TERMIUM Plus®
From: Translation Bureau
On social media
Consult the Government of Canada’s terminology data bank.
MODIFICATION ENZYME [17 records]
Record 1 - internal organization data 2011-08-09
Record 1, English
Record 1, Subject field(s)
- Biological Sciences
Record 1, Main entry term, English
- affinity label
1, record 1, English, affinity%20label
correct
Record 1, Abbreviations, English
Record 1, Synonyms, English
Record 1, Textual support, English
Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF
Chemically reactive compound that is designed to resemble a substrate of an enzyme, so that it binds specifically to the active site and forms covalent bonds with the protein residues. 1, record 1, English, - affinity%20label
Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT
The reaction of an affinity label with an enzyme involves the initial formation of a reversibly bound enzyme-inhibitor complex followed by covalent modification and hence irreversible inhibition.... Affinity labels are very useful for identifying catalytically important residues and determining their pKa, values from the pH dependence of the rate of modification. 2, record 1, English, - affinity%20label
Record 1, French
Record 1, Domaine(s)
- Sciences biologiques
Record 1, Main entry term, French
- marqueur d'affinité
1, record 1, French, marqueur%20d%27affinit%C3%A9
correct, masculine noun
Record 1, Abbreviations, French
Record 1, Synonyms, French
Record 1, Textual support, French
Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF
Analogue de substrat qui, se combinant au site actif, pourrait y subir un métabolisme normal, mais qui, au moment voulu choisi par l'expérimentateur, se combine irréversiblement avec un acide aminé du site. 1, record 1, French, - marqueur%20d%27affinit%C3%A9
Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT
Un marqueur d'affinité (...) le N-tosyl L- phénylalanylchlorométhyl-cétone (TPCK), a été synthétisé pour ressembler à un substrat normal de la chymotrypsine. (...) L'incubation du TPCK avec la chymotrypsine provoque son attachement au site actif, de la même façon que le substrat normal. Mais, au lieu de l'hydrolyse du substrat on obtient l'alkylation de l'histidine 57, résidu essentiel; ceci indique que cette histidine se trouve proche de la liaison normalement hydrolysée. 2, record 1, French, - marqueur%20d%27affinit%C3%A9
Record 1, Spanish
Record 1, Textual support, Spanish
Record 2 - internal organization data 2011-05-16
Record 2, English
Record 2, Subject field(s)
- Biological Sciences
Record 2, Main entry term, English
- isolation
1, record 2, English, isolation
correct
Record 2, Abbreviations, English
Record 2, Synonyms, English
Record 2, Textual support, English
Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF
The extraction of an unknown substance in pure form from a mixture. 2, record 2, English, - isolation
Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT
The field of Enzyme Technology encompasses large scale enzyme production, enzyme isolation affinity chromatography, enzyme modification, and practical applications of enzymes... The terms, "isolation" and "purification" will relate to the other techniques involved in obtaining a pure, or specified, product... The isolation and purification of enzymes is very often accompanied by considerable loss of activity. 3, record 2, English, - isolation
Record 2, French
Record 2, Domaine(s)
- Sciences biologiques
Record 2, Main entry term, French
- isolement
1, record 2, French, isolement
correct, masculine noun
Record 2, Abbreviations, French
Record 2, Synonyms, French
Record 2, Textual support, French
Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF
Action de dégager un élément de ses combinaisons, un corps pur d'un mélange. 1, record 2, French, - isolement
Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT
Les premières techniques d'isolement des protéines étaient empiriques, lentes et laborieuses. Toutefois, avec les nouvelles méthodes [...] l'isolement des protéines devient un art raffiné. Il n'y a pas de procédé unique ou d'ensemble de procédés grâce auxquels une ou deux protéines quelconques puissent être isolées; mais, pour chaque protéine, il est possible de choisir une séquence d'étapes de séparation qui donnera un degré élevé de purification et un bon rendement. L'objectif général est d'augmenter la pureté ou l'activité biologique de la protéine désirée par unité de poids, sans la rendre inactive, et en même temps d'augmenter considérablement le rendement. 1, record 2, French, - isolement
Record 2, Spanish
Record 2, Campo(s) temático(s)
- Ciencias biológicas
Record 2, Main entry term, Spanish
- aislamiento
1, record 2, Spanish, aislamiento
correct, masculine noun
Record 2, Abbreviations, Spanish
Record 2, Synonyms, Spanish
Record 2, Textual support, Spanish
Record 3 - internal organization data 2011-01-12
Record 3, English
Record 3, Subject field(s)
- Biological Sciences
- Biotechnology
Record 3, Main entry term, English
- DEAE-cellulose
1, record 3, English, DEAE%2Dcellulose
correct
Record 3, Abbreviations, English
Record 3, Synonyms, English
- diethylaminoethylcellulose 2, record 3, English, diethylaminoethylcellulose
correct
Record 3, Textual support, English
Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF
Positively charged resin used in ion-exchange chromatography to which diethylaminoethyl groups have been attached. 2, record 3, English, - DEAE%2Dcellulose
Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT
Although some of the earliest reports on immobilising enzymes refer to inorganic supports, in the next phase of development organic polymers were favoured. This was probably due both to the rapid development of interest in enzyme structure and the chemical modification of enzymes, and to the ease with which enzymes could be attached to organic polymers such as cellulose. This was achieved by adsorption(to DEAE-cellulose), and by covalent bonding.... Glucose isomerase has been immobilized through sorption from water solutions by anion exchange celluloses such as diethylaminoethyl(DEAE) cellulose and... pyruvate kinase bound to diethylaminoethylcellulose(DEAE-cellulose) via cyanuric chloride. 3, record 3, English, - DEAE%2Dcellulose
Record 3, Key term(s)
- diethylaminoethyl cellulose
- DEAE-cellulose
Record 3, French
Record 3, Domaine(s)
- Sciences biologiques
- Biotechnologie
Record 3, Main entry term, French
- DEAE cellulose
1, record 3, French, DEAE%20cellulose
correct
Record 3, Abbreviations, French
Record 3, Synonyms, French
- diéthylaminoéthyl-cellulose 2, record 3, French, di%C3%A9thylamino%C3%A9thyl%2Dcellulose
correct, feminine noun
- diéthyl-amino-éthyl cellulose 2, record 3, French, di%C3%A9thyl%2Damino%2D%C3%A9thyl%20cellulose
correct, feminine noun
Record 3, Textual support, French
Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF
Cellulose chargée positivement utilisée comme échangeuse d'anions dans la séparation chromatographique des protéines. 1, record 3, French, - DEAE%20cellulose
Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT
Les protéines peuvent être fractionnées grâce à la chromatographie par échange d'ions. On utilise souvent dans ce but des celluloses modifiées qui sont, soit des échangeurs d'anion comme la diéthylaminoéthyl-cellulose (DEAE-cellulose), soit des échangeurs de cations comme la carboxyméthyl-cellulose (CM-cellulose). 3, record 3, French, - DEAE%20cellulose
Record 3, Key term(s)
- DEAE-cellulose
- cellulose diéthylaminoéthylique
Record 3, Spanish
Record 3, Campo(s) temático(s)
- Ciencias biológicas
- Biotecnología
Record 3, Main entry term, Spanish
- dietilaminoetil-celulosa
1, record 3, Spanish, dietilaminoetil%2Dcelulosa
correct, feminine noun
Record 3, Abbreviations, Spanish
Record 3, Synonyms, Spanish
- DEAE-celulosa 1, record 3, Spanish, DEAE%2Dcelulosa
correct, feminine noun
- celulosa dietilaminoetílica 1, record 3, Spanish, celulosa%20dietilaminoet%C3%ADlica
correct, feminine noun
Record 3, Textual support, Spanish
Record 4 - internal organization data 2011-01-11
Record 4, English
Record 4, Subject field(s)
- Biological Sciences
Record 4, Main entry term, English
- irreversible denaturation
1, record 4, English, irreversible%20denaturation
correct
Record 4, Abbreviations, English
Record 4, Synonyms, English
Record 4, Textual support, English
Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT
The factors which contribute to the irreversible denaturation of soluble enzymes(aggregation, autolysis, etc.) are different from the factors likely to be responsible for irreversible denaturation of proteins... As a rule, denaturation of enzymes induced by elevated temperature, extreme pH values, or organic solvents can only be irreversible as a result of secondary processes, e. g., aggregation, chemical modification of functional groups, autolysis or degradation induced by admixtures of other enzymes, or breakage of the native disulphide bonds.... It is likely that the denatured immobilized enzyme may adopt an incorrect conformation upon removal of the denaturing conditions. In these circumstances it is proposed that subsequent denaturation and renaturation under controlled conditions may permit the immobilized enzyme to refold and renature to the correct conformation. 2, record 4, English, - irreversible%20denaturation
Record 4, French
Record 4, Domaine(s)
- Sciences biologiques
Record 4, Main entry term, French
- dénaturation irréversible
1, record 4, French, d%C3%A9naturation%20irr%C3%A9versible
correct, feminine noun
Record 4, Abbreviations, French
Record 4, Synonyms, French
Record 4, Textual support, French
Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT
L'énergie nécessaire pour faire apparaître l'inactivation est très élevée, ce qui est interprété par la nécessité de rompre simultanément plusieurs liaisons pour déterminer une inactivation irréversible. La courbe d'activité de l'enzyme en fonction de la température est donc composite (en forme de cloche) : le sommet expérimental de cette courbe représente en fait un domaine d'instabilité entre dénaturation réversible et dénaturation irréversible, si bien qu'il n'y a pas de température optimale pour une réaction enzymatique. 1, record 4, French, - d%C3%A9naturation%20irr%C3%A9versible
Record 4, Spanish
Record 4, Textual support, Spanish
Record 5 - internal organization data 2011-01-11
Record 5, English
Record 5, Subject field(s)
- Biological Sciences
Record 5, Main entry term, English
- intermolecular crosslinking
1, record 5, English, intermolecular%20crosslinking
correct
Record 5, Abbreviations, English
Record 5, Synonyms, English
Record 5, Textual support, English
Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT
The most commonly employed method for preparing water-insoluble enzyme derivatives is through intermolecular crosslinking of enzyme molecules with multifunctional reagents.... This immobilization method is based on the formation of chemical bonds, as in the covalent binding method, but water-insoluble carriers are not used in this method.... The correct choice of reaction conditions is indeed one of the major considerations in dealing with the chemical modification of proteins with multifunctional reagents for producing water-insoluble enzyme derivatives. The concentration of the enzyme and the reaent, the pH and ionic strength of the solution, etc. must be chosen carefully so as to be favorable for intermolecular crosslinking between enzyme molecules. 2, record 5, English, - intermolecular%20crosslinking
Record 5, French
Record 5, Domaine(s)
- Sciences biologiques
Record 5, Main entry term, French
- pontage intermoléculaire
1, record 5, French, pontage%20intermol%C3%A9culaire
correct, masculine noun
Record 5, Abbreviations, French
Record 5, Synonyms, French
Record 5, Textual support, French
Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT
Dans la technique de réticulation [...] les molécules d'enzyme sont liées entre elles par pontages intermoléculaires, faisant intervenir des agents bi ou multifonctionnels. On obtient ainsi des structures de très haut poids moléculaire. Par exemple, coréticulation par l'hexaméthylènediisothiocyanate. Les structures ainsi préparées peuvent être incluses dans un gel. 1, record 5, French, - pontage%20intermol%C3%A9culaire
Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS
On relève parfois d'importantes baisses d'activité de l'enzyme dues à l'établissement d'interactions entre macromolécules, du fait de leur proximité spatiale. Pour remédier à cet inconvénient, il est possible de diluer l'enzyme, par des molécules protéiques non actives, albumine, fibrinogène ou hémoglobine, qui évitent un contact trop étroit entre les molécules du biocatalyseur. 1, record 5, French, - pontage%20intermol%C3%A9culaire
Record 5, Spanish
Record 5, Textual support, Spanish
Record 6 - internal organization data 2011-01-10
Record 6, English
Record 6, Subject field(s)
- Biological Sciences
Record 6, Main entry term, English
- enzyme-substrate affinity
1, record 6, English, enzyme%2Dsubstrate%20affinity
correct
Record 6, Abbreviations, English
Record 6, Synonyms, English
Record 6, Textual support, English
Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT
A fine-structure analysis of the tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase from Bacillus stereothermophilus is revealing the subtle roles of hydrogen bonding in catalysis and specificity. Modification of the residues that hydrogen-bond with ATP and tyrosine shows how the energetics must be analysed in terms of an exchange reaction with solvent water. Based on this idea, and structural data, an enzyme of vastly improved enzyme-substrate affinity has been engineered. 2, record 6, English, - enzyme%2Dsubstrate%20affinity
Record 6, French
Record 6, Domaine(s)
- Sciences biologiques
Record 6, Main entry term, French
- affinité d'un enzyme pour un substrat
1, record 6, French, affinit%C3%A9%20d%27un%20enzyme%20pour%20un%20substrat
correct, feminine noun
Record 6, Abbreviations, French
Record 6, Synonyms, French
Record 6, Textual support, French
Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT
L'affinité d'un enzyme pour un substrat est égale à 1/Km. Si Km est élevé (il faut donc une concentration élevée en substrat pour avoir une vitesse égale à Vmax/2) l'affinité est faible; si Km est faible, l'affinité est grande (il suffit d'une faible concentration en substrat pour avoir une vitesse égale à Vmax/2). 1, record 6, French, - affinit%C3%A9%20d%27un%20enzyme%20pour%20un%20substrat
Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS
Lorsqu'un activateur allostérique se fixe au site allostérique, il s'ensuit une légère modification de la conformation de l'enzyme -- appelée transition allostérique -- (d'ailleurs réversible), qui entraîne une modification de la conformation au niveau du site actif (catalytique). Ce site acquiert une conformation plus propice à la fixation du substrat, il y a augmentation de l'affinité de l'enzyme pour le substrat (Km' <Km). 1, record 6, French, - affinit%C3%A9%20d%27un%20enzyme%20pour%20un%20substrat
Record 6, Spanish
Record 6, Textual support, Spanish
Record 7 - internal organization data 2011-01-10
Record 7, English
Record 7, Subject field(s)
- Biological Sciences
Record 7, Main entry term, English
- electrostatic interaction
1, record 7, English, electrostatic%20interaction
correct
Record 7, Abbreviations, English
Record 7, Synonyms, English
- coulomb interaction 2, record 7, English, coulomb%20interaction
correct
Record 7, Textual support, English
Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF
Attractive and repulsive electrical forces between charged particles - atoms, and/or groups of atoms, and/or molecules - that are caused both by the presence of ionized species and by the electropositive and electronegative properties of the atoms. 2, record 7, English, - electrostatic%20interaction
Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT
Information on changes of enzymatic properties caused by the immobilization of enzymes and microbial cells is useful not only for the application of immobilized systems but also for the elucidation of structure-function relationships and mechanisms of enzyme reaction. The changes of enzymatic properties are considered to be caused by the following two factors. One is changes of the enzyme itself, and the other is physical and chemical properties of the carriers used for immobilization. The former involves modification of amino acid residues in the active center of the enzyme, conformational changes of the enzyme protein, and changes in the charge on the enzyme, while the latter involves the formation of diffusion layers around immobilized enzymes, steric hindrance effects, and electrostatic interactions between carrier and substrate. 3, record 7, English, - electrostatic%20interaction
Record 7, French
Record 7, Domaine(s)
- Sciences biologiques
Record 7, Main entry term, French
- interaction électrostatique
1, record 7, French, interaction%20%C3%A9lectrostatique
correct, feminine noun
Record 7, Abbreviations, French
Record 7, Synonyms, French
Record 7, Textual support, French
Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT
Lorsque support et substrat sont tous deux électriquement chargés, il se crée, dans l'environnement immédiat de l'enzyme, des interactions électrostatiques, attractives ou répulsives, avec pour conséquence l'établissement d'un gradient de concentration du substrat et une variation de l'affinité apparente. - Km augmente si les charges du support et du substrat sont de même signe. - Km diminue si les charges sont de signe opposé. L'élévation de la force ionique du milieu tend à rapprocher les valeurs de KM pour l'enzyme native et l'enzyme immobilisée. 1, record 7, French, - interaction%20%C3%A9lectrostatique
Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 OBS
Les interactions électrostatiques ne sont par les seuls facteurs conditionnant la valeur du Km. Ainsi les facteurs diffusionnels au sein du réacteur jouent un rôle prépondérant. 1, record 7, French, - interaction%20%C3%A9lectrostatique
Record 7, Spanish
Record 7, Textual support, Spanish
Record 8 - internal organization data 2010-12-23
Record 8, English
Record 8, Subject field(s)
- Biological Sciences
Record 8, Main entry term, English
- covalent modification
1, record 8, English, covalent%20modification
correct
Record 8, Abbreviations, English
Record 8, Synonyms, English
Record 8, Textual support, English
Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF
Modification of enzymes, which is often, but not always, accomplished by the addition of a phosphate group to a specific serine, threonine, or tyrosine residue in the enzyme. The phosphate comes from ATP and its transfer is catalyzed by enzymes known as protein kinases... Phosphorylation alters the shape of an enzyme in such a way as to increase or inhibit its activity. The subsequent removal of the phosphate group, which reverses the effect of the phosphorylation, is achieved by a second enzyme, called a phosphoprotein phosphatase. 1, record 8, English, - covalent%20modification
Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT
Nucleophilic catalysis is a specific example of covalent catalysis: the substrate is transiently modified by formation of a covalent bond with the catalyst to give a reactive intermediate. There are also many examples of electrophilic catalysis by covalent modification. 2, record 8, English, - covalent%20modification
Record 8, French
Record 8, Domaine(s)
- Sciences biologiques
Record 8, Main entry term, French
- modification covalente
1, record 8, French, modification%20covalente
correct, feminine noun
Record 8, Abbreviations, French
Record 8, Synonyms, French
Record 8, Textual support, French
Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF
Modulation réversible de l'activité enzymatique par la fixation covalente et transitoire de certains composés chimiques. L'exemple historique est celui des enzymes responsables du métabolisme contrôlé du glycogène. En fait, il s'agit ici du type de contrôle que peuvent exercer certaines hormones, dont la noradrénaline, sur des activités enzymatiques. 2, record 8, French, - modification%20covalente
Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT
L'activité de nombreux enzymes est contrôlée, non pas par la formation de complexes entre enzymes et molécules régulatrices, mais par des modifications covalentes de l'enzyme. La plus connue de ces modifications est la phosphorylation/déphosphorylation des aminoacides hydroxylés; cette modification, catalysée dans un sens par une kinase, dans l'autre par une phosphatase, joue un rôle très important dans de nombreux mécanismes, comme par exemple la transmission de l'influx nerveux. [...] Un autre exemple de modification est [...] la transformation d'un proenzyme inactif en enzyme actif par coupure(s) protéolytique(s). 3, record 8, French, - modification%20covalente
Record 8, Spanish
Record 8, Textual support, Spanish
Record 9 - internal organization data 2008-10-22
Record 9, English
Record 9, Subject field(s)
- Molecular Biology
Record 9, Main entry term, English
- mechanism-based inactivator
1, record 9, English, mechanism%2Dbased%20inactivator
correct
Record 9, Abbreviations, English
Record 9, Synonyms, English
Record 9, Textual support, English
Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT
Mechanism-based inactivators are substrate analogues that bind to the active site of an enzyme being accepted and processed by the normal catalytic mechanism of the enzyme. During the reaction a covalent modification of the enzyme occurs leading to irreversible inactivation. 1, record 9, English, - mechanism%2Dbased%20inactivator
Record 9, French
Record 9, Domaine(s)
- Biologie moléculaire
Record 9, Main entry term, French
- inactivateur fondé sur un mécanisme
1, record 9, French, inactivateur%20fond%C3%A9%20sur%20un%20m%C3%A9canisme
masculine noun
Record 9, Abbreviations, French
Record 9, Synonyms, French
Record 9, Textual support, French
Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT
[...] nous avons émis l'hypothèse que la doxorubicine fonctionne comme un inactivateur fondé sur un mécanisme de la NADPH-CYP réductase [...] 1, record 9, French, - inactivateur%20fond%C3%A9%20sur%20un%20m%C3%A9canisme
Record 9, Spanish
Record 9, Textual support, Spanish
Record 10 - internal organization data 2008-09-22
Record 10, English
Record 10, Subject field(s)
- Grain Growing
- Brewing and Malting
Record 10, Main entry term, English
- peeling resistance
1, record 10, English, peeling%20resistance
correct
Record 10, Abbreviations, English
Record 10, Synonyms, English
Record 10, Textual support, English
Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT
Malting characteristics include improved peeling resistance, higher extract levels, higher enzyme levels, low wort beta-glucan, and faster modification rates. 2, record 10, English, - peeling%20resistance
Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 OBS
Term used at the Canadian Grain Commission. 3, record 10, English, - peeling%20resistance
Record 10, French
Record 10, Domaine(s)
- Culture des céréales
- Brasserie et malterie
Record 10, Main entry term, French
- résistance au décollement de la balle
1, record 10, French, r%C3%A9sistance%20au%20d%C3%A9collement%20de%20la%20balle
feminine noun
Record 10, Abbreviations, French
Record 10, Synonyms, French
Record 10, Textual support, French
Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT
Les qualités maltières comprennent une résistance accrue au décollement de la balle, des taux d'extraction accrus, une plus forte activité enzymatique, un faible taux de bêta-glucane dans le moût et un taux de modification plus rapide. 2, record 10, French, - r%C3%A9sistance%20au%20d%C3%A9collement%20de%20la%20balle
Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 OBS
Terme en usage à la Commission canadienne des grains. 3, record 10, French, - r%C3%A9sistance%20au%20d%C3%A9collement%20de%20la%20balle
Record 10, Spanish
Record 10, Textual support, Spanish
Record 11 - internal organization data 2003-06-12
Record 11, English
Record 11, Subject field(s)
- Genetics
Record 11, Main entry term, English
- modification-restriction system
1, record 11, English, modification%2Drestriction%20system
correct
Record 11, Abbreviations, English
Record 11, Synonyms, English
Record 11, Textual support, English
Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF
In bacteria, enzyme systems that determine the acceptance or rejection (restriction) of foreign DNA which has entered the cell. 2, record 11, English, - modification%2Drestriction%20system
Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT
Investigation has shown that this restriction was due to bacterial enzymes that recognize specific sites on a "foreign" viral DNA and cleave that DNA. To protect its own DNA the bacterial cell makes a modification enzyme that adds methyl groups to nucleotides constituting the recognition sites for the restriction endonuclease, making them resistant to cleavage(modification-restriction system). 2, record 11, English, - modification%2Drestriction%20system
Record 11, French
Record 11, Domaine(s)
- Génétique
Record 11, Main entry term, French
- système de restriction-modification
1, record 11, French, syst%C3%A8me%20de%20restriction%2Dmodification
correct, masculine noun
Record 11, Abbreviations, French
Record 11, Synonyms, French
Record 11, Textual support, French
Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF
Système enzymatique qui détermine si de l'ADN sera accepté ou rejeté par la cellule. 2, record 11, French, - syst%C3%A8me%20de%20restriction%2Dmodification
Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT
Il existe chez la plupart des bactéries un système dit de "restriction-modification" codé par le chromosome bactérien, des plasmides, ou même certains bactériophages. 2, record 11, French, - syst%C3%A8me%20de%20restriction%2Dmodification
Record 11, Spanish
Record 11, Campo(s) temático(s)
- Genética
Record 11, Main entry term, Spanish
- sistema de restricción-modificación
1, record 11, Spanish, sistema%20de%20restricci%C3%B3n%2Dmodificaci%C3%B3n
correct, masculine noun
Record 11, Abbreviations, Spanish
Record 11, Synonyms, Spanish
Record 11, Textual support, Spanish
Record 12 - internal organization data 1991-06-06
Record 12, English
Record 12, Subject field(s)
- Molecular Biology
- Biochemistry
Record 12, Main entry term, English
- unusual base
1, record 12, English, unusual%20base
correct
Record 12, Abbreviations, English
Record 12, Synonyms, English
- rare nucleotide 1, record 12, English, rare%20nucleotide
correct
Record 12, Textual support, English
Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT
("Unusual" means a base other than A, G, C, or U.) Many of the unusual bases differ from normal bases by the presence of one or more methyl(-CH3) groups. Most, if not all, of the methyl groups are enzymatically added after the nucleotides are linked together by 3’-5’ phosphodiester linkages. Very probably, the other unusual bases also arise by the enzymatic modification of a preexisting polynucleotide. The function of the unusual bases is not yet clear. They are not limited to alanine tRNA but occur in varying proportions in all tRNA molecules. Our only hint of their role is the fact that several unusual bases cannot form conventional base pairs. Some of the unusual bases may thus have the function of disruption double-helical hairpin regions, thereby exposing free keto and amino groups which can then form secondary bonds. Depending upon the specific bases, the free groups may form secondary bonds to template RNA, to a ribosome, or to the enzyme needed to attach a specific amino acid to its specific tRNA molecule. [Examples of those rare nucleotides are : Inosine, 1-methylinosine, N2-dimethylguanosine, 1-methylguanosine, Ribothymidine, Dihydrouridine and Pseudouridine]. 1, record 12, English, - unusual%20base
Record 12, French
Record 12, Domaine(s)
- Biologie moléculaire
- Biochimie
Record 12, Main entry term, French
- base rare
1, record 12, French, base%20rare
correct, feminine noun
Record 12, Abbreviations, French
Record 12, Synonyms, French
- nucléotide inhabituel 1, record 12, French, nucl%C3%A9otide%20inhabituel
correct, masculine noun
- base atypique 1, record 12, French, base%20atypique
correct, feminine noun
Record 12, Textual support, French
Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT
Les deux classes de bases trouvées dans tous les mononucléotides sont dérivées de corps aromatiques hétérocycliques appelés purine et pyrimidine. La purine dérive elle-même de la pyrimidine par la fusion d'un cycle pyrimidine et imidazole. Les trois bases pyrimidiques les plus communes sont : l'uracile, la thymine et la cytosine, désignées couramment par U, T et C respectivement. Les bases puriques intervenant le plus souvent comme composantes des mononucléotides sont l'adénine et la guanine, respectivement désignées par A et G. Il existe [aussi] de nombreuses bases rares, telles que la 5-méthylcytosine, ou la 5-hydroxyméthyl-cytosine, [l'ionosine, la pseudouridine, etc...] Le rôle de ces bases rares n'est pas clair pour l'instant. Elles (...) existent en proportions variables dans toutes les molécules de tARN. Seul indice connu sur leur rôle possible, ces bases rares ne peuvent pas s'apparier de la manière habituelle. Certaines de ces bases rares pourraient donc avoir pour fonction de provoquer l'ouverture de quelques régions en épingle à cheveux de la double hélice, exposant ainsi des groupements cétones et aminés libres susceptibles de former des liaisons secondaires. Selon la nature des bases exposées, ces groupements libres pourraient former des liaisons secondaires avec la matrice d'ARN, avec le ribosome ou avec l'enzyme qui attache l'acide aminé à son tARN spécifique. 1, record 12, French, - base%20rare
Record 12, Spanish
Record 12, Textual support, Spanish
Record 13 - internal organization data 1990-01-16
Record 13, English
Record 13, Subject field(s)
- Biological Sciences
Record 13, Main entry term, English
- enzyme stabilisation
1, record 13, English, enzyme%20stabilisation
correct
Record 13, Abbreviations, English
Record 13, Synonyms, English
- enzyme stabilization 2, record 13, English, enzyme%20stabilization
correct
Record 13, Textual support, English
Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 CONT
The problem of enzyme stabilisations ... is primarily concerned with restraining the enzyme from adopting other conformations than those that are optimal for (a) mutual access of substrate to its binding site on the enzyme (b) the continued ability of the enzyme to express its catalytic activity on the substrate at its active site and (c) the ability for the product or products of the reaction to freely diffuse, or be repelled from the binding site. 1, record 13, English, - enzyme%20stabilisation
Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 OBS
There exist many cases when the use of a stabilizing polymeric carrier can dramatically affect the biological activity of enzymes : for example, their interaction with high-molecular-weight substrates or with cell surface receptors. Methods of enzyme stabilization also are available that do not require carriers, but instead depend on chemical modification or intramolecular crosslinking with bifunctional reagents. 3, record 13, English, - enzyme%20stabilisation
Record 13, French
Record 13, Domaine(s)
- Sciences biologiques
Record 13, Main entry term, French
- stabilisation des enzymes
1, record 13, French, stabilisation%20des%20enzymes
correct, feminine noun
Record 13, Abbreviations, French
Record 13, Synonyms, French
Record 13, Textual support, French
Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 CONT
Les axes futurs les plus intéressants de la technologie enzymatique sont les suivants : - utilisation des propriétés non conventionnelles des enzymes; - élucidation des mécanismes moléculaires de l'inactivation enzymatique amenant au développement d'approches rationnelles de la stabilisation des enzymes; - catalyse enzymatique en présence de solvants organiques dans des conditions extrêmes; - conception de nouvelles molécules ayant des propriétés catalytiques par mutagénèse dirigée. 1, record 13, French, - stabilisation%20des%20enzymes
Record 13, Spanish
Record 13, Textual support, Spanish
Record 14 - internal organization data 1990-01-16
Record 14, English
Record 14, Subject field(s)
- Biological Sciences
Record 14, Main entry term, English
- enzyme efficiency
1, record 14, English, enzyme%20efficiency
correct
Record 14, Abbreviations, English
Record 14, Synonyms, English
Record 14, Textual support, English
Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT
The water activity exerts a strong influence on enzyme activity and stability. This phenomenon must be fully appreciated in order to analyze the effect of a compound on enzyme efficiency, and so as not to misinterpret as direct an indirect effect caused by a modification of water activity. Furthermore, from a technological viewpoint, a better understanding of this phenomenon may allow rationalization of the operation of enzyme catalysts and their improved efficiency. 1, record 14, English, - enzyme%20efficiency
Record 14, French
Record 14, Domaine(s)
- Sciences biologiques
Record 14, Main entry term, French
- efficacité enzymatique
1, record 14, French, efficacit%C3%A9%20enzymatique
correct, feminine noun
Record 14, Abbreviations, French
Record 14, Synonyms, French
Record 14, Textual support, French
Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT
L'efficacité enzymatique est étonnante : ce type de catalyse multiplie par un facteur compris en général entre 106 et 1010 la vitesse d'une réaction, ce qui est énorme. Au niveau moléculaire, le problème est de savoir grâce à quels phénomènes intimes l'obtention de telles accélérations est possible. Quatre mécanismes principaux méritent d'être évoqués : les effets de positionnement et de proximité, la catalyse covalente, la catalyse acide-base, les contraintes conformationnelles. 1, record 14, French, - efficacit%C3%A9%20enzymatique
Record 14, Spanish
Record 14, Textual support, Spanish
Record 15 - internal organization data 1989-12-19
Record 15, English
Record 15, Subject field(s)
- Biological Sciences
Record 15, Main entry term, English
- bifunctional reagent
1, record 15, English, bifunctional%20reagent
correct
Record 15, Abbreviations, English
Record 15, Synonyms, English
Record 15, Textual support, English
Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 CONT
In many cases the presence of an insoluble or even soluble carrier matrix may become an insuperable obstacle for the enzyme to perform its function in the organism. In such cases investigators have used bifunctional reagents to stabilize enzymes by intramolecular crosslinking. As a rule these attempts have had only limited success, based on trials with many enzymes.... The matter is complicated by the fact that the bifunctional reagent can interact with the enzyme in three different ways : one point modification, intermolecular linking, and intramolecular crosslinking. The observed stabilization effect can be explained easily by a simple modification to the enzyme or by changes in the microenvironment as a result of the modification. 1, record 15, English, - bifunctional%20reagent
Record 15, French
Record 15, Domaine(s)
- Sciences biologiques
Record 15, Main entry term, French
- agent bifonctionnel
1, record 15, French, agent%20bifonctionnel
correct, masculine noun
Record 15, Abbreviations, French
Record 15, Synonyms, French
Record 15, Textual support, French
Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 CONT
L'insolubilisation des enzymes requiert (...) une "greffe" dans des conditions douces, entre R-COOH ou R-NH2 de la protéine et certains groupements réactifs du support solide. (...) Les agents du couplage enzyme-support sont en bonne règle des agents bifonctionnels, actifs dans des conditions douces (glutaraldéhyde, carbodiimides, etc.). Souvent, la liaison n'est pas effectuée en une seule étape, mais le support est d'abord activé, puis la protéine lui est fixée. 1, record 15, French, - agent%20bifonctionnel
Record 15, Spanish
Record 15, Textual support, Spanish
Record 16 - internal organization data 1987-05-05
Record 16, English
Record 16, Subject field(s)
- Biochemistry
Record 16, Main entry term, English
- acetamidase
1, record 16, English, acetamidase
correct
Record 16, Abbreviations, English
Record 16, Synonyms, English
Record 16, Textual support, English
Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 CONT
In addition to chemical modification, altered enzymes may also be obtained in some cases by selection of mutants capable of growing on compounds structurally related to normal substrates of the wild-type organism. For instance, a change in a single amine acid in the enzyme acetamidase led to a mutant able to grow on butyramide. 1, record 16, English, - acetamidase
Record 16, French
Record 16, Domaine(s)
- Biochimie
Record 16, Main entry term, French
- acétamidase
1, record 16, French, ac%C3%A9tamidase
correct, feminine noun
Record 16, Abbreviations, French
Record 16, Synonyms, French
Record 16, Textual support, French
Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 CONT
En plus des modifications par voie chimique, des enzymes modifiées peuvent aussi être obtenues dans certains cas par sélection de mutants capables de croître sur des analogues structuraux des substrats normaux de la souche sauvage. Par exemple, la modification d'un seul acide aminé de l'enzyme acétamidase conduit à un mutant capable d'utiliser le butyramide comme substrat de croissance. 1, record 16, French, - ac%C3%A9tamidase
Record 16, Spanish
Record 16, Textual support, Spanish
Record 17 - internal organization data 1985-03-25
Record 17, English
Record 17, Subject field(s)
- Biochemistry
Record 17, Main entry term, English
- butyramide 1, record 17, English, butyramide
Record 17, Abbreviations, English
Record 17, Synonyms, English
Record 17, Textual support, English
Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 CONT
In addition to chemical modification, altered enzymes may also be obtained in some cases by selection of mutants capable of growing on compounds structurally related to normal substrates of the wild-type organism. For instance, a change in a single amino acid in the enzyme acetamidase led to a mutant able to grow on butyramide. 1, record 17, English, - butyramide
Record 17, French
Record 17, Domaine(s)
- Biochimie
Record 17, Main entry term, French
- butyramide
1, record 17, French, butyramide
masculine noun
Record 17, Abbreviations, French
Record 17, Synonyms, French
Record 17, Textual support, French
Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 CONT
En plus des modifications par voie chimique, des enzymes modifiées peuvent aussi être obtenues dans certains cas par sélection de mutants capables de croître sur des analogues structuraux des substrats normaux de la souche sauvage. Par exemple, la modification d'un seul acide aminé de l'enzyme acétamidase conduit à un mutant capable d'utiliser le butyramide comme substrat de croissance. 1, record 17, French, - butyramide
Record 17, Spanish
Record 17, Textual support, Spanish
Copyright notice for the TERMIUM Plus® data bank
© Public Services and Procurement Canada, 2026
TERMIUM Plus®, the Government of Canada's terminology and linguistic data bank
A product of the Translation Bureau
Features
GCtranslate (available on the Government of Canada network only)
Use this artificial intelligence prototype to translate Government of Canada content up to and including Protected B. Available to employees of selected departments and agencies only.
Writing tools
The Language Portal’s writing tools have a new look! Easy to consult, they give you access to a wealth of information that will help you write better in English and French.
Glossaries and vocabularies
Access Translation Bureau glossaries and vocabularies.
- Date Modified:


