TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A photo lineup typically consists of a number of photographs, including a picture of the suspect. By law, subjects in the photo lineup must be similar in appearance to the suspect so as not to unduly highlight or intentionally elicit a response that could be prejudicial to the accused. Positive identification by the witness can be used to arrest the suspect, and may come into evidence should the case go to trial.  4, record 1, English, - photo%20lineup

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

If the party only wishes to impeach the credibility of the witness, then the voir dire and trial proceed as it did under the orthodox rule, with the trial judge instructing the jury accordingly. If the party wishes to make substantive use of the statement, however, then there will be a "two-stage voir dire. "  2, record 2, English, - bifurcated%20voir%20dire

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

voir dire: An inquiry in a trial to determine whether a particular piece of evidence ... is admissible in evidence.  3, record 2, English, - bifurcated%20voir%20dire

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Examen préliminaire d'un élément de preuve présenté en deux parties distinctes devant un juge pour qu'il puisse admettre son admissibilité dans le cadre d'un procès au criminel ou au civil.  2, record 2, French, - voir%2Ddire%20%C3%A0%20deux%20volets

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A party who calls a witness at trial, or "presents a witness" on the hearing of an application, must provide a translator or signer if the witness cannot adequately understand the questions, or cannot give answers that are adequately understood, without the assistance of a person who is able to translate or sign.  2, record 3, English, - present%20a%20witness

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 OBS

present a witness: term used by Citizenship and Immigration Canada.  3, record 3, English, - present%20a%20witness

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La partie qui appelle un témoin au procès ou qui «présente un témoin» à l’audition d’une requête doit fournir les services d’un traducteur ou d’un interprète gestuel dans le cas où le témoin ne peut comprendre suffisamment les questions qui lui sont posées ou ne peut donner des réponses qui sont bien comprises sans l’assistance d’une personne capable de traduire ou de faire l’interprétation gestuelle.  3, record 3, French, - pr%C3%A9senter%20un%20t%C3%A9moin

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 OBS

citer un témoin : terme employé par Citoyenneté et Immigration Canada.  4, record 3, French, - pr%C3%A9senter%20un%20t%C3%A9moin

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Examination as to previous convictions−[A] witness may be questioned as to whether the witness has been convicted of any offence, excluding any offence designated as a contravention under the Contraventions Act, but including such an offence where the conviction was entered after a trial on an indictment.  1, record 4, English, - examination%20as%20to%20previous%20convictions

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Interrogatoire sur condamnations antérieures − Un témoin peut être interrogé sur la question de savoir s’il a déjà été déclaré coupable d’une infraction autre qu’une infraction qualifiée de contravention en vertu de la Loi sur les contraventions, mais incluant une telle infraction si elle aboutit à une déclaration de culpabilité par mise en accusation.  1, record 4, French, - interrogatoire%20sur%20condamnations%20ant%C3%A9rieures

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

On any trial a witness may be cross-examined as to previous statements that the witness made... relative to the subject-matter of the case, without... the witness being given the opportunity to... take cognizance of the statements, but, if it is intended to "contradict the witness, "the witness’ attention must, before the contradictory proof can be given, be called to those parts of the statement that are to be used for the purpose of so contradicting the witness...  2, record 5, English, - contradict%20a%20witness

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Lors de tout procès, un témoin peut être contre-interrogé au sujet des déclarations antérieures qu’il a faites [...] relativement au sujet de la cause, sans qu’il lui soit permis d’en prendre connaissance. Cependant, si l’on entend «mettre le témoin en contradiction» avec lui-même au moyen de cette pièce, l’on doit, avant de pouvoir établir cette preuve contradictoire, appeler son attention sur les parties de celle-ci qui doivent servir à le mettre ainsi en contradiction.  2, record 5, French, - contredire%20un%20t%C3%A9moin

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Attending trial when there is a finding of guilt as opposed to a guilty plea.  2, record 6, English, - attendance%20at%20trial

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Upon the service upon the party or witness of an order referred to in section 43, and of an appointment of a time and place for the examination of such party or witness signed by the person named in the order for taking the examination, or, if more than one person is named, then by one of the persons named, and upon payment or tender of the like conduct money as is properly payable upon attendance at a trial, the order may be enforced in like manner as an order made by the court or judge in a cause pending in such court or before such judge.  3, record 6, English, - attendance%20at%20trial

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Présence au procès – Cette rubrique couvre toute affaire dans laquelle l’avocat assiste au procès lorsqu’il s’agit d’un procès donnant lieu à une déclaration de culpabilité, par opposition à un plaidoyer de culpabilité.  1, record 6, French, - pr%C3%A9sence%20au%20proc%C3%A8s

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Reimbursement paid to a witness for reasonable expenses incurred while going to, staying at and returning from the place where a discovery or trial is held.  4, record 7, English, - witness%20fees

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

One who testifies to what he has seen, heard or otherwise observed. One who subscribes to a document to evidence the fact that it was executed in his presence and thereby authenticating the same.  2, record 8, English, - witness

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The testimony of a witness may be written as by means of affidavits or viva voce, that is, oral as at a trial. Every witness is presumed to be competent to give evidence provided he has sufficient mental understanding.  2, record 8, English, - witness

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

témoin : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation dans le cadre du Programme national de l'administration de la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 8, French, - t%C3%A9moin

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A fee paid by a party to a witness as reimbursement for reasonable expenses(such as travel, meals, lodging, and loss of time) incurred as a result of the witness's having to attend and testify at a deposition or trial.  2, record 9, English, - witness%20fees

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF

La totalité de l'indemnité payable à un témoin, y compris les frais de déplacement et de séjour, etc.  1, record 9, French, - indemnit%C3%A9%20de%20t%C3%A9moin

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 OBS

indemnité de témoin : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation dans le cadre du Programme national de l'administration de la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 9, French, - indemnit%C3%A9%20de%20t%C3%A9moin

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[Law French "to speak the truth"] 1) A preliminary examination of a prospective juror by a judge or lawyer to decide whether the prospect is qualified and suitable to serve on a jury.  2, record 10, English, - voir%20dire

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 OBS

In practice, it denotes a preliminary examination or "a trial within a trial" whereby a witness is examined, before continuing with his testimony, in regard to his competency, interest, etc. Such an examination may also be conducted to determine the voluntary nature of any confession or admission made by an accused person to a police officer.(Canadian Law Dictionary, 1980, p. 403)  3, record 10, English, - voir%20dire

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

voir-dire : lors d'un procès criminel, examen par le juge, en l'absence du jury, d'un élément de preuve que l'on veut présenter, afin d'en évaluer l'admissibilité. Cette preuve n'est alors soumise au jury que si le juge en prononce l'admissibilité.  2, record 10, French, - voir%2Ddire

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 OBS

voir-dire : terme normalisé par le comité de normalisation dans le cadre du Programme national de l'administration de la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  3, record 10, French, - voir%2Ddire

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The administration of an oath as to a trial witness...(Black's).  1, record 11, English, - swearing%2Din

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 OBS

assermentation : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation dans le cadre du Programme national de l'administration de la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 11, French, - assermentation

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 12,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A question which suggests to the witness the answer which the party examining desires him to give.  2, record 12, English, - leading%20question

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Where a witness is evasive, the trial judge may permit the party calling that witness to examine him by means of leading questions relevant to the matters in issue.  3, record 12, English, - leading%20question

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

question suggestive : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation dans le cadre du Programme national de l'administration de la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 12, French, - question%20suggestive

Record 12,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 13,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A psychiatrist witness refused to answer questions put by the husband's counsel about what the wife had told him during professional consultation.... After stating that no legal privilege existed in the circumstances, the trial judge refused to order the witness to answer....(Schiff, Evidence in the Litigation Process, 1978, p. 1014).  1, record 13, English, - legal%20privilege

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 OBS

privilège juridique : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation dans le cadre du Programme national de l'administration de la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 13, French, - privil%C3%A8ge%20juridique

Record 13,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 14,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A statement, other than one made by the [witness] while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.(Black's, p. 649)  1, record 14, English, - hearsay

Record 14,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 OBS

ouï-dire : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation dans le cadre du Programme national de l'administration de la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 14, French, - ou%C3%AF%2Ddire

Record 14,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 15,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The Court may, in its discretion, at any stage of a trial direct that a witness be recalled for further examination.(Federal Court Rules, r. 494(4]  1, record 15, English, - further%20examination

Record 15,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 OBS

interrogatoire supplémentaire : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation dans le cadre du Programme national de l'administration de la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 15, French, - interrogatoire%20suppl%C3%A9mentaire

Record 15,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 16,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Of a witness is at the discretion of the trial judge who may, at any party's request, order that the witness stay out of the courtroom until called to give evidence.  2, record 16, English, - exclusion

Record 16,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Le terme s'applique aussi bien aux témoins qu'aux preuves. Ex. : «Exclusion of evidence».  2, record 16, French, - exclusion

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 2 OBS

exclusion : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation dans le cadre du Programme national de l'administration de la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 16, French, - exclusion

Record 16,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 17,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[Evidence] of a witness whose testimony is important and might otherwise be lost, [taken] out of court and before the trial, with the proviso that the deposition so taken may be used on the trial in case the witness is unable to attend in person at that time or cannot be produced.(Black's, p. 361)  1, record 17, English, - evidence%20de%20bene%20esse

Record 17,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 OBS

témoignage provisionnel; témoignage de bene esse : termes normalisés par le Comité de normalisation dans le cadre du Programme national de l'administration de la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 17, French, - t%C3%A9moignage%20provisionnel

Record 17,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 18,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Evidence is direct where the fact proved by it(the evidentiary fact) is the fact in issue, or the fact required to be proved; as where on a trial for murder a witness deposes that he saw the prisoner kill the deceased.(Jowitt's, p. 729)  1, record 18, English, - direct%20evidence

Record 18,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 OBS

preuve directe : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation dans le cadre du Programme national de l'administration de la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 18, French, - preuve%20directe

Record 18,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 19,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The first questioning of a witness in a trial or other proceeding, conducted by the party who called the witness to testify.  3, record 19, English, - direct%20examination

Record 19,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 OBS

interrogatoire principal : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation dans le cadre du Programme national de l'administration de la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 19, French, - interrogatoire%20principal

Record 19,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 20,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Money given to a witness to defray his expenses of coming to, staying at, and returning from the place of trial.(Jowitt's, p. 414)  1, record 20, English, - conduct%20money

Record 20,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 OBS

frais de déplacement : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation dans le cadre du Programme national de l'administration de la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 20, French, - frais%20de%20d%C3%A9placement

Record 20,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 21,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Testimony that a witness gives at a different proceeding (as another hearing or a deposition).  3, record 21, English, - former%20testimony

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Former testimony is an exception to the hearsay rule of evidence, which prohibits introduction into evidence of out-of-court statements of unavailable witnesses. Former testimony is testimony given in an earlier proceeding – if the witness is unavailable for trial.  4, record 21, English, - former%20testimony

Record 21,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L'objet de l'art. 13, lorsqu'il est interprété dans ce contexte est de protéger les individus contre l'obligation indirecte de s'incriminer, pour veiller à ce que la poursuite ne soit pas en mesure de faire indirectement ce que l'art. 11c) interdit. L'art. 13 ne s'applique à un individu qu'au moment où l'on tente d'utiliser un témoignage antérieur pour incriminer son auteur.  1, record 21, French, - t%C3%A9moignage%20ant%C3%A9rieur

Record 21,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 22,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In the often-cited case, Faryna v. Chorny, the British Columbia Court of Appeal stated that if ‘a trial judge's finding of credibility is to depend solely on which person he thinks made the better appearance of sincerity in the witness box, we are left with a purely arbitrary finding and justice would then depend upon the best actors in the witness box.  1, record 22, English, - appearance%20of%20sincerity

Record 22,  Textual support,  French

Record 22,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 23,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Despite significant inconsistencies in his testimony concerning the frequency and severity of the sexual assaults, and the differences between his trial evidence and answers on previous occasions, the trial judge found that H was nevertheless a credible witness.  1, record 23, English, - significant%20inconsistency

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 1 OBS

significant incontistency: term usually used in the plural.  2, record 23, English, - significant%20inconsistency

Record 23,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Malgré les contradictions importantes du témoignage de H sur la fréquence et la gravité des agressions sexuelles, ainsi que les divergences entre son témoignage au procès et les réponses données précédemment, la juge du procès a estimé que H était un témoin digne de foi.  1, record 23, French, - contradiction%20importante

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 2 CONT

contradiction importante : terme habituellement utilisé au pluriel.  2, record 23, French, - contradiction%20importante

Record 23,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 24,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A subpoena duces tecum [Lat.,=bring with you under penalty] requires a witness to produce at trial books, personal papers, or other material relevant to a judicial proceeding. Failure to obey a subpoena constitutes contempt of court, through subpoenas can be challenged.  2, record 24, English, - subpoena%20duces%20tecum

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 2 CONT

A subpoena that commands a person to bring certain evidence, usually documents or papers, is called a subpoena duces tecum, from the Latin "under penalty to bring with you." this type of subpoena is often used in a civil lawsuit where one party resists giving the other party documents through the discovery process. If a court is convinced that the document request is legitimate, it will order the production of documents using a subpoena duces tecum.  2, record 24, English, - subpoena%20duces%20tecum

Record 24,  Textual support,  French

Record 24,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 25,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 CONT

If a witness fails to attend trial after being properly served with a summons to witness and attendance money, the trial judge may issue a warrant for his or her arrest.  3, record 25, English, - attend%20trial

Record 25,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 OBS

se présenter à l'instruction; comparaître au procès : termes recommandés par le Comité d'uniformisation des règles de procédure civile.  3, record 25, French, - se%20pr%C3%A9senter%20%C3%A0%20l%27instruction

Record 25,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 26,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 CONT

An intercollegiate activity in individual or team sports in an educational setting under the direction of a coach.  2, record 26, English, - intercollegiate%20activity

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Mock Trial is an intercollegiate activity that promotes critical thinking, cooperative problem-solving, public speaking and mutual trust between team members while affording students the opportunity to actively participate in the trial process. Students assume the roles of both attorneys and witness for a hypothetical case and engage in trial activity and litigation.  3, record 26, English, - intercollegiate%20activity

Record 26,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le concours Cégeps en spectacle est une activité intercollégiale. Pour participer, vous devez être un étudiant inscrit à l'enseignement régulier ou en fin de DEC.  2, record 26, French, - activit%C3%A9%20intercoll%C3%A9giale

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Promouvoir l'activité intercollégiale, image sportive du Collège, afin d'augmenter les assistances.  3, record 26, French, - activit%C3%A9%20intercoll%C3%A9giale

Record 26,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 27,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 CONT

No answer given by any person claiming to be excused on the ground of privilege, or that the answer will tend to criminate that person, shall be used in any criminal proceeding against that person, other than an indictment for perjury, if the trial judges give to the witness a certificate that he claimed the right to be excused on the grounds mentioned in this section...  1, record 27, English, - excuse%20on%20the%20ground%20of%20privilege

Record 27,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Nulle réponse faite par une personne qui prétend être exemptée en raison d'un privilège ou parce que cette réponse pourrait l'incriminer ne peut servir dans une poursuite pénale contre cette personne, sauf dans une mise en accusation pour parjure, si les juges instructeurs donnent au témoin un certificat attestant qu'il a réclamé le droit d'être exempté pour les motifs indiqués au présent article et a donné des réponses complètes et véridiques à leur satisfaction.  1, record 27, French, - exempter%20en%20raison%20d%27un%20privil%C3%A8ge

Record 27,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 28,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 28, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... the expenses... shall be deemed costs of the party calling the witness, and shall be taxed against such party interested in the trial....  1, record 28, English, - taxed%20against%20a%20party

Record 28,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 28, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[...] Ces dépenses [...] sont censées des frais de la partie qui a assigné le témoin et sont supportées par celle des parties intéressées dans l'instruction [...].  1, record 28, French, - support%C3%A9%20par%20une%20partie

Record 28,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 29,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 29, Textual support number: 1 CONT

On the days the child attends court, the child protection worker can provide support by keeping the child company while waiting, protecting the child from encounters with the accused.... If the child protection worker is also a witness at the trial, he or she may not be allowed in the courtroom except to give evidence. In some courts, witness support workers and victim support workers can provide assistance to children and young persons testifying in criminal cases.  2, record 29, English, - witness%20support%20worker

Record 29,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 29, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Si le travailleur social doit lui-même témoigner [...] [un] auxiliaire préposé au soutien des témoins ou des victimes peut alors se charger de l'enfant ou de l'adolescent qui doit témoigner.  2, record 29, French, - intervenant%20pr%C3%A9pos%C3%A9%20au%20soutien%20des%20t%C3%A9moins

Record 29,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 30,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 30, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In pre-trial preparation of child victims, [child protection workers] may ... reduce the child’s anxiety about appearing in court or seeing the accused. ... Pre-trial counselling may also yield information about a child’s communication skill and level of understanding...  1, record 30, English, - pre%2Dtrial%20counselling

Record number: 30, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The term "trial preparation", although sometimes used in this sense, is ambiguous since it is not clear that it is the witness who is being prepared prior to the trial.  2, record 30, English, - pre%2Dtrial%20counselling

Record 30,  Textual support,  French

Record 30,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 31,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 CONT

If the examination of a witness cannot be completed on the day he appears, he is bound to attend on the next following juridical day, or on such other day as is indicated to him by the court and entered in the minutes of trial.  1, record 31, English, - minutes%20of%20trial

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 OBS

minutes: A memorandum of what takes place in court, made by authority of the court.  2, record 31, English, - minutes%20of%20trial

Record 31,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Si le témoin ne peut terminer sa déposition le jour de sa comparution, il est tenu de se présenter de nouveau le jour juridique suivant, ou tel autre jour indiqué par le tribunal et mentionné sur le procès-verbal d'audience.  1, record 31, French, - proc%C3%A8s%2Dverbal%20d%27audience

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 OBS

procès-verbal: (...) Compte rendu écrit d'une séance, d'une assemblée.  2, record 31, French, - proc%C3%A8s%2Dverbal%20d%27audience

Record 31,  Textual support,  Spanish