TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Given a planner, a domain, and a number of example problems, the learning method generates macros from plans of some of the given problems under the guidance of a genetic algorithm. It represents macros like regular actions, evaluates them individually by solving the remaining given problems, and suggests individual macros that are to be added to the domain permanently.  2, record 1, English, - regular%20action

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The theory of the multigroup energy approximation. The multigroup energy approximation in radiation transport assumes that [an] energy domain … is partitioned into … intervals of width … By convention the energy decreases with increasing group number.  1, record 2, English, - multigroup%20energy%20approximation

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

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[…] les erreurs systématiques provenaient non seulement des incertitudes sur les données fondamentales de base (sections microscopiques) mais aussi des approximations méthodologiques. Parmi ces dernières, on peut citer la séparation espace-direction angulaire-énergie des neutrons dans les calculs spectraux, la non-utilisation systématique de modélisation tridimensionnelle et l’approximation énergétique multigroupe dans les études de projets industriels. Ces études sont relatives à des calculs de cœurs de réacteurs, des piscines de stockage d’assemblages usés, des calculs de protection et toutes autres études mettant en jeu des neutrons.  1, record 2, French, - approximation%20%C3%A9nerg%C3%A9tique%20multigroupe

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

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Pertaining to a geometrical shape whose structure is such, that magnification of the detail by a given factor reproduces the original object.  2, record 3, English, - fractal

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 PHR

fractal algorithm, fractal art, fractal attractor, fractal boundary, fractal cove, fractal city, fractal concept, fractal curve, fractal definition, fractal dimension, fractal domain, fractal fern, fractal geometry, fractal goose, fractal graphics, fractal growth, fractal heaven, fractal hell, fractal hexagon, fractal image, fractal Julia set, fractal Koch flake, fractal landscape, fractal lattice measure, fractal modeling, fractal monster, fractal motion, fractal noise, fractal number, fractal object, fractal paradox, fractal pattern, fractal self-similarity, fractal stable, fractal structure, fractal surface, fractal time, fractal tree, fractal vision.  2, record 3, English, - fractal

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Relatif aux structures et aux systèmes dynamiques dont les éléments présentent une certaine similarité à l'ensemble quelle que soit l'échelle de l'examen.  3, record 3, French, - fractale

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 OBS

S'applique aux changements spatio-temporels tels le bruit électronique dans les semi-conducteurs, les fluctuations de voltage dans les membranes neurales, les crues périodiques des eaux, les variations des indices économiques et du trafic routier, les battements du cœur, etc. Selon B. Mandelbrot, créateur du terme en 1975, le concept n'a pas encore de définition mathématique généralement acceptée. Le terme est dérivé du latin «fractus» qui signifie «fragmenté», «irrégulier». Le masculin pluriel est «fractals», le féminin pluriel, fractales».  3, record 3, French, - fractale

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 PHR

aérogel fractal, agrégat fractal, aire fractale, algorithme fractal, analyse fractale, arbre fractal, art fractal, attracteur fractal, autosimilarité fractale, bruit fractal, chaos fractal, codimension fractale, compression d'images fractale, courbe fractale, continent fractal, côte fractale, croissance fractale, débit fractal, densité fractale, diffraction fractale, dimension fractale, distribution fractale, échelle fractale, ensemble fractal, éponge fractale, équation fractale, espace-temps fractal, fonction fractale, figure fractale, flèche du temps fractale, fonction d'interpolation fractale, forme fractale, fromage fractal, front de diffusion fractal, frontière fractale, générateur fractal, génération fractale, géométrie fractale, groupe fractal, hasard fractal, île fractale, image fractale, imagerie fractale, infographie fractale, interface fractale, intermittence du bruit fractale, lac fractal, langage fractal, ligne fractale, masse fractale, mesure fractale, modèle fractal, modélisation fractale, monstre fractal, montagne fractale, motif fractal, musique fractale, nature de la turbulence fractale, nombre fractal, objet fractal, ordinateur fractal, ordre fractal, pavage fractal, paysage fractal, périmètre fractal, plaque fractale, profil fractal, reconnaissance d'image fractale, rythme fractal, segmentation fractale, structure fractale, surface fractale, synthèse fractale, système fractal, tambour fractal, temps fractal, texture fractale, théorie fractale, tortuosité fractale, trajectoire fractale, transformation fractale, transformée fractale, vidéocompression fractale, vision fractale, zone fractale.  3, record 3, French, - fractale

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

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Knowledge that is acquired from experience and is used to solve practical problems. Surface knowledge usually involves specific facts and theories about a particular domain or task and a large number of rules-of-thumb.  3, record 4, English, - surface%20knowledge

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See also experiential or heuristic knowledge and deep-knowledge.  3, record 4, English, - surface%20knowledge

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

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Connaissance exprimée en utilisant des descripteurs que l'utilisateur considère comme opérationnels.  3, record 4, French, - connaissance%20op%C3%A9rationnelle

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Connaissance provenant de l'expérience utilisable pour résoudre des problèmes pratiques. On la qualifie aussi d'heuristique ou expérimentale.  2, record 4, French, - connaissance%20op%C3%A9rationnelle

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Les systèmes basés sur les connaissances fondamentales viendront en complément de ceux fondés sur des connaissances de surface («shallow knowledge») utilisés pour des cas plus courants.  1, record 4, French, - connaissance%20op%C3%A9rationnelle

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Voir aussi connaissances expérientielles et savoir heuristique.  4, record 4, French, - connaissance%20op%C3%A9rationnelle

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Integral transport methods. The integral transport methods construct an expression for the angular flux at a given location by integrating over all external and scattering sources that could contribute, taking in account the probability of the source neutral reaching the given location without a collision. The collision probability method result from partitioning the domain of the problem into a large number of finite size regions and formulating the equation to calculate the average value of the neutral flux in each region. Like the Monte Carlo method, the result of collision probability method can be very accurate. This method has been successfully implemented for neutral propagating in 3D rectangular grids. Since the collision probability method is based on a global particle balance, the neutral flux at a given region is coupled to the neutral scalar flux of any other regions via collision probabilities which must be calculated by multi-dimensional numerical integration involving expensive evaluation of Bickley functions.  3, record 5, English, - collision%20probability%20method

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

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Dans la méthode de résolution par probabilité de collision, on découpe l’espace en éléments de volumes V_i, que l’on va considérer comme homogènes, et l’on calcule les facteurs de probabilité de collision qui représentent la probabilité qu’un neutronémis dans le volume V_i subisse sa première interaction dans le volume V_j. On entend par neutron émis dans V_i tout neutron qui y a été créé ou dont les caractéristiques (énergie, direction) y ont été modifiées suite à une diffusion ou à une autre interaction.  1, record 5, French, - m%C3%A9thode%20de%20r%C3%A9solution%20par%20probabilit%C3%A9%20de%20collision

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A representation in which knowledge is bundled in bite-sized units and accessed by several modules of the system (Bonar et al. 1986). The bites communicate with each other to exchange information about the next curriculum topic, or to evaluate and respond to the student’s input.  3, record 6, English, - bite%2Dsized%20architecture

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The(bite-sized architecture) organizes tutoring functions around a decomposition of(domain expertise) into curriculum units reminiscent of WEST's issues. The prevalent paradigm for a number of prototypical systems under development at LRCD is to use these autonomous tutoring units called bites to guide the student's interaction with a microworld that illustrates the domain principles to be understood. The(bite-sized architecture) serves as a context for articulating principles of curriculum organization. This organization in turns supports an implementation of the concept of(steering testing), which combines diagnostic and didactic purposes into adaptive sequences of(heuristically generated tasks.)  2, record 6, English, - bite%2Dsized%20architecture

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Architecture didacticielle reconfigurable qui permet l'organisation des connaissances en micromodules conçus [en fonction de] buts pédagogiques.  1, record 6, French, - architecture%20tutorielle%20micromodulaire

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Anti-phishing software uses a combination of different methods in an attempt to spot spoof sites. Domain analysis is used to verify domain registrations using a number of criteria and from a number of sources. Session analysis is used to determine if a site uses properly encrypted communications and spot other telltale signs of a spoof site. Most of these programs are known as client-side, in that they operate on the user's own computer without sending data to a server.  2, record 7, English, - anti%2Dphishing%20software

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

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Pour répondre aux besoins de ceux qui choisissent d'utiliser d'autres moyens pour effectuer leurs opérations bancaires, [elle] a ajouté de nouvelles caractéristiques [...] notamment le premier logiciel anti-hameçonnage du secteur au Canada téléchargeable gratuitement.  1, record 7, French, - logiciel%20anti%2Dhame%C3%A7onnage

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A method of converting a phone number into a domain name.  1, record 8, English, - electronic%20numbering

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Protocolo que convierte los números telefónicos internacionales de la norma E.164 en direcciones de Internet utilizando el Sistema de Nombre de Dominio (DNS) para que los recursos asociados con un número telefónico puedan resolverse en el dominio IP [Protocolo de Internet].  1, record 8, Spanish, - numeraci%C3%B3n%20electr%C3%B3nica

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The separation in the time domain of a number of transmission channels between two points.  3, record 9, English, - time%2Ddivision

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Separación en el tiempo de un número de canales de transmisión entre dos puntos.  1, record 9, Spanish, - divisi%C3%B3n%20temporal

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The GPS receiver’s computed position coordinates.  2, record 10, English, - position%20fix

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The use of a combined reference station DGPS [Differential Global Positioning System] position solution is now widely used. This essentially utilizes differential corrections from a number of reference stations, which are combined in either the position, adjustment, or correction domain to give an overall solution. The precision of the position fix is not necessarily improved from the DGPS solution, however, multiple reference station solutions provide a more stable position fix, improved quality control, and reliability measures.  3, record 10, English, - position%20fix

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 OBS

position fix: term officially approved by the International Space Station official approval Group (ISSOAG).  4, record 10, English, - position%20fix

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Un récepteur GPS [Global Positioning System] peut capter un relevé de position à n'importe quel endroit sur le globe. Lorsqu'on met un récepteur GPS sous tension, il recherche, capte et poursuit les signaux codés des satellites et calcule un relevé de position, tout cela automatiquement.  1, record 10, French, - relev%C3%A9%20de%20position

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relevé de position : terme uniformisé par le Groupe de travail de la terminologie de la Station spatiale internationale (GTTSSI).  2, record 10, French, - relev%C3%A9%20de%20position

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Reverse DNS is exactly the opposite of DNS. Instead of wanting to know the IP address of a domain name, we know the name and need the number. So, if we have the IP number 206. 54. 191. 15, we can look it up to see that the machine name is www. dallasmemory. com.  1, record 11, English, - reverse%20DNS

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

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Par DNS inverse, on dénote le processus par lequel un site distant (comme le serveur mail de hotmail.com par exemple) arrive à connaître le nom exact du domaine qui se cache derrière une adresse IP quelconque.  1, record 11, French, - DNS%20inverse

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 12,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

In the March 28, 1997 issue of Science, Li et al describe a protein which is mutated in a number of human cancers, including those from breast, brain and prostate. This protein interacts with actin filaments and is a putative protein tyrosine phosphatase. Li et al have called this protein PTEN(phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10). Steck et al, who simulatenously located the same gene have adopted the name, MMAC1(mutated in multiple advance cancers 1). The 5. 5-kb mRNA of the PTEN/MMAC1 is widely expressed in human tissues and it appears to have alternately spliced variants. The N-terminal domain of the gene codes for a 403-amino acid protein that is likely a protein phosphatase and is related to the CDC14 which is an enzyme that controls the cell division.  1, record 12, English, - PTEN%2FMMC1

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

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Baptisé MMAC1 pour «mutated in multiple advanced cancers 1» par P. Steck, et PTEN pour «phosaphatase and tensin homolog on chromosome 10» par R. Parsons, il [le gène] code une protéine monomérique de 403 acides aminés. [...] Si le mécanisme d'action de la protéine PTEN/MMAC1 reste encore à déterminer avec précision, sa ressemblance avec la tensine suggère qu'elle favorise la cohésion des cellules dans les tissus. Sa disparition pourrait expliquer la croissance anormale des cellules cancéreuses par perte de contact avec leurs voisines, lequel constitue un frein à leur prolifération.  1, record 12, French, - prot%C3%A9ine%20PTEN%2FMMC1

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Découverte dans l'évolution des cancers du cerveau et autres types de cancers.  2, record 12, French, - prot%C3%A9ine%20PTEN%2FMMC1

Record 12,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 13,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... the syntactic distance between two variable values is a number from 0 to 1, determined by a measure which reflects the domain type of the variable. For a nominal variable, the syntactic distance is either 0, if the values taken by the variable in each event are identical, or 1, if the values are not identical.  1, record 13, English, - syntactic%20distance

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

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(Pour la sélection de germes à chaque itération (...), on utilise une notion de distance syntaxique des descriptions d'instance par rapport à la description de classe.  1, record 13, French, - distance%20syntaxique

Record 13,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 14,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The true random search procedure divides the domain of definition into some finite number of multidimensional cells, say 1000, where the size of the cells and the number tested satisfy the required precision. Next, assume that one of the best 100 cells will satisfy our specifications. Then, if we choose one cell at random, the probability that it is one of the 100 beast is 0. 1 and the probability that it is not is 0. 9.  1, record 14, English, - true%20random%20search

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See random search.  2, record 14, English, - true%20random%20search

Record 14,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Voir logique du premier ordre pure.  1, record 14, French, - recherche%20al%C3%A9atoire%20pure

Record 14,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 15,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 CONT

An important concept for the design of diagnostic tests is that of a primitive subskill. This concept is also critical for curriculum construction, especially if the process is automated as in BIP. For a given domain the exact set of these subskills can be extremely difficult to define. Equipped with the tools of the BUGGY model, Burton(1982) suggests that a partition of the theory of bugs be used to define a primitive subskill as "any isolatable part of the skill that it is possible to mislearn"(p. 177). More formally, the set of all observable bugs is partitioned under the equivalence relation of giving wrong answers on the same problems, considering all possible problems. Then a primitive subskill is an equivalence class in this partition; in other words, it is a part of the skill that corresponds to bugs manifesting in exactly the same problems. In practice, one need only consider a finite number of problems.  1, record 15, English, - primitive%20subskill

Record 15,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 OBS

aptitude: capacité acquise, habileté.  2, record 15, French, - primitive%20de%20savoir%2Dfaire

Record 15,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 16,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The foundation for the experimentation process is a database of assertions which O’Shea calls a "theory of instruction" for the domain. Each assertion in the database indicates the expected results of a specific experimental modification performed on the production rules. Results are expressed in terms of possible or definite effects on teaching performance with respect to one goal. For instance, an assertion could say that spending more resources on selecting appropriate problems might improve the performance of students on the post-test. Thus these assertions represent a corpus of possibly useful experiments. After choosing one of the four goals, the system selects all the assertions that propose modifications leading to a possible improvement with respect to that goal; then it executes the changes these assertions suggest. Statistical tests evaluate the variations in performance caused by the modifications, with respect to each of the four goals. The overall improvement of the system is then computed as a linear function of the goals’ respective variations. If a significant improvement is achieved, the modifications are adopted. In addition, as a form of learning involving some serendipity, new assertions are added to the original database to record the effects of the experiment on the different goals. In this way, not only does the system improve, but its ability to set up experiments is also extended. Obviously, it must have had a minimal number of assertions to start with. Figure 6. 6. gives an overview of the flow of information through the self-improving component.  1, record 16, English, - theory%20of%20instruction

Record 16,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Terme spécifique utilisé par O'Shea pour désigner la base de données assertionnelles de son système.  1, record 16, French, - th%C3%A9orie%20didactique

Record 16,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 17,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The number of search computations with respect to an exhaustive search can be reduced for unimodal functions by using the dichotomous search procedure. The first step here is to evaluate two points separated by some interval(delta) in the domain of definition. The half of the domain in which the maximum or minimum lies can now be determined, and two new points can be placed in the center of this interval and so forth until the value of the interval approaches(eta). The value of(eta) clearly established the precision of(the) estimate....  1, record 17, English, - dichotomous%20search%20procedure

Record 17,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Dichotomique : Qui se divise par bifurcation.  2, record 17, French, - proc%C3%A9dure%20de%20recherche%20dichotomique

Record 17,  Textual support,  Spanish