TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The second step in the "read out" of genetic information, whereby the genetic code contained in specific nucleotide sequences of messenger RNA molecules(synthesized during genetic transcription) is translated into specific amino acid sequences, i. e., directs the order of the amino acids incorporated into polypeptides during protein synthesis.  3, record 1, English, - translation

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Processus de synthèse d'une protéine à partir d'un ARN messager selon les lois du code génétique.  3, record 1, French, - traduction

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 OBS

traduction : Extrait de la norme NF-X42-004 reproduite avec l'autorisation de l'AFNOR.  4, record 1, French, - traduction

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Proceso en el que la información genética transportada por los nucleótidos en el ARN mensajero dirige la secuencia de aminoácidos en la síntesis de un polipéptido específico.  1, record 1, Spanish, - traducci%C3%B3n

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The molecular mechanisms that control gene expression. These include controls that operate at every stage of protein determination: transcription of DNA, posttranscriptional processing of mRNA, translation of mRNA, and posttranslational modification of proteins.  1, record 2, English, - genetic%20regulation

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The genome of an organism contains DNA sequences of several different types, including structural genes, which specify the amino acid sequences of enzymes and structural proteins or the nucleotide sequences of ribosomal RNAs or transfer RNAs; and regulatory genes and signals, which code for regulatory proteins, and control the initiation and termination of transcription or provide binding sites for regulatory molecules.  1, record 2, English, - genetic%20regulation

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Ensemble des mécanismes capables de moduler l'expression du potentiel héréditaire dans une cellule vivante en fonction des signaux qu'elle reçoit, en provenance d'autres cellules ou de l'environnement.  2, record 2, French, - r%C3%A9gulation%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Cette régulation peut s'exercer à 3 niveaux : celui de la transcription, celui de la traduction des messagers et celui du transport et de l'assemblage des polypeptides aboutissant à la production de molécules enzymiques actives.  2, record 2, French, - r%C3%A9gulation%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Proceso que controla la síntesis o supresión de los productos génicos en células o tejidos específicos.  1, record 2, Spanish, - regulaci%C3%B3n%20g%C3%A9nica

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The division of the nucleotide sequence of a nucleic acid into consecutive three-nucleotide codons.  1, record 3, English, - reading%20frame

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 OBS

There are three different frames(starting a codon with the first, second, or third nucleotide). Generally, only one frame encodes a polypeptide; this frame is specified by the location of the initiation codon of the polypeptide. The deletion or addition of a nucleotide throws off the frame after that point, making non-sense of the remaining code; this is called a frameshift mutation.  1, record 3, English, - reading%20frame

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Division d'une séquence de nucléotides en triplets consécutifs.  3, record 3, French, - phase%20de%20lecture

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Elle est déterminée à partir de l'endroit où commence la lecture du brin. Si la phase vient à être perturbée par l'insertion ou l'enlèvement de base, le sens de l'information génétique s'en trouve modifié. On peut rétablir la phase, soit en introduisant le décalage inverse, soit en accumulant trois fois le même type de mutation.  3, record 3, French, - phase%20de%20lecture

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[División de] los grupos de tres nucleótidos que se leen como tripletes (codones) en la transcripción del ADN.  1, record 3, Spanish, - marco%20de%20lectura

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 OBS

El punto de partida lo fija normalmente el codón de iniciación, AUG. Así, la secuencia AUGGCAAAA, guaninase leerá como AUG/GCA/AAA y no como A/UGC/CAA/AA. [En donde A=adenina, C=citosina, G=guanina, U=uracilo]  1, record 3, Spanish, - marco%20de%20lectura

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Formation of one chemical compound from another.  2, record 4, English, - chemical%20synthesis

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

When one wishes to perform site specific mutagenesis on a gene and re-express the mutant genes into altered proteins, several considerations should be taken initially to increase the efficiency of generating mutants. The first step is to construct the gene by chemical synthesis as it allows for the alteration of nucleotide sequence to accommodate changes in the overall design. In the case where host restriction... endonuclease recognition sites of the natural cDNA sequences are not suitable for performing molecular cloning, then it is possible to create additional useful restriction endonuclease recognition sites or alter the pre-existing sites. Because of the degeneracy of the genetic code, a particular amino acid can be specified by more than one, sometimes up to 6 different codons.... A computer program has been devised... which would search upon all these possible combinations of codons, while keeping the original amino acid sequence.  3, record 4, English, - chemical%20synthesis

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Obtention d'une espèce chimique composée à partir des corps simples. Ainsi la combinaison du soufre, corps simple, avec l'oxygène, autre corps simple (par combustion), donne l'anhydride sulfureux, corps composé. C'est une synthèse typique.  2, record 4, French, - synth%C3%A8se%20chimique

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Des études immunologiques, réalisées [...] sur les fragments protéiques immunogènes du virus de la fièvre aphteuse, ont permis d'envisager la mise au point d'un vaccin simple et protecteur. Un peptide contenant les deux principales séquences immunogènes des protéines virales a été produit par synthèse chimique.  3, record 4, French, - synth%C3%A8se%20chimique

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

As the nucleotide triplets(64 possible arrangements) coding for amino acids(20) are not completely specific for individual amino acids the genetic code is "degenerate". For example, the six leucine codons are CUA, CUG, CUC, CUU, UUA, UUG. Any two codons specifying the same amino acid are 'synonymous’ or ’codegenerate’ codons.  2, record 5, English, - degenerate%20code

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Comme il n'y a que relativement peu de triplets non-sens qui ne codent pour aucun acide aminé, mais qui interrompent l'information, il faut que parmi les 64 combinaisons possibles de 3 nucléotides plusieurs codent pour le même aminé (code dégénéré). Par contre, le code n'est pas chevauchant.  2, record 5, French, - code%20d%C3%A9g%C3%A9n%C3%A9r%C3%A9

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish