TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

New plant-breeding techniques... are methods allowing the development of new plant varieties with desired traits, by modifying the DNA of seeds and plant cells.... Based on assessments of the European Commission, the following plant-breeding techniques can currently be considered as the main [techniques] 1) site-directed nucleases(SDN)(including ZFN-1/2/3 and CRISPR [clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat] systems) ;2) oligonucleotide directed mutagenesis(ODM) ;3) cisgenesis; 4) RNA-dependent [ribonucleic acid-dependent] DNA methylation(RdDM) ;5) Grafting(non-GM [genetically modified] scion on GM rootstock) ;6) reverse breeding; [and] 7) agro-infiltration.  3, record 1, English, - new%20plant%2Dbreeding%20technique

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 OBS

new plant-breeding technique; new plant breeding technique; new breeding technique; NPBT; NBT: designations usually used in the plural.  8, record 1, English, - new%20plant%2Dbreeding%20technique

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L'expression [...] «nouvelles techniques d'amélioration des plantes» [...] recouvre un certain nombre de biotechnologies appliquées au végétal qui ont été développées depuis la fin des années 1990 sur la base de techniques préexistantes. [...] Très diverses, ces techniques peuvent néanmoins être regroupées en plusieurs catégories. Il s'agit : des techniques d'édition du génome qui rassemblent la mutation ciblée par nucléases dirigées ([...] «zinc finger nucleases» (ZFN), méganucléases (MN), TALEN [transcription activator-like effector nucleases], [clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat] CRISPR-Cas) et la mutation dirigée par oligonucléotides (ODM)[;] des techniques d'intégration ciblée d'une séquence d'ADN [acide désoxyribonucléique] par nucléases dirigées[;] des techniques exploitant les mécanismes épigénétiques qui modulent l'expression des gènes : «RNA-dependent DNA methylation» (RdDM)[;] et d'autres techniques [:] agroinfiltration, greffe végétale, cisgenèse et intragenèse, ségrégants négatifs…  3, record 1, French, - nouvelle%20technique%20de%20s%C3%A9lection%20des%20plantes

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 OBS

nouvelle technique de sélection des plantes; nouvelle technique de sélection végétale; nouvelle technique d'amélioration des plantes; nouvelle technique de sélection génomique : désignations habituellement utilisées au pluriel.  5, record 1, French, - nouvelle%20technique%20de%20s%C3%A9lection%20des%20plantes

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Azacitidine is incorporated into DNA, where it reversibly inhibits DNA methyltransferase, thereby blocking DNA methylation. Hypomethylation of DNA by azacitidine may activate tumor suppressor genes silenced by hypermethylation, resulting in an antitumor effect. This agent is also incorporated into RNA, thereby disrupting normal RNA function and impairing tRNA cytosine-5-methyltransferase activity.  2, record 2, English, - azacitidine

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

A pyrimidine nucleoside analogue of cytidine with antineoplastic activity.  2, record 2, English, - azacitidine

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Active ingredient sold under a number of commercial (trade) names, among which: Vidaza.  3, record 2, English, - azacitidine

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L’azacitidine est un analogue pyrimidine. Elle possède deux principaux mécanismes d’action antinéoplasique : 1) cytotoxicité directe sur les cellules hématopoïétiques anormales dans la moelle osseuse et; 2) hypométhylation de l’ADN, permettant de rétablir le fonctionnement normal des gènes indispensables à la différenciation et à la prolifération des cellules de la moelle osseuse.  2, record 2, French, - azacitidine

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Principe actif commercialisé, entre autres, sous le nom de Vidaza.  3, record 2, French, - azacitidine

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Bacterial enzyme that catalyzes the chemical alteration of certain bases of DNA by methylation of nucleotides within restriction recognition sites corresponding to its own restriction enzymes. This protects its own DNA against attack.  2, record 3, English, - modification%20enzyme

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Enzyme d'origine bactérienne dont le rôle est de protéger le DNA originel bactérien contre l'action de ses propres enzymes de restriction en méthylant une base sur chaque brin au niveau des points de coupure.  2, record 3, French, - enzyme%20de%20modification

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Reprogramming refers to erasure and remodeling of epigenetic marks, such as DNA methylation, during mammalian development.... After fertilization the paternal and maternal genomes are once again demethylated and remethylated... This reprogramming is likely required for totipotency of the newly formed embryo and erasure of acquired epigenetic changes.  3, record 4, English, - reprogramming

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Ensemble des processus naturels débutant dès la fécondation, qui nécessitent l'activation ou l'inhibition de gènes et orientent ou réorientent en permanence le développement de l'organisme.  3, record 4, French, - reprogrammation

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

reprogrammation : terme et définition publiés au Journal officiel de la République française le 15 septembre 2013.  4, record 4, French, - reprogrammation

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis and synthesis of phosphoric acid esters and the transfer of phosphate groups from phosphoric acid to other compounds.  2, record 5, English, - phosphatase

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Protein phosphorylation is reversible because of the abundant phosphatases present in the cytosol. When protein kinases are turned off, these phosphatases remove the phosphate from the phosphorylated enzyme, and the enzyme activity returns to its former level. The adenylation of tyrosine side chains(in which an AMP moiety from ATP is reversibly added to the tyrosine OH group) provides another important regulatory system, as does the reversible methylation of glutamic acid side chains.  3, record 5, English, - phosphatase

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Enzyme provoquant une déphosphorylation sur un acide nucléique. [Définition normalisée par l'AFNOR et reproduite avec son autorisation.]  2, record 5, French, - phosphatase

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Des phosphatases sont présentes dans la plupart des tissus de l'organisme et dans le sang (phosphatasémie) sous forme de phosphatases acides (actives en milieu acide) dont la plus importante est la phosphatase prostatique, et de phosphatases alcalines (actives en milieu alcalin) provenant du foie, de l'intestin, du rein et des os.  3, record 5, French, - phosphatase

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 2 OBS

phosphatase : terme normalisé par l'AFNOR.  4, record 5, French, - phosphatase

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Enzima hidrolasa cuya actividad libera ácido ortofosfórico inorgánico a partir de algún sustrato fosforilado.  2, record 5, Spanish, - fosfatasa

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

An enzyme that cuts a DNA sequence internally at a particular site with a characteristic sequence of bases.  4, record 6, English, - restriction%20enzyme

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Most cut DNA at palindromic sequences, although not necessarily through the axis of symmetry. They are produced by many bacteria as protection against the foreign DNA of invading viruses. Bacteria modify their genomic DNA by methylation to protect it from restriction.  4, record 6, English, - restriction%20enzyme

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Enzyme de la classe des désoxyribonucléases, hydrolysant les chaînes d'ADN bicaténaire en des points spécifiques généralement situés dans des zones d'enchaînement de nucléotides palindromiques.  3, record 6, French, - enzyme%20de%20restriction

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Ces enzymes ont été isolés à partir de bactéries qui les produisent afin de dégrader de façon spécifique tout ADN étranger (exemple : virus). La protection de l'ADN de l'hôte contre ses propres enzymes de restriction est réalisée par une modification, qui consiste en une méthylation de certaines bases qui interviennent dans les séquences de reconnaissance de l'enzyme.  3, record 6, French, - enzyme%20de%20restriction

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Tradicionalmente, la Real Academia Española (RAE) admitía únicamente el género femenino para el sustantivo enzima; así fue hasta 1984, fecha en que pasó a considerarlo de género ambiguo, que puede funcionar por igual como masculino y como femenino. El uso, no obstante, parece haberse decantado claramente en español por el femenino, que hoy se emplea en el 90% de los casos [...]  3, record 6, Spanish, - enzima%20de%20restricci%C3%B3n

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A colorless liquid resulting from the decarboxylation of anisic acid or the methylation of phenol [that is used as a] flavoring [agent] for various sweet-tasting foods.  5, record 7, English, - anisole

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Chemical formulas: C₆H₅OCH₃ or CH₃O-C₆H₅  6, record 7, English, - anisole

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Produit chimique se présentant sous la forme d'un liquide incolore, d'odeur agréable, soluble dans l'alcool, l'éther, insoluble dans l'eau, obtenu par décarboxylation de l'acide anisique ou par méthylation du phénol, utilisé comme aromatisant pour diverses préparations sucrées, dans les parfums synthétiques, les insecticides, et en microscopie.  5, record 7, French, - anisole

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Formules chimiques : C₆H₅OCH₃ ou CH₃O-C₆H₅  5, record 7, French, - anisole

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Líquido incoloro de olor agradable. Soluble en alcohol y éter. Insoluble en agua. Muy tóxico por via inhalatoria. Inflamable.  2, record 7, Spanish, - anisol

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Fórmulas químicas : C₆H₅OCH₃ o CH₃O-C₆H₅  3, record 7, Spanish, - anisol

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A chemical product which appears under the form of colorless needles, is soluble in water and alcohol, is insoluble in ether, is derived by methylation of para-aminophenol and conversion of the resulting methylated base by neutralization with sulfuric acid, and which is used as a photographic developer.  13, record 8, English, - bis%284%2Dhydroxy%2DN%2Dmethylanilinium%29%20sulfate

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

bis(4-hydroxy-N-methylanilinium) sulfate: form recommended by the IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) for the systematic name corresponding to the CAS number indicated on the present record.  1, record 8, English, - bis%284%2Dhydroxy%2DN%2Dmethylanilinium%29%20sulfate

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 2 OBS

The capital letter "N", the prefix "para" and its abbreviation "p" must be italicized.  1, record 8, English, - bis%284%2Dhydroxy%2DN%2Dmethylanilinium%29%20sulfate

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 3 OBS

monomethylparaminophenol sulfate; p-methylaminophenol sulfate: commercial names.  1, record 8, English, - bis%284%2Dhydroxy%2DN%2Dmethylanilinium%29%20sulfate

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 4 OBS

Elon: Kodak trade name.  14, record 8, English, - bis%284%2Dhydroxy%2DN%2Dmethylanilinium%29%20sulfate

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 5 OBS

Metol: Trade name used by Agfa, Ansco and others.  14, record 8, English, - bis%284%2Dhydroxy%2DN%2Dmethylanilinium%29%20sulfate

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 6 OBS

Rhodol: DuPont trade name.  14, record 8, English, - bis%284%2Dhydroxy%2DN%2Dmethylanilinium%29%20sulfate

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 7 OBS

Also known under the following commercial designations: Armol; Genol; Graphol; Metatyl; Photol; Planetol; Verol.  13, record 8, English, - bis%284%2Dhydroxy%2DN%2Dmethylanilinium%29%20sulfate

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 8 OBS

Chemical formula: C₁₄H₂₀N₂O₆S or C₁₄H₂₀O₂N₂SO₄ or C₁₄H₂₀O₆N₂S  13, record 8, English, - bis%284%2Dhydroxy%2DN%2Dmethylanilinium%29%20sulfate

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Produit chimique se présentant sous la forme d'aiguilles incolores, soluble dans l'eau et l'alcool, insoluble dans l'éther, utilisé comme révélateur en photographie.  8, record 8, French, - sulfate%20de%20bis%284%2Dhydroxy%2DN%2Dm%C3%A9thylanilinium%29

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

sulfate de bis(4-hydroxy-N-méthylanilinium) : forme recommandée par l'UICPA (Union internationale de chimie pure et appliquée) pour le nom systématique correspondant au numéro CAS indiqué sur la présente fiche.  1, record 8, French, - sulfate%20de%20bis%284%2Dhydroxy%2DN%2Dm%C3%A9thylanilinium%29

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 2 OBS

La lettre majuscule «N», le préfixe «para» et son abréviation «p» s'écrivent en italique.  1, record 8, French, - sulfate%20de%20bis%284%2Dhydroxy%2DN%2Dm%C3%A9thylanilinium%29

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 3 OBS

sulfate de p-méthylaminophénol; sulfate de monométhylparaminophénol : dénominations commerciales.  1, record 8, French, - sulfate%20de%20bis%284%2Dhydroxy%2DN%2Dm%C3%A9thylanilinium%29

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 4 OBS

Formule chimique : C₁₄H₂₀N₂O₆S ou C₁₄H₂₀O₂N₂SO₄ ou C₁₄H₂₀O₆N₂S  8, record 8, French, - sulfate%20de%20bis%284%2Dhydroxy%2DN%2Dm%C3%A9thylanilinium%29

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The term "biological methylation" was first used by Challenger(1945) to describe the replacement of the oxy-groups of arsenic, selenium, and tellurium compounds by methyl-groups through the action of molds, resulting in the formation of organo-metalloids or organo-metallic compounds.  4, record 9, English, - organosemi%2Dmetallic

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Se dit des composés chimiques renfermant un radical carboné lié à un métalloïde.  3, record 9, French, - organosemi%2Dm%C3%A9tallique

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 2 DEF

[Se dit des] composés organiques renfermant au moins une liaison carbone-métalloïde (à l'exception des dérivés des halogènes, de l'oxygène, du soufre et de l'azote).  4, record 9, French, - organosemi%2Dm%C3%A9tallique

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 OBS

On classe les éléments en métaux, semi-métaux et non-métaux.  1, record 9, French, - organosemi%2Dm%C3%A9tallique

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

An excess of creatine in the blood.  2, record 10, English, - creatinemia

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Creatine(is an) amino acid formed by methylation of guanidinoacetic acid and occurring in vertebrate tissues, particularly in muscle. It is excreted in the urine as Creatinine. A waste product in the blood and urine, measurement of which provides a measure of kidney function.  3, record 10, English, - creatinemia

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Teneur du sang en créatine.  2, record 10, French, - cr%C3%A9atin%C3%A9mie

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 OBS

La teneur du sang en créatine s'élève anormalement en cas d'insuffisance rénale. Pour cette raison, les auteurs anglo-saxons définissent la créatinémie comme un excès de créatine dans le sang.  2, record 10, French, - cr%C3%A9atin%C3%A9mie

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of adrenalin by bringing about the methylation of noradrenalin.  3, record 11, English, - phenylethanolamine%2DN%2Dmethyl%20transferase

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 12,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A form of folic acid in which the pteridine ring is fully reduced; it is the parent compound of a variety of coenzymes that serve as carriers of one-carbon groups in metabolic reactions.  1, record 12, English, - tetrahydrofolic%20acid

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Tetrahydrofolic acid and its derivatives are required for the metabolism of several amino acids, the formation of creatine and choline, the methylation of RNA molecules, the synthesis of purines, and the synthesis of deoxythymidine monophosphate.  1, record 12, English, - tetrahydrofolic%20acid

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L'acide folique ou vitamine B9 est l'acide phtéroylglutamique apporté par l'alimentation sous forme de polyglutamates. Après hydrolyse dans les entérocytes en monoglutamates et absorption dans le jéjunum, ils traversent la barrière intestinale, sont réduits en tétrahydrofolates (THF) puis méthylés en N5 méthyl THF, forme active circulante et de stockage hépatique (avec circulation entérohépatique). La forme active tissulaire est l'acide tétrahydrofolique, THF, le méthyl libéré servant à la synthèse de la méthionine à partir de l'homocystéine. Cette réaction nécessite aussi la vitamine B12, d'où l'interaction des 2 vitamines.  1, record 12, French, - acide%20t%C3%A9trahydrofolique

Record 12,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 13,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The research project concerns characterization of the expression of the FMR-1 gene in various cultured cells under various conditions of growth or states of differentiation ... The research would be more appealing if it were focused on testing a specific hypothesis, particularly one related to the fragile syndrome phenotype or RNA processing ....  1, record 13, English, - fragile%20X%20syndrome%20phenotype

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Evidence that methylation of the FMR-I locus is responsible for variable phenotypic expression of the fragile X syndrome. DNA... was analyzed... using [a] probe in an unusual fragile X family with 6 brothers, three of whom are affected with fragile X to varying degrees. Fragile X chromosome studies, detailed physical examinations, and psychological testing were completed on all six... The three affected males spanned the phenotypic and cognitive spectrum of the fragile X syndrome... [Source : PASCAL database].  2, record 13, English, - fragile%20X%20syndrome%20phenotype

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 OBS

[syndrome X-fragile :] des anomalies cytogénétiques constantes peuvent être la marque distinctive d'un syndrome hérité comme une maladie monogénique. Tel est le cas par exemple du syndrome X-fragile, principale cause d'arriération mentale masculine génétiquement transmise.  2, record 13, French, - ph%C3%A9notype%20du%20syndrome%20X%2Dfragile

Record 13,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 14,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The methylation(addition of methyl groups(-CH3) to specific sites of DNA molecule.  2, record 14, English, - DNA%20methylation

Record 14,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les changements de taux de méthylation semblent impliquer la réplication du DNA, mais les mécanismes qui interviennent dans ce type de contrôle sont encore mal connus dans leur ensemble. Il est possible par exemple que la méthylation exerce son effet en modifiant l'interaction de certains facteurs protéiques de régulation avec leurs sites de fixation sur le DNA. Enfin, il convient de souligner qu'en dehors des vertébrés, la liaison entre l'expression génétique et le degré de méthylation du DNA est beaucoup moins claire : ainsi chez les insectes, la cytosine n'est pratiquement jamais méthylée, alors que la quasi totalité des CpG demeure constamment modifiée chez les plantes.  2, record 14, French, - m%C3%A9thylation%20de%20l%27ADN

Record 14,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 15,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Methylation of cytosine residues in DNA samples, collected before and serially after cobalamin treatment from patients with cobalamin deficiency, was studied using restriction endonucleases Hpa II and Msp I and an epsilon globin gene probe. There was no evidence of hypomethylation in any of the samples. It was concluded that although hypomethylation of metabolites such as choline occurs, that of DNA is preserved in megaloblastic anaemia.  3, record 15, English, - Hpa%20II%20tiny%20fragments

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Tiré de: Journal of Clinical Pathology, 1990, 43 (3), 211-212.  3, record 15, English, - Hpa%20II%20tiny%20fragments

Record 15,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Îlots contenant de nombreux sites de coupure par l'enzyme de restriction HpaII, qui reconnaît la séquence 5' CCGG 3' lorsque les deux C sont déméthylés. Des régions riches en CG déméthylées sont caractéristiques des séquences bordantes 5' des gènes actifs, principalement ceux à expression ubiquitaire, mais également de certains gènes à expression tissu-spécifique.  3, record 15, French, - %C3%AElot%20HTF

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 OBS

On dit à peu près indifféremment «îlot HTF» ou «îlot CPG.  4, record 15, French, - %C3%AElot%20HTF

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 2 OBS

La notation CPG signifie 5'-cytosine-phosphate-guanine-3'.  4, record 15, French, - %C3%AElot%20HTF

Record 15,  Textual support,  Spanish