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Record 1,  Textual support,  English

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A nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) quantum computer is based on control of nuclear spin.  3, record 1, English, - nuclear%20magnetic%20resonance%20quantum%20computer

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

More subtle nuclear phenomena are employed in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, in which the chemical environment of atoms possessing nuclear spins can be probed through the interaction between the nuclear spin and an external magnetic field.  3, record 2, English, - nuclear%20magnetic%20resonance%20spectroscopy

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

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La spectroscopie de résonance magnétique nucléaire consiste à mesurer l'énergie nécessaire pour modifier l'alignement [des éléments] dans un champ magnétique d'intensité donnée.  3, record 2, French, - spectroscopie%20de%20r%C3%A9sonance%20magn%C3%A9tique%20nucl%C3%A9aire

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Dépistage de l'hyperthermie maligne anesthésique par les tests de contracture musculaire et par la spectroscopie RMN.  4, record 2, French, - spectroscopie%20de%20r%C3%A9sonance%20magn%C3%A9tique%20nucl%C3%A9aire

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Les techniques de résonance magnétique nucléaire : l'imagerie par résonance magnétique conventionnelle (IRM) ou fonctionnelle (IRMf) et la spectroscopie RMN qui utilisent les propriétés magnétiques de certains noyaux stables.  5, record 2, French, - spectroscopie%20de%20r%C3%A9sonance%20magn%C3%A9tique%20nucl%C3%A9aire

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

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La espectroscopía de resonancia magnética nuclear (RMN) estudia el comportamiento de ciertos núcleos atómicos (aquellos que poseen spin nuclear distinto de cero) en presencia de un campo magnético externo.  1, record 2, Spanish, - espectroscop%C3%ADa%20de%20resonancia%20magn%C3%A9tica%20nuclear

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En 1951, los químicos descubrieron que la espectroscopia de resonancia magnética nuclear podía ser utilizada para determinar las estructuras de los compuestos orgánicos. Esta técnica espectroscópica puede utilizarse sólo para estudiar núcleos atómicos con un número impar de protones o neutrones (o de ambos).  2, record 2, Spanish, - espectroscop%C3%ADa%20de%20resonancia%20magn%C3%A9tica%20nuclear

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Spin-rotation relaxation. As a molecule or a part of a molecule rotates about a nucleus, the motion of electrons generates a current and a molecular magnetic moment.  1, record 3, English, - spin%2Drotation%20relaxation

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Spin Rotation Relaxation : A molecule in a fluid medium is a charged system and therefore generates a magnetic moment apart from the nuclear moment. Collisions change the rotation rate and causes the field to fluctuate which aids in relaxation.  2, record 3, English, - spin%2Drotation%20relaxation

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

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La relaxation par rotation de spin se produit lorsqu’une molécule ou une partie de cette dernière est en rotation autour d’un noyau et qu’alors le mouvement des électrons génère un courant et un moment magnétique moléculaire.  3, record 3, French, - relaxation%20par%20rotation%20de%20spin

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[The] concentration of signal bearing spins.  2, record 4, English, - spin%20density

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When the magnetic resonance imaging uses hydrogen, then the terms "proton density, ""spin density, "and "nuclear density" can be used interchangeably even though, strictly speaking, they are not synonymous.  3, record 4, English, - spin%20density

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Spin is a fundamental property of nature like electrical charge or mass. ... Protons, electrons, and neutrons possess spin.  2, record 4, English, - spin%20density

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

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symbole : la lettre grecque «rho».  2, record 4, French, - densit%C3%A9%20de%20spins

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Stationary nuclear Overhauser effect. NMR [nuclear magnetic resonance] spectroscopy based on the nuclear Overhauser effect(NOE) between dipolar coupled nuclei is one of the most commonly used techniques to determine the spatial structure of proteins. Generally speaking the NOE describes the transfer of spin polarization from one spin population to another. The magnitude of the NOE highly depends on the distance between the dipolar coupled spins such that it can be used to determine interatomar distances within molecules.  1, record 5, English, - %20stationary%20nuclear%20Overhauser%20effect

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

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The transfer of spin polarization from one spin population to another via cross-relaxation in nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) spectroscopy.  1, record 6, English, - nuclear%20Overhauser%20effect

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It is named after the American physicist Albert Overhauser who hypothesized it as a post doctoral scholar in the early 1950s.  1, record 6, English, - nuclear%20Overhauser%20effect

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

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Effet observé dans les liquides contenant une ou plusieurs espèces de spins nucléaires.  3, record 6, French, - effet%20Overhauser%20nucl%C3%A9aire

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La saturation d’une espèce de spin (destruction de la polarisation des spins nucléaires par un champ radio-fréquence) conduit à la modification de la polarisation de l’une ou des autres espèces. Cet effet est similaire, dans son principe, à l’effet Overhauser.  3, record 6, French, - effet%20Overhauser%20nucl%C3%A9aire

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

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An interaction between the electron spin S and the nuclear spin I.  1, record 7, English, - hyperfine%20interaction

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Dans la matière, un noyau est soumis à des champs électrique et magnétique créés par son environnement, qui vont perturber les niveaux d’énergie nucléaire (translation et/ou levée de dégénérescence des niveaux). Ces perturbations, appelées interactions hyperfines, sont de l’ordre de 10^-7 à 10^-8 eV et peuvent donc être résolues par SM [spectrométrie Mössbauer] (G de l’ordre 10^-8 eV [électronvolts]).  1, record 7, French, - interaction%20hyperfine

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Nuclear magnetic resonance is a consequence of a property possessed by the nucleus known as nuclear spin angular momentum. Some properties associated with nuclear spin angular momentum are similar to those of a spinning macroscopic body, however, nuclear spin angular momentum is a fundamental property that cannot be explained in terms of any other fundamental property such as mass, charge, etc. Nuclear spin angular momentum—like the angular momentum of any other fundamental particle —is a quantized vectorial quantity. Its magnitude is restricted to certain fixed values and its direction is also restricted to certain directions in the presence of a magnetic field. In the absence of a magnetic field, it is not possible to obtain any information regarding its direction.  1, record 8, English, - nuclear%20spin%20angular%20momentum%20vector

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

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Caractéristiques du noyau. Tous les atomes, sauf ceux dont le nombre de masse et le numéro atomique sont simultanément pairs […] possèdent un nombre quantique de spin nucléaire non nul I, entier ou demi-entier, plus simplement appelé le spin. Le noyau étant regardé comme une sphère en rotation autour d’un axe (to spin : tourner en anglais), le vecteur moment angulaire de spin nucléaire associé à ce mouvement est noté I.  1, record 8, French, - vecteur%20moment%20angulaire%20de%20spin%20nucl%C3%A9aire

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Record 9,  Textual support,  English

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There is a principle of symmetry of isotopic spin, whose(mathematical) correspondent is a law of conservation of isotopic spin. This law applies to strong nuclear interactions, but is broken by electromagnetic and weak interactions.  1, record 9, English, - law%20of%20conservation%20of%20isotopic%20spin

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

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Record 10,  Textual support,  English

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A system of a neutron and a proton can form either singlet or triplet spin state. The bound state is the triplet state because the energy level of the singlet state is higher. A system of two neutrons which are in the same energy level can form only singlet spin state, and no bound state is possible. This shows the spin dependency of the nuclear force.  1, record 10, English, - spin%20dependency

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

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Quelques caractéristiques de l'interaction forte [...] La dépendance de spin : il a été montré que les nucléons possèdent un moment angulaire - le spin - (expérience de Stern et Gerlach) et que l'interaction forte dépendait du moment angulaire relatif des partenaires.  1, record 10, French, - d%C3%A9pendance%20de%20spin

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The concentration of hydrogen atoms in water molecules or in some groups of fat molecules within tissue.  2, record 11, English, - proton%20density

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 OBS

When the magnetic resonance imaging uses hydrogen, then the terms "proton density, ""spin density, "and "nuclear density" can be used interchangeably even though, strictly speaking, they are not synonymous.  3, record 11, English, - proton%20density

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symbol: the Greek letter "rho."  3, record 11, English, - proton%20density

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International System of Units (SI): moles/m³.  3, record 11, English, - proton%20density

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

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[...] concentration en protons par unité de volume.  1, record 11, French, - densit%C3%A9%20de%20protons

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symbole : la lettre grecque «rho».  2, record 11, French, - densit%C3%A9%20de%20protons

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 12,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

This course is designed for chemistry students wishing to become familiar with the use of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry for the determination of molecular structure and dynamics in solution. The NMR part of the course deals with analysis of second-order proton spectra, with extraction of coupling constants and chemical shifts from spectra. Then the topics of pulsed and Fourier transform NMR are introduced and applied to natural abundance 13C spectra. Problem solving with combined 1H and 13C NMR data is emphasized. Subsequently the use of spin lattice relaxation times for dynamics is discussed, followed by an introduction to 2 dimensional(2D) NMR.  1, record 12, English, - 2%20dimensional%20NMR

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

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La RMN à deux dimensions peut être comparée à une réaction chimique, dont les composantes doivent être identifiées (ici par fréquence)avant et après la réaction.[...] Notons par ailleurs que la RMN 2D n'est pas limitée à l'observation des protons : deux expériences de corrélation ont été conçues pour relier des azotes, des carbones et des protons.  1, record 12, French, - r%C3%A9sonance%20magn%C3%A9tique%20nucl%C3%A9aire%20bidimensionnelle

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Terme et exemple tirés du «Technoscope».  1, record 12, French, - r%C3%A9sonance%20magn%C3%A9tique%20nucl%C3%A9aire%20bidimensionnelle

Record 12,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 13,  Textual support,  English

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Any chemically or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer etc., capable of identification as a separately distinguishable entity.  1, record 13, English, - molecular%20entity

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It depends on the context with what degree of precision a molecular entity is to be described. For example, "hydrogen molecule" is an adequate definition of a certain molecular entity for some purposes, whereas for others it is necessary to distinguish the electronic state and/or vibrational state and/or nuclear spin, etc. of the hydrogen molecule.  1, record 13, English, - molecular%20entity

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[...] atome, molécule, ion, paire d'ions, radical, ion radical, complexe, conformère, etc. bien défini chimiquement ou isotopiquement et pouvant être identifié individuellement en tant qu'entité distincte.  1, record 13, French, - entit%C3%A9%20mol%C3%A9culaire

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 OBS

La façon dont une entité moléculaire doit être décrite dépend du degré de précision qu'il est nécessaire d'atteindre selon le contexte. Par exemple, l'expression «molécule d'hydrogène» est suffisante dans certains cas pour définir une entité moléculaire; par contre, dans d'autres contextes, il est nécessaire de préciser l'état électronique, l'état vitrationnel, le spin nucléaire, etc.  1, record 13, French, - entit%C3%A9%20mol%C3%A9culaire

Record 13,  Textual support,  Spanish