TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

... the rotating, localized lowering of the cloud base beneath the rain-free portion of a thunderstorm that often precedes tornado development ...  2, record 1, English, - wall%20cloud

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Wall clouds can range from a fraction of a mile up to nearly five miles in diameter, and normally are found on the south or southwest(inflow) side of the thunderstorm. Even though this cloud is lowering, it remains attached to the rain free cloud base of the thunderstorm. It is usually located south or southwest of the visible precipitation area, and marks the strongest updraft in the thunderstorm. The wall cloud develops as the strong updraft draws in surface moisture from several miles away.  3, record 1, English, - wall%20cloud

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 OBS

"Wall cloud" also is used occasionally in tropical meteorology to describe the inner cloud wall surrounding the eye of a tropical cyclone, but the proper term for this feature is "eyewall."  3, record 1, English, - wall%20cloud

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le précurseur typique de la tornade est le mur de nuages. C'est une partie de la base du nuage qui semble s'abaisser vers le sol. On le trouve normalement sur le flanc arrière droit de l'orage. Autrement dit, si l'orage arrive de l'ouest, il faut regarder vers sa partie sud-ouest. Le mur de nuages se forme dans la zone sans précipitations et montre généralement un mouvement de rotation, sous la base du nuage.  3, record 1, French, - mur%20de%20nuages

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Wind current set up in the vicinity of a nuclear explosion directed toward the burst centre, resulting from the updraft accompanying the rise of the fireball.  2, record 2, English, - afterwind

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

afterwind: term usually used in the plural.  3, record 2, English, - afterwind

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Courant causé par le vent à proximité d'une explosion nucléaire, en direction du centre de l'explosion, à la suite du courant ascendant qui accompagne la montée de la boule de feu.  2, record 2, French, - vent%20secondaire

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

An updraft of heated air, fire gases, and smoke directly above the involved fire area.  1, record 3, English, - thermal%20column

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Elevated streams are sometimes used to extinguish sparks and flying embers from a burning building or to cool the thermal column of heat over a building ...  1, record 3, English, - thermal%20column

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Courant ascendant d'air chaud, de gaz de combustion et de fumée directement au-dessus de la zone de l'incendie.  1, record 3, French, - colonne%20thermique

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Des jets de lance surélevés sont parfois utilisés pour éteindre les étincelles et les tisons ardents provenant d'un bâtiment en feu ou pour refroidir la colonne thermique au-dessus d'un bâtiment […]  1, record 3, French, - colonne%20thermique

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Convective Available Potential Energy(CAPE) is measure of the amount of energy available for convection. CAPE is directly related to the maximum potential vertical speed within an updraft.  1, record 4, English, - convective%20available%20potential%20energy

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

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La quantité d'énergie potentielle de convention disponible (EPCD) et le niveau de convection libre déterminent la vitesse des courants ascendants. Une énergie potentielle de convection disponible ayant des valeurs extrêmes peut être à l'origine d'un développement explosif d'orages [...]  1, record 4, French, - %C3%A9nergie%20potentielle%20de%20convection%20disponible

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Mushroom clouds are formed by many sorts of large explosions under earth gravity, though they are best known for their appearance after nuclear detonations.... While it rises, air is drawn into it and upwards(similar to the updraft of a chimney), producing strong air currents known as "afterwinds", while inside the head of the cloud the hot gases rotate in a toroid shape. When the detonation itself is low enough, these afterwinds will draw in dirt and debris from the ground below to form the stem of the mushroom cloud.  2, record 5, English, - stem

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 2 CONT

[Nuclear tests]. The rapid formation of the cloud was dramatic - the stem shot up into the air like the Geneva fountain, developed the typical mushroom head, and then seemed to penetrate it and keep on going.  3, record 5, English, - stem

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[Essais nucléaires]. Baker [explosion sous-marine] demeure à ce jour l'une des explosions les plus impressionnantes de par la masse d'eau projetée en l'air, la colonne atteignit plus de 2 kilomètres de haut et souleva ainsi plus d'un million de mètres cube d'eau.  1, record 5, French, - colonne

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A tornado that occurs within supercells that contain well-established midlevel mesocyclones.  2, record 6, English, - supercell%20tornado

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The supercell tornado is the most common and most violent type of tornado. These storms are formed from the rotating supercell thunderstorm, due to a clockwise change in wind direction with height. This changing of the wind direction with height causes horizontal tubes of spinning air to form. A thunderstorm updraft tilts the horizontally spinning tube of air into the vertical and stretches it out forming a small area of low pressure called a "Meso Low" which enhances the low level winds which ultimately leads to the formation of a tornado. Supercell tornadoes can exist for up to six hours, grow to diameters greater than a mile, and produce winds up to 300 mph. The visible funnel cloud forms because of the significant air pressure drop in the region of the meso low and tornado. The lower air pressure allows water vapor to condense into cloud droplets at a lower altitude, forming a cloud around the spinning funnel of air. In areas of the country, such as Colorado, where low level moisture may be lacking, a tornado may occur with no visible funnel cloud at all.  3, record 6, English, - supercell%20tornado

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La tornade supercellulaire se forme quand les vents de la basse atmosphère se trouvent dans la bonne configuration et sont remontés dans un orage, qu'ils font tournoyer. La «bonne» configuration est celle d'un profil de vent dextrogyre, c'est-à-dire de vent qui tourne dans le sens des aiguilles d'une montre, par exemple des vents du sud à la surface, des vents du sud-ouest à 609 mètres et des vents d'ouest à 2 438 m. Bien entendu, les «ingrédients» doivent d'abord être présents : l'instabilité, l'humidité (le carburant) et un déclencheur (un front froid en constitue un bon, mais il en existe beaucoup d'autres).  2, record 6, French, - tornade%20supercellulaire

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[...] les tornades supercellulaires peuvent exhiber un caractère très dévastateur. [Elles] dépendent d'un mécanisme générateur comprenant une couche verticale de l'atmosphère nettement plus grande. Elles sont issues comme leur nom l'indique de supercellules, des orages exhibant une colonne d'air ascendante et tourbillonnaire de l'ordre de 5-20 km de diamètre et 3-7 km de hauteur, à ne pas confondre avec la tornade elle-même. Ce mésocyclone, comme on nomme cette colonne, est souvent détectable par radar doppler et permet au prévisionniste d'anticiper parfois de 20 minutes le développement d'une tornade. Toutefois, bien qu'une tornade supercellulaire nécessite un mésocyclone pour se former, la présence d'un mésocyclone à lui seul ne garantit pas qu'une tornade s'ensuive.  3, record 6, French, - tornade%20supercellulaire

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 3 CONT

Une tornade peut prendre naissance de trois façons : par une configuration particulière des vents dans la basse atmosphère (tornade supercellulaire), par l'inversion d'un vortex déjà présent dans l'atmosphère (tornade en forme d'entonnoir) ou par la création d'un vortex par une forte rafale descendante (tornade de front de rafales). La tornade supercellulaire est la plus grosse et la plus forte des trois types, mais celle en forme d'entonnoir est la plus courante.  2, record 6, French, - tornade%20supercellulaire

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Tornado that occurs with a parent cloud in its growth stage and with its vorticity originating in the boundary layer.  3, record 7, English, - non%2Dsupercell%20tornado

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The term "non-supercell tornado" (NST) as given by Wakimoto and Wilson (1989) or "non-mesocyclone tornado" as given by Brady and Szoke (1989) has been used to describe tornadoes associated with storms not displaying the strong pre-tornadic mid-level rotation found in supercell storms. NST’s are usually associated with deep convection found along lower tropospheric boundaries possessing significant across-front horizontal shear.  2, record 7, English, - non%2Dsupercell%20tornado

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Non-supercell tornadoes ... [are] tornadoes which are not associated with supercells ... Non-supercell tornadoes present a significant threat to the public, as well as a formidable task for those who must attempt to forecast conditions ripe for their occurrence, and detect their presence once they form.  4, record 7, English, - non%2Dsupercell%20tornado

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 3 CONT

Non-supercell tornadoes... occur in nonmesocyclone convection in an environment of weak shear over a boundary that is a source of vertical vorticity... The tornado occurs in the development phase of the thunderstorm with the updraft of the thunderstorm stretching the environmental vertical vorticity.  5, record 7, English, - non%2Dsupercell%20tornado

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... we will briefly discuss two types of non-supercell tornadoes ... Gustnadoes [and] Landspouts ...  4, record 7, English, - non%2Dsupercell%20tornado

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

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[...] les tornades non-supercellulaires pour la plupart de faible intensité [...] sont parfois déclenchées le long des lignes de grains et sont beaucoup plus difficiles à prévoir du fait qu'elles dépendent de facteurs de vents très locaux. Leur genèse dépend plutôt de mécanismes de basses altitudes.  2, record 7, French, - tornade%20non%2Dsupercellulaire

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A supercell thunderstorm characterized by a relative lack of visible precipitation.  1, record 8, English, - low%2Dprecipitation%20storm

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

An LP supercell is characterized by a very long anvil, a small core region, a wall cloud at the back, and a thin precipitation curtain that usually lets some light through. Tornadoes can occur, but the main severe threat is usually large hail.  5, record 8, English, - low%2Dprecipitation%20storm

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Visually similar to a classic supercell, except without the heavy precipitation core. LP storms often exhibit a striking visual appearance; the main tower often is bell-shaped, with a corkscrew appearance suggesting rotation. They are capable of producing tornadoes and very large hail. Radar identification often is difficult relative to other types of supercells, so visual reports are very important. LP storms almost always occur on or near the dry line, and thus are sometimes referred to as dry line storms.  1, record 8, English, - low%2Dprecipitation%20storm

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 3 CONT

LP supercells... have little VISIBLE precipitation and most regions of the storm base are visible. The word VISIBLE is stressed here because these storms often contain very large hail which does not block light as much as rain as if issues from the cloud. LP storms usually have a striking visual appearance with corkscrew or "barber-pole" striations on the updraft tower. LP supercell tornadoes are often unobscured from viewing around the storm. Sometimes called LP’er.  3, record 8, English, - low%2Dprecipitation%20storm

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L'orage supercellulaire à faibles précipitations comporte une enclume très allongée, un petit noyau, un mur de nuages à l'arrière et un mince rideau de précipitations qui laisse habituellement filtrer de la lumière. Il peut présenter un risque de tornade, mais il se contente habituellement de produire de gros grêlons.  1, record 8, French, - orage%20supercellulaire%20%C3%A0%20faibles%20pr%C3%A9cipitations

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A supercell with "text-book" like features such as a well-defined hook echo on a radar scope and the precipitation core downwind of the wall cloud and rain free storm base.  2, record 9, English, - classic%20supercell

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Supercell [is] a thunderstorm with a persistent rotating updraft. Supercells are rare, but are responsible for a remarkably high percentage of severe weather events-especially tornadoes, extremely large hail and damaging straight-line winds. They frequently travel to the right of the main environmental winds(i. e., they are right movers). Radar characteristics often(but not always) include a hook or pendant, bounded weak echo region(BWER), V-notch, mesocyclone, and sometimes a TVS [Tornado Vortex Signature]. Visual characteristics often include a rain-free base(with or without a wall cloud), tail cloud, flanking line, overshooting top, and back-sheared anvil, all of which normally are observed in or near the right rear or southwest part of the storm. Storms exhibiting these characteristics often are called classic supercells; however HP(High Precipitation) storms and LP(Low Precipitation) storms also are supercell varieties.  3, record 9, English, - classic%20supercell

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 2 CONT

The severe version of a worst-last storm is also a supercell type, and is either called a "classic supercell" (the standard supercell type) or an "LP (low-precipitation) supercell" - a dry-weather, high wind shear version. ... The classic supercell has a larger, darker appearance and accounts for most of the major tornado events everywhere.  4, record 9, English, - classic%20supercell

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les orages de queue qui sont violents sont aussi de type supercellulaire; on les appelle des orages supercellulaires classiques ou à faibles précipitations (caractérisés par la présence d'air sec et d'un fort cisaillement du vent). [...] Les orages supercellulaires classiques sont de plus grande étendue et plus sombres; ce sont eux qui produisent la plupart des tornades, quelle que soit la région.  1, record 9, French, - orage%20supercellulaire%20classique

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

... whirling columns of water droplets that spiral up from a lake or sea [and that] frequently form under clear skies.  3, record 10, English, - fair%20weather%20waterspout

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Waterspouts form over (or move across) the coastal waters or intracoastal waters ... They are treated as tornadoes over water. There are two type of waterspouts: "fair weather" and "tornadic". Fair weather waterspouts are usually weaker, move slowly, and may not be associated with a thunderstorm. Tornadic waterspouts form within developing thunderstorms, or severe thunderstorms, and move much faster while being more intense.  4, record 10, English, - fair%20weather%20waterspout

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 2 CONT

The most common type of waterspout is a fairweather waterspout, which arises over warm seas, e. g. near Florida. It lasts for only a few minutes. These waterspouts are generally of F0 intensity, with winds of no more than 30 m/s. They typically occur during the developing stage of an airmass thunderstorm, below the main updraft. These thunderstorms are found in weakly sheared environments, so the spin-up must result mainly from vortex stretching and less from vortex tilting.  2, record 10, English, - fair%20weather%20waterspout

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 3 CONT

Fair weather waterspouts only form over water. ... The fair weather waterspouts are much more regular than tornadic waterspouts.  5, record 10, English, - fair%20weather%20waterspout

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La trombe marine véritable se forme au-dessus de l'eau et n'est pas accompagnée d'un violent orage. Si jamais un orage intense produisant une tornade passe au-dessus d'une masse d'eau, cette tornade présente autant de danger que sur terre. La différence entre la tornade et la trombe marine tient exclusivement aux conditions atmosphériques en présence dans le second cas. Si le temps est frais et nuageux et qu'il y a quelques averses mais pas d'orage comme tel, tout entonnoir ressemblant à une tornade qui pourrait se former au-dessus de l'eau est une trombe marine.  1, record 10, French, - trombe%20marine

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

An upward-rushing air current caused by convection and usually found in the front portion of a heavy-to-violent thunderstorm.  4, record 11, English, - updraft

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The term "lift" used as a synonym of "updraft" could only be found in bilingual dictionaries and in some cases in reference to flying.  5, record 11, English, - updraft

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 2 OBS

updraft : term officially approved by the Aeronautical Terminology Standardization Committee(ATSC)-Helicopters.  6, record 11, English, - updraft

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Courant aérien possédant une composante verticale dirigée de bas en haut.  3, record 11, French, - courant%20ascendant

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Un courant ascendant est un courant transportant de l'air vers le haut dans la direction verticale au sein de l'atmosphère. Cette notion, en fait, est particulièrement dépendante de l'échelle spatio-temporelle à laquelle la vitesse verticale de l'air est évaluée.  4, record 11, French, - courant%20ascendant

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 OBS

ascendance : terme uniformisé par le Comité d'uniformisation de la terminologie aéronautique (CUTA) - Hélicoptères.  5, record 11, French, - courant%20ascendant

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 2 OBS

courant ascendant; ascendance : termes uniformisés par le Comité d'uniformisation de la terminologie aéronautique (CUTA) - Opérations aériennes.  6, record 11, French, - courant%20ascendant

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Corriente de aire, de pequeñas dimensiones, que se mueve hacia arriba.  1, record 11, Spanish, - corriente%20ascendente

Record 12,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Cloud column or inverted cloud cone, protruding from a cloud base; it is a cloudy manifestation of a more or less intense vortex.  7, record 12, English, - tuba

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Funnel cloud is a condensation funnel extending from the base of a towering cumulus or Cb [cumulonimbus], associated with a rotating column of air that is not in contact with the ground (and hence different from a tornado). A condensation funnel is a tornado, not a funnel cloud, if either a) it is in contact with the ground or b) a debris cloud or dust whirl is visible beneath it.  8, record 12, English, - tuba

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 2 CONT

The tornado and severe weather associated storm produce a recognizable radar echo structural organization resulting from an intense moist updraft. Some of these considerations are :... A low-level pendant exists generally perpendicular to the storm motion and beneath the echo overhang, or a bounded weak echo region(BWER) exists. This pendant may be absent in low precipitation supercells.  6, record 12, English, - tuba

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

This supplementary cloud feature occurs with Cumulonimbus and, less often, with Cumulus.  7, record 12, English, - tuba

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 2 OBS

tuba: ... when it reaches the earth’s surface it constitutes the cloudy manifestation of an intense vortex, namely, a tornado or waterspout.  7, record 12, English, - tuba

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 3 OBS

tuba: Obsolete; commonly called funnel cloud; also called pendant cloud, tornado cloud.  5, record 12, English, - tuba

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 4 OBS

Some sources consider "tuba" and "funnel cloud" as synonyms, however in the International meteorological vocabulary [OMMV] these terms have separate entries.  9, record 12, English, - tuba

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 5 OBS

Compare with "funnel column".  10, record 12, English, - tuba

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Colonne nuageuse ou cône nuageux renversé en forme d'entonnoir, sortant de la base d'un nuage; c'est une manifestation nuageuse d'un tourbillon de vent plus ou moins intense.  3, record 12, French, - tuba

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Il existe plusieurs variantes de tornades. Toutefois, on observe habituellement cinq étapes : la mise en place : une colonne d'air en rotation se développe au sein d'un cumulonimbus, puis se dirige vers le sol. Un nuage en forme d'entonnoir (le tuba) descend en tourbillonnant vers le sol; la naissance : en atteignant le sol, la colonne devient, par définition, une tornade [...]  4, record 12, French, - tuba

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 2 CONT

[Le] tuba [est une] colonne ou cône nuageux en rotation rapide qui se développe de la base du nuage vers la surface, c'est la partie visible d'une tornade ou d'une trombe.  5, record 12, French, - tuba

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

tuba [...] Cette particularité supplémentaire se présente avec les cumulonimbus et, plus rarement, avec les cumulus.  3, record 12, French, - tuba

Record 12,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Nube con una forma de columna o de cono invertido que emerge de la base de una nube; constituye la manifestación en forma de nube de un vórtice más o menos intenso.  1, record 12, Spanish, - tuba

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Esta particularidad suplementaria se observa en los Cumulonimbus y, con menor frecuencia, en los Cumulus.  1, record 12, Spanish, - tuba

Record 13,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 CONT

An issue of considerable interest is the so-called multicellular thunderstorm system, as opposed to supercells, which are often presumed to be unicellular. A form of multicellular convection that has already been simulated extensively is the squall line. The typical method for simulating this form of deep line-oriented convection has been to release a number of laterally-aligned IB’s. After the initial storms develop, their outflows merge, producing a line of convection resembling a squall line. Squall lines are not the only type of multicellular convection observed, however. In isolated multicell storms, a succession of updrafts is typical.  1, record 13, English, - multicellular%20thunderstorm%20system

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Thunderstorms are often classified into a spectrum based on their cell structure : single cells, multicellular storms, and supercells. The type of storm depends on the instability and relative wind conditions at different layers of the atmosphere(shear). The "single-cell"(unicell) thunderstorm is [a] three-stage situation... usually lasting about 30 minutes from the start of significant precipitation. A severe unicell storm is often referred to as a pulse thunderstorm.... In a multicell thunderstorm, several thunderstorm cells merge into a larger system. The cloud becomes divided into updraft and downdraft regions separated by a gust front. The gust front may extend for several miles ahead of the storm, bringing with it increases in wind speed and atmospheric pressure, decreases in temperature, and shifts in wind direction. The storm itself will have different portions sequentually going through the various thunderstorm stages. In many cases the immature cells develop along a line known as a "flanking line, "resulting in what is known as a line multicell.  6, record 13, English, - multicellular%20thunderstorm%20system

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 2 OBS

storm system: Often refers to "thunderstorm system" (in French: "système orageux"), which is a frequent type of storm system but not the only one; an elliptic form which can be used when there is no risk of ambiguity.  3, record 13, English, - multicellular%20thunderstorm%20system

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

Record 13,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 14,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... in February, freezing rain hours reach a secondary maxima at the warmest temperature (>0°C) quintiles at several of the U.S. stations ...  2, record 14, English, - secondary%20maxima

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 2 CONT

The heaviest rain usually occurs along the coastline, but sometimes there is a secondary maximum further inland. This heavy rain usually occurs slightly to the right of the cyclone track and usually occurs between 6 hours before and 6 hours after landfall.  3, record 14, English, - secondary%20maxima

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 3 CONT

Major drop growth occurs near the cloud top in close association with motion of the cloud top cell. The updraft in the cloud top cell acts to select drops which form the observed secondary maximum in the raindrop size spectrum.  4, record 14, English, - secondary%20maxima

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 4 CONT

Increasing amounts of convective precipitation were associated with echoes of increasing maximum height, from the very small amounts in echoes 5 km to a maximum amount from echoes with maximum tops of 12 km. A secondary maximum of rain was associated with overshooting echoes reaching 15-16 km.  5, record 14, English, - secondary%20maxima

Record 14,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Après un étiage relatif en octobre, on observe, en novembre, une légère hausse due à la pluie, induisant un maximum secondaire de coefficient inférieur à 1.  2, record 14, French, - maximum%20secondaire

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Automne : les violentes pluies de cette saison (la plus pluvieuse dans le climat méditerranéen) entraînent un maximum secondaire, avec des crues parfois très importantes.  3, record 14, French, - maximum%20secondaire

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 3 CONT

Les moyennes annuelles [des précipitations] montrent un maximum principal en automne, un maximum secondaire au printemps et un minimum en été au sud et au centre.  4, record 14, French, - maximum%20secondaire

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 OBS

pluriel : maximums secondaires; maxima secondaires.  5, record 14, French, - maximum%20secondaire

Record 14,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 15,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The final phase in the life cycle of a thunderstorm cell; features downdrafts throughout the system and vaporization of clouds.  2, record 15, English, - dissipation%20stage

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The life cycle of a thunderstorm cell can be divided into three stages which are determined by the magnitude and direction of the predominating vertical motions within the cell. These stages include(1) the cumulus stage,(2) the mature stage, and(3) the dissipation stage.... The dissipating stage is characterized by weak downdrafts throughout the cell. In this stage there are no longer the updraft currents which provided the condensing water(precipitation) in the previous stage. When complete dissipation has occurred, only stratified clouds will remain.  1, record 15, English, - dissipation%20stage

Record 15,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le stade de dissipation [est] caractérisé par des mouvements descendants. [...] Le stade de dissipation commence dès que les courants ascendants disparaissent et que les courants descendants ont envahi l'ensemble de la cellule. Le nuage commence à se dissiper. La dissipation totale ou la stratification intervient dès que la pluie (ou la neige) et les courants descendants cessent. Le sommet du nuage prend la forme caractéristique d'une enclume (cb incus) qui peut s'étendre horizontalement sur plusieurs kilomètres. Dès le début de ce stade, qui dure environ 30 minutes, les risques d'orage disparaissent. Lorsque les mouvements descendants cessent, les températures à l'intérieur de la cellule deviennent égales à celles de l'air environnant à même altitude.  2, record 15, French, - stade%20de%20dissipation

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Un orage est composé de différentes cellules qui se trouvent à un stade de développement différent. Le cycle de vie d'une des cellules comporte trois stades : cumulus (ou naissance), adulte et dissipation.  3, record 15, French, - stade%20de%20dissipation

Record 15,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 16,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Initial stage in the life cycle of a thunderstorm cell; consists of towering cumulus clouds with updraft throughout the system.  2, record 16, English, - cumulus%20stage

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The life cycle of a thunderstorm cell can be divided into three stages which are determined by the magnitude and direction of the predominating vertical motions within the cell. These stages include (1) the cumulus stage, (2) the mature stage, and (3) the dissipation stage. ... In the cumulus stage a cell is formed from a collection of cumulus clouds, characterized by updrafts throughout the cell. The in-cloud temperatures in a strongly developing cell are higher than the temperatures of the surrounding environment at corresponding altitudes.  3, record 16, English, - cumulus%20stage

Record 16,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Stade cumulus. Durant ce stade, la cellule est caractérisée par des mouvements ascendants à travers toute la cellule. [...] Ces mouvements ascendants maintiennent en suspension l'eau liquide formée, empêchant les précipitations en surface. Aucun éclair n'est observé durant ce stade dont la durée est de dix à quinze minutes. Les températures à l'intérieur d'une cellule bien développée sont plus élevées que celles de l'air environnant aux altitudes correspondantes.  3, record 16, French, - stade%20cumulus

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Un orage est composé de différentes cellules qui se trouvent à un stade de développement différent. Le cycle de vie d'une des cellules comporte trois stades : cumulus (ou naissance), adulte et dissipation.  2, record 16, French, - stade%20cumulus

Record 16,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 17,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Ventilated, metal termination to a flue that either revolves according to wind velocity, or turns to face downwind, used to increase the updraft in the flue.  5, record 17, English, - chimney%20cowl

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 2 DEF

A revolving metal ventilator over a chimney.  6, record 17, English, - chimney%20cowl

Record 17,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Tuyau coudé placé au faîte d'un conduit de fumée, tournant sur pivot de façon à orienter le débouché sous le vent.  4, record 17, French, - gueule%2Dde%2Dloup

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 2 DEF

Mitre ou bonnet au sommet d'une cheminée, s'orientant en fonction de la direction du vent.  5, record 17, French, - gueule%2Dde%2Dloup

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Pluriel : des gueules-de-loup.  6, record 17, French, - gueule%2Dde%2Dloup

Record 17,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Cubierta, frecuentemente con rejillas, fija o rotativa, que se coloca en la parte superior de un caño de ventilición para reducir el contratiro.  1, record 17, Spanish, - capucha

Record 18,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A pit latrine(i. e. a latrine consisting of a pit, a squatting plate(or seat and riser) and foundation, and a superstructure) where the pit is slightly offset to make room for an external vent pipe, painted black and located on the sunny side of the latrine superstructure so that the air in the vent pipe will heat up and create an updraft with a corresponding down draft through the squatting plate.  1, record 18, English, - ventilated%20improved%20pit%20latrine

Record 18,  Textual support,  French

Record 18,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 19,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Cloud formation makes the convection process visible. An unstable atmospheric column will lead to updrafts. If the air below is moist, the updraft will lead to condensation into droplets. The condensation process accelerates the updraft owing to the release of latent heat. Examples are the various types of cumulus clouds(e. g., cumulus, cumulus congestus, cumulonimbus).  2, record 19, English, - condensation%20process

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 OBS

condensation. Phase transition from gas to liquid, accompanied by release of heat. In meteorology, condensation (the opposite of evaporation) usually refers to the method by which water vapor becomes a liquid.  2, record 19, English, - condensation%20process

Record 19,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Pour que le nuage se développe encore, les étages moyen et supérieur de la troposphère doivent être instables. La chaleur latente libérée par le processus de condensation va accroître cette instabilité en réchauffant l'air ascendant.  1, record 19, French, - processus%20de%20condensation

Record 19,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 20,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Severe pulse storms are difficult to identify on radar imagery. This type of storm... [consists] of a single cell possessing an intense updraft which rises through the lower atmosphere, producing large amounts of liquid water and ice. This saturated updraft is quickly replaced by an equally strong downdraft which accelerates, as the moist air encounters drier air and evaporational cooling occurs.  1, record 20, English, - severe%20pulse%20storm

Record 20,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Une caractéristique radar importante des supercellules de convection orageuse est la présence d'une région d'échos faibles; celle-ci marque l'emplacement d'un courant ascendant dont l'intensité est telle [...] que les particules diffusantes sont chassées. Cette zone d'échos faibles est surmontée par une voûte ou surplomb d'échos nettement plus forts et entourée en totalité ou en partie par des échos créés par les précipitations qui environnent l'ascendance. [...] À bas niveau, les échos forts créés par les précipitations se situent vers l'arrière de la cellule avec éventuellement une extension en forme de crochet.  2, record 20, French, - orage%20%C3%A0%20%C3%A9chos%20forts

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Écho radar : Dans le cas général d'un radar à impulsions, l'écho est une impulsion d'énergie électromagnétique hyperfréquence dont l'amplitude croît avec l'amplitude et la durée de l'impulsion émise et avec la surface équivalente de la cible et décroît avec la distance radiale.  3, record 20, French, - orage%20%C3%A0%20%C3%A9chos%20forts

Record 20,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 21,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The tornado and severe weather associated storm produce a recognizable radar echo structural organization resulting from an intense moist updraft. Some of these considerations are :... A low-level pendant exists generally perpendicular to the storm motion and beneath the echo overhang, or a bounded weak echo region(BWER) exists. This pendant may be absent in low precipitation supercells.  2, record 21, English, - low%2Dlevel%20tuba

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 OBS

"tuba": Cloud column or inverted cloud cone, protruding from a cloud base; it is a cloudy manifestation of a more or less intense vortex. This supplementary cloud feature occurs with Cumulonimbus and, less often, with Cumulus.  3, record 21, English, - low%2Dlevel%20tuba

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 2 OBS

See also "funnel cloud", "funnel column" and "low-level cloud".  1, record 21, English, - low%2Dlevel%20tuba

Record 21,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 OBS

«tuba» : colonne ou cône nuageux en rotation rapide qui se développe de la base du nuage vers la surface, c'est la partie visible d'une tornade ou d'une trombe.  2, record 21, French, - tuba%20de%20basse%20altitude

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 2 OBS

«tuba» : Colonne nuageuse ou cône nuageux renversé en forme d'entonnoir, sortant de la base d'un nuage; c'est une manifestation nuageuse d'un tourbillon de vent plus ou moins intense. Cette particularité supplémentaire se présente avec les Cumulonimbus et, plus rarement, avec les Cumulus.  3, record 21, French, - tuba%20de%20basse%20altitude

Record 21,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 22,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A rotating thunderstorm updraft that may give rise to a tornado. Scientific American, April 1984.  1, record 22, English, - mesocyclone

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The Doppler radars at King City and Carvel have gust front and microburst (applies only to the immediate 40 km from the radar) algorithms, in addition to the mesocyclone algorithm, which are helpful for real time diagnosis of radial velocity imagery.  2, record 22, English, - mesocyclone

Record 22,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 DEF

circulation cyclonique [...] à l'échelle d'un orage.  1, record 22, French, - m%C3%A9socyclone

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les valeurs de vorticité cyclonique et anticyclonique atteignent leurs maximums en moyenne ou haute troposphère, au niveau de plus forte vitesse verticale où la convergence s'annule. Le poids des précipitations formées à partir des gouttelettes de nuage diminue bientôt l'intensité des mouvements verticaux au centre du courant ascendant, il va alors se séparer en deux parties : celle située sur la droite par rapport au déplacement emporte une circulation cyclonique appelée mésocyclone, celle sur la gauche une circulation anticyclonique, le mésoanticyclone.  1, record 22, French, - m%C3%A9socyclone

Record 22,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 23,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In fluidized beds and suspension gasification, there is continuous relative motion of the discrete solid particles, while in fixed bed gasifiers there is much slower stratified motion of the solid bed as a whole, generally downward by gravity. The gas can then pass either in the opposite direction to the fuel(updraft or counterflow gasifiers)... or in the same direction(downdraft or coflow gasifiers).... While fixed bed coal gasifiers are updraft, biomass gasifiers can be either updraft or downdraft, depending on the purpose for which the gas is to be used. Updraft gasifiers can use very wet wood, but because the pyrolysis products are immediately cooled, the gas contains up to 30% of tar and oil.  1, record 23, English, - updraft%20gasifier

Record 23,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Le plus simple appareil de gazéification, à l'air (...), où les gaz montent à travers une couche de bois fixe disposée sur une grille (...) La combustion partielle et la gazéification du charbon de bois se produisent au point le plus chaud, c'est-à-dire sur la grille; les gaz dégagés traversent la couche de bois en cours de pyrolyse puis de séchage en emmenant de l'eau, des matières pyroligneuses et des goudrons. Il faut que ces gaz sortent à température assez élevée pour empêcher les condensations. Il faut également que ces gaz soient utilisés, brûlés immédiatement. Mais la difficulté due à la présence de goudrons subsiste.  1, record 23, French, - gazog%C3%A8ne%20classique

Record 23,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 24,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 OBS

(...) in updraft carburetor(...) air entered at the bottom or side of the carburetor, mixed with the fuel and passed out the top of the unit and then into the manifold.  1, record 24, English, - updraft%20carburetor

Record 24,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 OBS

(...) dans le carburateur vertical (...) le courant gazeux a une direction verticale dirigée de bas en haut.  1, record 24, French, - carburateur%20vertical

Record 24,  Textual support,  Spanish