eau et présence d'inversion.  5, record 2, French, - %C3%A9l%C3%A9vation%20du%20panache

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Fórmulas de elevación del penacho. La altura del penacho se usa en los cálculos del término Vertical. Las ecuaciones de cantidad de movimiento en la elevación del penacho dependientes de la distancia, como se describe en (Bowers, et al., 1979), se usan para determinar si el penacho resulta afectado por apantallamientos para los cálculos de bañado de edificios.  1, record 2, Spanish, - elevaci%C3%B3n%20del%20penacho

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Instrument for measurement of the amount of the solid precipitation deposit.  3, record 3, English, - ice%20meter

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Ice meter... Objective methods of the icing measurements are based on the icing weight determination related to the unit of area(in meteorology) or to the unit of length(in power supply). The hard rime was determined with the aid of the so-called icing meter bars. They were represented by two wooden bars of 32 mm diameter and 1 m length, i. e. the surface area equals 0, 1 m² per 1 bar. Bars were placed horizontally and perpendicularly to each other. First of them was oriented in north-south direction, the second east-west. The amount of water was measured and result recalculated to kg. m^-². These ice meter bars made possible quite reliable evaluation of the icing without having the continual measurement. Nevertheless they are not used contemporary in the meteorological service.  3, record 3, English, - ice%20meter

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Ice-accretion indicators are as capable of measuring freezing drizzle as freezing rain. They are not designed to measure wet snow nor in-cloud icing. Measurements of other types of atmospheric icing are not included in our statistics.  4, record 3, English, - ice%20meter

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Appareil qui permet de mesurer l'épaisseur de la glace (dépôts de verglas), à l'aide de cylindres de diamètres différents.  3, record 3, French, - glacim%C3%A8tre

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les météorologistes de l'Hydro-Québec ont conçu un collecteur de verglas qui consiste en une sorte de table métallique surmontée de divers tubes. Ce collecteur permet de mesurer les dépôts de verglas sur une surface horizontale, sur des surfaces verticales orientées face à chacun des points cardinaux et sur la surface de cylindres de deux grosseurs différentes.  2, record 3, French, - glacim%C3%A8tre

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 2 CONT

[...] il devient important d'analyser les événements de givrage atmosphérique antérieurs et, si possible, leur progression d'un endroit à un autre. [...] Pour ce faire, deux bases de données de givrage sont à notre disposition. La première couvre des périodes d'observation jusqu'à 21 ans sur 180 stations déployées dans toute la province et repose sur des mesures de verglas et de givre obtenues par des glacimètres (passive ice meters). La seconde couvre une période d'observation jusqu'à 8 ans sur 23 stations et est basée sur un givromètre amélioré (ice rate meter).  4, record 3, French, - glacim%C3%A8tre

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 3 CONT

Le glacimètre est un collecteur de pluie verglaçante visant à compléter les mesures prises aux stations météorologiques et climatologiques. Les mesures sont prises manuellement deux fois par jour seulement. [...] Cet instrument est d'abord un instrument de climatologie. Il nous a permis de préciser la climatologie du verglas produit par la pluie verglaçante. Il ne permet ni une étude fine ni une analyse en temps réel des épisodes de tous les types de givrage atmosphérique, y compris le givre et la neige mouillée.  5, record 3, French, - glacim%C3%A8tre

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Selon Laurent Foucreault, Conseiller en services météorologiques, Environnement Canada, les termes descriptifs «collecteur de verglas» et «collecteur de pluie verglaçante» désignent tous le même appareil, i.e. le «glacimètre».  3, record 3, French, - glacim%C3%A8tre

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Complex international experiment conducted from June to September 1974 as the first major component of GARP [Global Atmospheric Research Program] to study physical processes in the tropical atmosphere, in particular Cumulus convection, and their relation to large-scale weather systems in the tropics and the general circulation of the atmosphere.  4, record 4, English, - GARP%20Atlantic%20Tropical%20Experiment

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

One of the central objectives of GATE was to ... better understand the mechanism or mechanisms by which deep cumulus convection is organized by the synoptic or large-scale motions and how the resulting convective activity affects the synoptic motions that can be resolved in large-scale models.  3, record 4, English, - GARP%20Atlantic%20Tropical%20Experiment

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Seventy countries participated in deploying an observational array comprising forty ocean research vessels, special aircraft and balloons, supplemented by measurements from meteorological satellites.  4, record 4, English, - GARP%20Atlantic%20Tropical%20Experiment

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 3 OBS

World Meteorological Organization - International Council of Scientific Unions.  5, record 4, English, - GARP%20Atlantic%20Tropical%20Experiment

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Expérience complexe à l'échelle internationale menée de juin à septembre 1974 en tant que première grande composante du GARP [Programme de recherches atmosphériques globales] en vue d'étudier les processus physiques intervenant dans l'atmosphère tropicale, en particulier la convection des Cumulus, et leur relation avec les systèmes météorologiques à grande échelle dans les régions tropicales, et la circulation générale de l'atmosphère.  3, record 4, French, - Exp%C3%A9rience%20tropicale%20du%20GARP%20dans%20l%27Atlantique

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Soixante-dix pays ont participé à la mise en place d'un réseau d'observation composé de quarante navires de recherche océanique, des aéronefs spéciaux et des ballons, complété par des mesures faites à partir de satellites météorologiques.  3, record 4, French, - Exp%C3%A9rience%20tropicale%20du%20GARP%20dans%20l%27Atlantique

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Organisation météorologique mondiale - Conseil international de unions scientifiques.  4, record 4, French, - Exp%C3%A9rience%20tropicale%20du%20GARP%20dans%20l%27Atlantique

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Experimento internacional complejo, realizado de junio a septiembre de 1974, como primer componente importante del GARP [Programa de Investigación Global de la Atmósfera], para estudiar los procesos físicos que intervienen en la atmósfera tropical, en particular la convección de Cumulus, y su relación con los sistemas meteorológicos en gran escala en las regiones tropicales y con la circulación general de la atmósfera.  2, record 4, Spanish, - Experimento%20Tropical%20del%20GARP%20en%20el%20Atl%C3%A1ntico

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Participaron setenta países en el despliegue de una red de observación compuesta por cuarenta navíos de observación oceánica, aeronaves especiales y globos, completada con mediciones efectuadas a partir de satélites meteorológicos.  2, record 4, Spanish, - Experimento%20Tropical%20del%20GARP%20en%20el%20Atl%C3%A1ntico

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Organización Meteorológica Mundial - Consejo Internacional de Uniones Científicas.  3, record 4, Spanish, - Experimento%20Tropical%20del%20GARP%20en%20el%20Atl%C3%A1ntico

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The ice-accretion indicator is a freezing rain collector whose purpose is to complete the measurements observed at meteorological and climatological stations. Measurements are taken manually twice a day.  1, record 5, English, - freezing%20rain%20collector

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le glacimètre est un collecteur de pluie verglaçante visant à compléter les mesures prises aux stations météorologiques et climatologiques. Les mesures sont prises manuellement deux fois par jour seulement.  1, record 5, French, - collecteur%20de%20pluie%20vergla%C3%A7ante

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The above measurements were supported by in-stack samples taken by GCOS and with concurrent meteorological measurements of wind and temperature fluctuations, using minisondes and tethersondes.  1, record 6, English, - minisonde

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

... drought that occurs when precipitation is significantly below normal over a long period.  2, record 7, English, - meteorological%20drought

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Meteorological drought is usually an expression of precipitation's departure from normal over some period of time. These definitions are usually region-specific, and presumably based on a thorough understanding of regional climatology. The variety of meteorologic definitions from different countries at different times illustrates why it is folly to apply a definition of drought developed in one part of the world to another : United States(1942) : less than 2. 5 mm of rainfall in 48 hours. Great Britain(1936) : fifteen consecutive days with daily precipitation totals of less than. 25 mm. Libya(1964) : when annual rainfall is less than 180 mm. India(1960) : actual seasonal rainfall is deficient by more than twice the mean deviation. Bali(1964) : a period of six days without rain. Meteorological measurements are the first indicators of drought.  3, record 7, English, - meteorological%20drought

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Drought is viewed as a sustained and regionally extensive occurrence of below average natural water availability, either in the form of precipitation, river runoff, or groundwater. Droughts may be classified as meteorological or hydrological: A Meteorological Drought occurs when there is below average availability of precipitation. The National Meteorological Service (NMS) subdivides meteorological drought into three categories: drought, extreme drought, and severe drought. Drought is defined as less than 60% (range 41-60) of normal rainfall over 8 consecutive weeks. Extreme drought is defined as less than 40% (range 21-40) of the normal rainfall over 8 consecutive weeks. Severe drought is defined as less than 20% (range 0-20) of the normal rainfall over 8 consecutive weeks. The normal rainfall is the thirty year mean.  4, record 7, English, - meteorological%20drought

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[...] sécheresse qui survient lorsque les précipitations sont bien inférieures à la normale au cours d'une longue période.  1, record 7, French, - s%C3%A9cheresse%20m%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologique

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 OBS

On écrirait mieux «sècheresse».  2, record 7, French, - s%C3%A9cheresse%20m%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologique

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 2 OBS

sècheresse : Cette graphie, puisée des Rectifications de l'orthographe recommandées par le Conseil supérieur de la langue française, est attestée dans le Petit Robert (2006).  3, record 7, French, - s%C3%A9cheresse%20m%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologique

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Sequía que se produce cuando la precipitación desciende mucho más de lo previsto en un área extensa durante un período prolongado.  1, record 7, Spanish, - sequ%C3%ADa%20meteorol%C3%B3gica

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

An upper-air observation that uses radar to obtain meteorological measurements of hydrometeors and winds aloft.  2, record 8, English, - radar%20sounding

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 PHR

Radar sounding of fossil ice, glaciers, polar ice, rain, the atmosphere, the earth.  3, record 8, English, - radar%20sounding

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Sondage par radarsonde.  1, record 8, French, - radarsondage

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

How do we determine past climate? Information about past climate is obtained from piecing evidence together from various sources, including : Ice cores... Fossil Pollen... Lake sediments... Ocean sediment cores... Loess... Glaciers... Speleothems... Tree ring width... Boreholes... Instrumental Measurements and written or oral records : In New Zealand, quantitative records of temperature and other meteorological records are available only for the past 150 years. Such records must be analysed carefully, to identify the influence of any non-climate factors(such as changes in observing site or method, or encroaching urban development).  2, record 9, English, - past%20climate

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Paleoclimatology is the study of past climate. ... Paleoclimate is climate that existed before humans began collecting instrumental measurements of weather (such as temperature from a thermometer, ...).  3, record 9, English, - past%20climate

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Contrary to "paleoclimate", "past climate" also refers to climate in the "near" past (e.g.: approximately 150 years old) where information was also recorded by instrumental weather measurements.  4, record 9, English, - past%20climate

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les climats passés peuvent être reconstitués. L'étude des arbres, des sédiments lacustres et marins, ainsi que des pollens permet une bonne reconstitution des températures d'années successives. Les observations instrumentales du climat (au moyen d'instruments de mesures comme les thermomètres, pluviomètres, baromètres, etc.), n'existent guère que depuis le milieu du XIXe siècle. Pour reconstituer les périodes antérieures, on fait appel à des indicateurs sensibles au climat que l'on trouve dans différents milieux naturels.  2, record 9, French, - climat%20pass%C3%A9

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Ce sujet de doctorat [...] se répartit sur deux pôles d'intérêt principaux, c'est-à-dire l'étude du climat passé récent de ces dernières décennies ainsi que le développement d'outils d'analyse du climat futur.  3, record 9, French, - climat%20pass%C3%A9

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 OBS

paléoclimat : Climat d'une période préhistorique dont les caractéristiques principales peuvent être reconstituées, p. ex. selon des faits géologiques ou paléobiologiques (fossiles).  4, record 9, French, - climat%20pass%C3%A9

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Study of small-scale meteorological conditions, generally involving refined measurements close to the Earth's surface over short periods of time and over small areas.  4, record 10, English, - micrometeorology

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

We hope that the preliminary work ... has laid the first stones towards a new approach to small-scale meteorology, which is custom-designed to predict local, chaotic phenomena.  3, record 10, English, - micrometeorology

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 2 CONT

AEI [agro-ecological indicators] are derived from topographic, climatic and crop management variables and generated by using process models for micro-meteorology (MM) and soil and crops (SCM).  2, record 10, English, - micrometeorology

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 OBS

micrometeorology, [for example, studies] such as the investigation of climates within a field or in a forest.  5, record 10, English, - micrometeorology

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Étude des conditions météorologiques à petite échelle, impliquant généralement des mesures fines près de la surface terrestre sur de courtes périodes de temps et sur de petites surfaces.  2, record 10, French, - microm%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Estudio de las condiciones meteorológicas en pequeña escala, lo que implica en general realizar medidas muy precisas en niveles cercanos a la superficie terrestre durante cortos períodos de tiempo y en pequeñas superficies.  1, record 10, Spanish, - micrometeorolog%C3%ADa

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

SIMAR is a joint project between the Weather Service, the Water Research Commission and the University of Natal to develop an integrated rainfall mapping system for South Africa. Accurate and reliable rainfall fields are crucial for many socio-economic activities in South Africa. The basis of the mapping system is the optimal integration of remotely sensed rainfall from weather radar and meteorological satellites with surface rainfall measurements.  2, record 11, English, - rainfall%20mapping

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 12,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

World Meteorological Organization.  3, record 12, English, - Instruments%20and%20Methods%20of%20Observation%20Programme

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 2 OBS

The Instruments and Methods of Observation Programme(IMOP) coordinates, standardizes and advances technological systems and methods for meteorological observations and measurements. The programme publishes technical reports and guidance material on performance characteristics of instruments and on observing practices. It coordinates calibrations and intercomparisons of instruments and develops quality-control standards and procedures. It also develops guidelines and proposal for capacity building and arranges and supports training programmes for instrument experts and technicians.  2, record 12, English, - Instruments%20and%20Methods%20of%20Observation%20Programme

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Organisation météorologique mondiale.  3, record 12, French, - Programme%20des%20instruments%20et%20des%20m%C3%A9thodes%20d%27observation

Record 12,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 13,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Wind measurements until 1970s were measured mainly by Vild's weathercock. It was placed in a meteorological ground at 8-10 m over surface.  2, record 13, English, - meteorological%20ground

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Parcelle normalement engazonnée sur laquelle sont rassemblés un certain nombre d'équipements de mesures météorologiques.  2, record 13, French, - parc%20m%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologique

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Pour les besoins agronomiques on y trouve principalement : - un abri météorologique [...]; - un pluviomètre [...]; - un bac d'évaporation [...]; - des mesures de températures en indices actinothermiques [...]; - des mesures de températures dans le sol [...]; - un héliographe [...]; - éventuellement un pyranomètre enregistreur [...]; - un anémomètre et une girouette [...]  2, record 13, French, - parc%20m%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologique

Record 13,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 14,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The first meteorological sounding was made in 1749 in Glasgow, Scotland, with the raising of a thermometer on a kite.... It was not until the invention of the balloon in 1873 that it was possible to make measurements to a substantial height. Gay-Lussac ascended to 7 km as early as 1804 to make measurements of the temperature, pressure, and electric fields.  3, record 14, English, - meteorological%20sounding

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 2 CONT

... Bomem supplied the FT-IR for the HIS (High resolution Infrared Sounder), a very successful spectrometer used for weather sounding from an ER-2 for the University of Wisconsin.  2, record 14, English, - meteorological%20sounding

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 OBS

meteorological sounding : term standardized by ISO.  4, record 14, English, - meteorological%20sounding

Record 14,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L'exploration de l'atmosphère en altitude, illustrée pour la première fois [...] en 1647, se poursuit grâce à l'utilisation de cerfs-volants, puis de ballons libres; c'est ainsi que le physicien Jacques Charles réalise le premier sondage météorologique en atmosphère libre le 1er décembre 1783, atteignant une altitude de 3 400 m. Un siècle plus tard, en 1892, deux Français [...] effectuent systématiquement des lancers de ballons-sondes emportant un enregistreur de pression et de température. [...] En 1929, le Français Robert Bureau lance les premières sondes munies d'un petit émetteur; il ajoute ainsi une dimension supplémentaire à l'exploration systématique et quotidienne de l'atmosphère, permettant aux météorologistes de mieux en étudier les mouvements et les processus.  2, record 14, French, - sondage%20m%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologique

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 OBS

sondage météorologique : terme normalisé par l'ISO.  3, record 14, French, - sondage%20m%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologique

Record 14,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 15,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The World Meteorological Organization's(WMO) Global Atmosphere Watch Programme(GAW) has been established to provide information on changes in the chemical composition and related physical characteristics of the atmosphere to improve understanding and to predict future states of the earth's system on a global and regional basis. GAW coordinates the state-of-the-science measurements of the chemical and physical constituents of the atmosphere at levels extending from the surface to the stratosphere and at some of the most difficult locations on earth. These include solar radiation, specifically ultraviolet(UV) radiation, measurements.  1, record 15, English, - chemical%20and%20physical%20constituents%20of%20the%20atmosphere

Record 15,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La VAG [Veille de l'atmosphère globale] créée par le Conseil exécutif de l'OMM en juin 1989 [...] offre un cadre, des normes et des systèmes d'étalonnage comparatif et de collecte de données pour la surveillance et l'évaluation des données à l'échelle mondiale. Elle permet de tirer parti des progrès scientifiques les plus récents pour effectuer des mesures concernant un certain nombre de constituants physiques et chimiques de l'atmosphère, le plus souvent de faible concentration, à des niveaux allant de la surface jusqu'à la stratosphère et dans certains endroits de la Terre les plus difficiles d'accès.  1, record 15, French, - constituants%20physiques%20et%20chimiques%20de%20l%27atmosph%C3%A8re

Record 15,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 16,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Components of the field data collection project included acoustic measurements from two systems, current measurements by an acoustic Doppler current profiler, water column sampling, predredging and postdredging material sampling, aerial photography, accurate ship and barge positioning, and local oceanographic and meteorological conditions.  1, record 16, English, - postdredging%20material%20sampling

Record 16,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le rapport de Kraus contient des mesures acoustiques de deux systèmes; des mesures de courant avec un courantomètre à effet Doppler; des échantillons de la colonne d'eau; des échantillons avant et après le dragage; des photographies aériennes; des positions précises de la plate-forme de mesures et de la barge; et des conditions synoptiques locales.  1, record 16, French, - %C3%A9chantillon%20apr%C3%A8s%20le%20dragage

Record 16,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 17,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Components of the field data collection project included acoustic measurements from two systems, current measurements by an acoustic Doppler current profiler, water column sampling, predredging and postdredging material sampling, aerial photography, accurate ship and barge positioning, and local oceanographic and meteorological conditions.  1, record 17, English, - predredging%20material%20sampling

Record 17,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le rapport de Kraus contient des mesures acoustiques de deux systèmes; des mesures de courant avec un courantomètre à effet Doppler; des échantillons de la colonne d'eau; des échantillons avant et après le dragage; des photographies aériennes; des positions précises de la plate-forme de mesures et de la barge; et des conditions synoptiques locales.  1, record 17, French, - %C3%A9chantillon%20avant%20le%20dragage

Record 17,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 18,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Components of the field data collection project included acoustic measurements from two systems, current measurements by an acoustic Doppler current profiler, water column sampling, predredging and postdredging material sampling, aerial photography, accurate ship and barge positioning, and local oceanographic and meteorological conditions.  1, record 18, English, - local%20oceanographic%20and%20meteorological%20conditions

Record 18,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le rapport de Kraus contient des mesures acoustiques de deux systèmes; des mesures de courant avec un courantomètre à effet Doppler; des échantillons de la colonne d'eau; des échantillons avant et après le dragage; des photographies aériennes; des positions précises de la plate-forme de mesures et de la barge; et des conditions synoptiques locales.  1, record 18, French, - conditions%20synoptiques%20locales

Record 18,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 19,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Penman formula. Penman(1948) developed a formula using fundamental physics and utilising standard meteorological measurements. Combination of mass transfer and energy budget...  1, record 19, English, - Penman%20formula

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Penman: [one] of the more common of ... empirical formulae used to estimate evaporation from lake surfaces ...: Penman (1948) ... small tank, ...  2, record 19, English, - Penman%20formula

Record 19,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[...] plusieurs formules ont été proposées pour le calcul des évapotranspirations à partir des facteurs climatiques. La formule la plus universellement utilisée est celle de Penman : [...] rayonnement net, [...] la pente de la courbe donnant la tension maximale de la vapeur d'eau en fonction de la température, [...] la constante psychrométrique et [...] l'expression du pouvoir évaporant de l'air en fonction de la vitesse du vent et du déficit de saturation de l'air, en l'absence de rayonnement. Cette formule a été établie en combinant l'équation du bilan d'énergie et les équations de transfert de vapeur et de chaleur dans l'air : elle implique que l'eau soit à l'état libre sur les surfaces; elle devrait donc représenter l'évaporation potentielle EP [...]  3, record 19, French, - formule%20de%20Penman

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 2 CONT

On calcule plutôt l'évapotranspiration à l'aide de formules empiriques comme celle de Thornthwaite, de Penman ou de Turc. On distingue l'évapotranspiration potentielle (ETP) qui est le pouvoir évaporant de l'atmosphère sur un sol avec couvert végétal disposant de l'eau en abondance. L'évapotranspiration réelle (ETR) correspond à la perte en eau d'un sol quand l'eau vient à manquer: l'ETR est fonction de l'ETP et de la quantité d'eau présente dans le sol.  2, record 19, French, - formule%20de%20Penman

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 3 CONT

[...] une des équations les plus communément utilisées pour évaluer l'évaporation des lacs [...]: formule de Penman (1948) ... petit bac [...]  4, record 19, French, - formule%20de%20Penman

Record 19,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 20,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The Mean Annual Potential Evapotranspiration(PET) digital data set was calculated using the Thornthwaite formula. This method for estimating PET requires only two variables, mean monthly temperature values, and the average monthly number of daylight hours. Also, the Thornthwaite empirical method was chosen in this case to estimate PET, because other more theoretical methods(e. g. Penman's formula) require greater in-situ measurements of meteorological parameters than are readily available.  2, record 20, English, - Thornthwaite%27s%20formula

Record 20,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les travaux de Thornthwaite portent sur l'évapotranspiration potentielle ETP, définie comme l'évapotranspiration d'une surface qui serait suffisamment approvisionnée en eau pour en évaporer le maximum possible. Cette notion s'oppose à l'ETR qui est la quantité d'eau réellement évaporée compte tenu de l'eau disponible. Si l'eau est disponible en excès, ETR = ETP. Si l'eau est insuffisante, ETR < ETP. La formule de Thornthwaite s'écrit : ETP = 16 (10 [astérisque]t/I)^a[astérisque] F([lambda]).  1, record 20, French, - formule%20de%20Thornthwaite

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 2 CONT

On calcule plutôt l'évapotranspiration à l'aide de formules empiriques comme celle de Thornthwaite, de Penman ou de Turc. On distingue l'évapotranspiration potentielle (ETP) qui est le pouvoir évaporant de l'atmosphère sur un sol avec couvert végétal disposant de l'eau en abondance. L'évapotranspiration réelle (ETR) correspond à la perte en eau d'un sol quand l'eau vient à manquer: l'ETR est fonction de l'ETP et de la quantité d'eau présente dans le sol.  2, record 20, French, - formule%20de%20Thornthwaite

Record 20,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 21,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The above measurements were supported by in-stack samples taken by GCOS and with concurrent meteorological measurements of wind and temperature fluctuations, using minisondes and a tethersonde.  1, record 21, English, - wind%20fluctuation

Record 21,  Textual support,  French

Record 21,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 22,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Long-term measurements of changes in the chemistry of wet and dry acid deposition should be through a Global Trends Network(GTN) consisting of 10 to 12 selected sites in the United States and its Trust Territories... This Global Trends Network(GTN) should be coordinated with and through the World Meteorological Organization.  1, record 22, English, - Global%20Trends%20Network

Record 22,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Comme il s'agit d'un réseau américain, il n'existe pas d'appellation ou de sigle français officiels.  2, record 22, French, - Global%20Trends%20Network

Record 22,  Textual support,  Spanish