TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[A] process that impregnates paper with an alkaline reserve to neutralize the active acid in the paper substrate and act as a buffer to neutralize acids produced in the future.  2, record 1, English, - deacidification

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The development of a viable mass deacidification process has long been considered the answer to the problems of conservation in the library field. Acid, inherent in the untreated wood pulp, introduced into the paper in the manufacturing process, or caused from contact with polluted air, breaks the links in the cellulose polymer chains causing the fibers to break down; the paper becomes discolored and brittle, losing both permanence and durability very quickly.... Deacidification does arrest the acid attack and, if adequate buffers are left in the paper, prevents it from recurring, but does not restore embrittled and discolored books to their original state.  3, record 1, English, - deacidification

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Deacidification lengthens the life expectancy of paper several times its ordinary life.  2, record 1, English, - deacidification

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[Processus] complexe qui permet, grâce à un agent alcalin (gazeux ou liquide), de neutraliser les acides présents dans le papier et de fournir une réserve alcaline dans le but de prolonger la durée de vie des documents.  2, record 1, French, - d%C3%A9sacidification

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[Toute] restauration devrait permettre d'obtenir une stabilisation mécanique et chimique ainsi qu'une meilleure lisibilité du document, et permettre d'en faciliter la consultation et la mise en exposition. Quelques-uns des traitements, les plus courants, sont le dépoussiérage, le nettoyage à sec, le marouflage (action qui consiste à coller du papier ou de la toile sur un support pour le consolider), le traitement aqueux, la désacidification et la pose de renforts.  3, record 1, French, - d%C3%A9sacidification

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A small tree(Limoina [sic] acidissima or Feronia elephantum) of the family Rutaceae of southeastern Asia that yields a hard heavy durable yellowish wood and is often cultivated for its acid hard-rinded fruit which is used as a food and together with the leaves in folk medicine.  6, record 2, English, - wood%20apple

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Feronia Limonia (L.) Swingle [Feronia elephantum (corrêa)]  3, record 2, English, - wood%20apple

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Arbre du S-E asiatique exploité pour son bois et ses fruits ainsi que pour les vertus médicinales de ses feuilles.  3, record 2, French, - f%C3%A9ronie%20des%20Indes

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The acidic brown aqueous liquid obtained by condensing the gaseous products of pyrolysis of wood.  4, record 3, English, - pyroligneous%20acid

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Pyroligneous acid, when distilled, yields wood creosote as a fraction.  4, record 3, English, - pyroligneous%20acid

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Phase aqueuse obtenue par condensation des vapeurs provenant de la carbonisation du bois, mélange complexe renfermant en particulier, de l'acide acétique, de l'alcool méthylique et de l'acétone.  3, record 3, French, - acide%20pyroligneux

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A glycolic acid ether of cellulose which appears under the form of a white, odorless, bulky solid, is made by the action of chloroacetic acid and alkali on sulfite wood pulp, is used in pharmacy as a stabilizer, an emulsifier, a thickener, in drilling fluids to combat contamination from anhydrite(gypsum) and to lower the water loss of the mud, in adhesives, in the manufacture of paper, in cosmetics and in confectionery.  8, record 4, English, - carboxymethyl%20cellulose

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[Carboxymethyl cellulose bears] substituted carboxymethyl groups which, depending on the molecular weight and the degree of substitution, may comprise a fully soluble polymer or an insoluble polymer or an insoluble weak ion exchanger used for separation of neutral and basic proteins.  9, record 4, English, - carboxymethyl%20cellulose

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a modified cellulose gum (cellulose is also known as plant fiber). In foods, it is used as a stabilizer, thickener, film former, suspending agent and ... applications include ice cream, dressings, pies, sauces and puddings. ... In supplements, it functions as a binder and/or helps tablets disintegrate during digestion.  4, record 4, English, - carboxymethyl%20cellulose

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

carboxymethyl cellulose; CMC: term and abbreviation standardized by ISO.  10, record 4, English, - carboxymethyl%20cellulose

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 2 OBS

When in the form of a sodium salt, carboxymethylcellulose is called "sodium carboxymethylcellulose" (q.v.).  8, record 4, English, - carboxymethyl%20cellulose

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Éther glycolique de la cellulose, préparé en traitant l'alcalinecellulose par le chloroacétate de sodium, utilisé dans la fabrication des adhésifs, des encres et des peintures, comme réactif du fer et comme support en chromatographie d'échanges ioniques, pour la séparation et la purification des protéines.  6, record 4, French, - carboxym%C3%A9thylcellulose

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les protéines peuvent être fractionnées grâce à la chromatographie par échange d'ions. On utilise souvent dans ce but des celluloses modifiées qui sont soit des échangeurs d'anions comme la diéthylaminoéthyl-cellulose (DEAE-cellulose), soit des échangeurs de cations comme la carboxyméthyl-cellulose (CM-cellulose).  7, record 4, French, - carboxym%C3%A9thylcellulose

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

carboxyméthylcellulose; CMC : terme et abréviation normalisés par l'ISO.  8, record 4, French, - carboxym%C3%A9thylcellulose

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Lorsqu'elle se présente sous la forme d'un sel de sodium, on la désigne par le nom de «carboxyméthylcellulose sodique».  6, record 4, French, - carboxym%C3%A9thylcellulose

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Éter del ácido glicólico de la celulosa.  2, record 4, Spanish, - carboximetilcelulosa

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Polímero semisintético. Polvo soluble en agua, incoloro, inodoro y atóxico. Reacciona con sales de los metales pesados para formar películas insolubles en agua, transparentes, duras e inalterables por materias orgánicas.  3, record 4, Spanish, - carboximetilcelulosa

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A 98% pure form of acetic acid used in production of acetate fiber.  3, record 5, English, - glacial%20acetic%20acid

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Glacial acetic acid is [a] pure compound [99.8% min.], as distinguished from the usual water solutions known as acetic acid, [which] crystallizes at 62°F.  4, record 5, English, - glacial%20acetic%20acid

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Acetic acid is the most extensively used organic acid, and is obtained either by the oxidation of alcohol and aldehyde, or by the destructive distillation of wood and carbohydrates in general. This yields an impure pyroligneous vinegar, which is subsequently purified.... Stahl proposed in 1700 a method to obtain acetic acid from vinegar by exposing the latter substance to a freezing temperature, separating the ice from the stronger acid; another method he suggested was to neutralize with an alkali and to evaporate, then distilling with an equal amount of sulphuric acid. In 1759 Count de Lauraguais obtained a crystallized acetic acid in a distillate of cuprum acetate, then known as "copper spirit. "The name glacial acetic acid was affixed to this substance by Löwitz(1793), who repeatedly distilled diluted acetic acid with powdered charcoal, and obtained thereby a crystalline acid by subjecting the product to a low temperature.  5, record 5, English, - glacial%20acetic%20acid

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

In the context of spotting, glacial acetic must be diluted to a 5-7% concentration. Glacial acetic is extremely hazardous (toxic fumes, severe skin burns) and should not be used without special training, personal protective equipment (PPE), and under carefully controlled conditions.  3, record 5, English, - glacial%20acetic%20acid

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 2 OBS

glacial: glass-like, crystallized. This usage persists in terms such as glacial acetic acid and glacial phosphoric acid.  6, record 5, English, - glacial%20acetic%20acid

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Acide acétique pur cristallisable vers 16 °C.  4, record 5, French, - acide%20ac%C3%A9tique%20glacial

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le vinaigre est une solution d'acide acétique à 4-5 %; on peut acheter de l'acide acétique glacial à 99,5 % et le diluer à 2 %.  5, record 5, French, - acide%20ac%C3%A9tique%20glacial

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

glacial: Dícese del ácido acético exento de agua y de los demás cuerpos cuyos cristales se asemejan a los del hielo o son susceptibles de cristabilizar como él, si son líquidos.  2, record 5, Spanish, - %C3%A1cido%20ac%C3%A9tico%20glacial

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[An] Aldopentose sugar that occurs in hemicellulose, in mucopolysaccharides of connective tissue and sometimes in the urine.  4, record 6, English, - xylose

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Cellulose can be hydrolysed into wood sugars including glucose through the action of either acids or special enzymes... The sugars produced by acid or enzymic hydrolysis can then be fermented, using enzyme containing yeasts, to ethanol or higher alcohols.  5, record 6, English, - xylose

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Aldopentose dont la forme D se trouve sous forme de polymère dans les parties ligneuses de certains végétaux (xylanes).  3, record 6, French, - xylose

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

La matrice de la paroi primaire [des cellules végétales] renferme des polysaccharides neutres ou acides ramifiés (hémicelluloses et pectines). Elle libère à l'hydrolyse de nombreux oses et dérivés (glucose, galactose, rhamnose, mannose, xylose, arabinose, fucose, acides uroniques [...] Tous ces matériaux forment des polymères à séquences complexes et spécifiques qui ont longtemps échappé à l'analyse.  4, record 6, French, - xylose

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

El término "azúcar de madera" se puede utilizar como nombre masculino o femenino, aunque normalmente "azúcar" se utiliza en el masculino.  3, record 6, Spanish, - az%C3%BAcar%20de%20madera

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The hypothetical radical of the monocarbon series(CH₃), the base of pyroxylic or wood spirit or pyroligneous naphtha, of formic acid and of a large series of organic compounds.  2, record 7, English, - methyl

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 OBS

[also] attrib. and Comb., as methyl compound, radical, etc.; esp. in names of salts of methyl, e.g. methyl bromide, chloride, hydride. Also prefixed (often without hyphen) to the name of an organic compound to express the addition of methyl to its composition, or the replacement of hydrogen atoms by equivalents of methyl, as in methylacetonamine, methylaniline, methylcarbonic (acid), methyl-codeia, methyluramine, etc.  2, record 7, English, - methyl

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Radical monovalent de formule CH₃-, prototype des radicaux alkyles.  2, record 7, French, - m%C3%A9thyle

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 OBS

S'utilise aussi comme préfixe ou en apposition, pour indiquer la présence du méthyle. P. ex. : méthylaniline, bromure de méthyle.  2, record 7, French, - m%C3%A9thyle

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The best-known sodium borate [...] crystallizing usually in large monoclinic prisms that occurs naturally in this form as a mineral, that is also obtained from other minerals... or from the boric acid of fumaroles..., and that is used chiefly in glass and ceramics, in agricultural chemicals, as a flux, as a cleansing agent and water softener, and as a preservative and fire retardant(as for wood).  4, record 8, English, - borax

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Chemical formula: Na₂B₄O₇·10H₂O  5, record 8, English, - borax

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[Composé se présentant sous la forme d']un solide cristallisé incolore, soluble dans l'eau, surtout à chaud, [que l'on] prépare industriellement à partir de l'acide borique ou en utilisant un borate de calcium [...]  4, record 8, French, - borax

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Formule chimique : Na₂B₄O₇·10H₂O  5, record 8, French, - borax

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Borato sódico que aparece en las orillas de lagos salinos y en suelos alcalinos.  3, record 8, Spanish, - b%C3%B3rax

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Fórmula química: Na₂B₄O₇·10H₂O  4, record 8, Spanish, - b%C3%B3rax

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A chemical compound which appears under the form of a water-white to pale yellow liquid with an acetone-and peppermint-like odour, is slightly soluble in water, miscible with most solvents, is derived by passing cyclohexanol over copper with air at 280°F or by oxidation of cyclohexanol with chromic acid or oxide, is toxic via inhalation and skin contact, and which is used in organic synthesis, wood stains, paint and varnish removers, degreasing of metals, in polishes, as a leveling agent in dyeing and delustering silk, as a lubricating oil additive, as a leveling agent in dyeing and delustering silk, as a lubricating oil additive, as a solvent for cellulosics, and in natural and synthetic resins, waxes and fats.  3, record 9, English, - cyclohexanone

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 OBS

cyclohexanone: form recommended by the IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry).  4, record 9, English, - cyclohexanone

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Chemical formula: C₆H₁₀O  3, record 9, English, - cyclohexanone

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 OBS

cyclohexanone : forme recommandée par l'UICPA (Union internationale de chimie pure et appliquée).  2, record 9, French, - cyclohexanone

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Formule chimique : C₆H₁₀O  3, record 9, French, - cyclohexanone

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Líquido blanco acuoso con olor a acetona. Algo soluble en agua. Miscible con muchos disolventes. Inflamable. Irrita ojos y piel.  1, record 9, Spanish, - ciclohexanona

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Fórmula química: C₆H₁₀O  2, record 9, Spanish, - ciclohexanona

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

An acid in the form of hygroscopic crystals, soluble in water, alcohol and glycerol, which begins to decompose near 300°C, giving arsenic oxide and then arsenious oxide, and which is used in the manufacture of arsenates, in glass making, in wood treating process, as a defoliant, a dessicant for cotton and a soil sterilant.  3, record 10, English, - arsenic%20acid

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 OBS

"Arsenic pentoxide" [q.v.] is also sometimes called "arsenic acid".  4, record 10, English, - arsenic%20acid

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Chemical formula: AsH₃O₄ or H₃AsO₄ or H₃AsO₄·½H₂O or H₃AsO₄,½H₂O  5, record 10, English, - arsenic%20acid

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Produit chimique se présentant sous la forme de cristaux incolores, hygroscopiques, soluble dans l'eau, l'alcool, le glycérol, très toxique, utilisé dans la fabrication des arséniates, des insecticides, de produits pharmaceutiques, en verrerie, en teinturerie et en impression.  3, record 10, French, - acide%20ars%C3%A9nique

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Formule chimique : AsH₃O₄ ou H₃AsO₄ ou H₃AsO₄·½H₂O ou H₃AsO₄,½H₂O  4, record 10, French, - acide%20ars%C3%A9nique

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Cristales blancos translúcidos. Soluble en agua, alcohol, álcalis y glicerina. Muy tóxico. Plaguicida.  1, record 10, Spanish, - %C3%A1cido%20ars%C3%A9nico

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Fórmula química: AsH₃O₄ o H₃AsO₄ o H₃AsO₄·½H₂O o H₃AsO₄,½H₂O  2, record 10, Spanish, - %C3%A1cido%20ars%C3%A9nico

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A chemical product in the form of white crystals derived by the interaction of ammonium hydroxide and hydrofluoric acid with subsequent crystallization which is used in fluorides, in analytical chemistry, as an antiseptic in brewing, in etching glass, as a textile mordant, for wood preservation and for mothproofing.  3, record 11, English, - ammonium%20fluoride

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Chemical formula: NH₄F or FH₄N  3, record 11, English, - ammonium%20fluoride

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Composé se présentant sous la forme de cristaux incolores hexagonaux, déliquescents, utilisé en photographie, gravure sur verre, galvanoplastie, thérapeutique (antiseptique), comme mordant, fondant, pour la conservation du bois.  2, record 11, French, - fluorure%20d%27ammonium

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Formule chimique : NH[Indice 4]F FH₄N  2, record 11, French, - fluorure%20d%27ammonium

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Fórmula química: NH₄F o FH₄N  2, record 11, Spanish, - fluoruro%20de%20amonio

Record 12,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

sodium borohydride. Properties : White crystalline powder; soluble in water, ammonia, amines, pyridine, and dimethyl ether of diethylene glycol; insoluble in other ethers, hydrocarbons and alkyl chlorides.... Derivation : By reaction of sodium hydride and trimethyl borate at 250°C... Uses : Source of hydrogen and other borohydrides. Reduces aldehydes, ketones and acid chlorides; bleaching wood pulp; blowing agent for plastics; precipitation of mercury from waste effluent(by reduction) ;decolorizer for plasticizers...  3, record 12, English, - sodium%20borohydride

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Chemical formula: NaBH₄ or BH₄Na  4, record 12, English, - sodium%20borohydride

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Blanchiment réducteur. Ce projet explore les pouvoirs de blanchiment et d'inhibition de la réversion de blancheur d'agents réducteurs dérivés du bore. Le borohydrure de sodium (NaBH₄) est un agent réducteur connu, mais son coût est trop élevé pour qu'il soit utilisé dans l'industrie des pâtes et papiers.  2, record 12, French, - borohydrure%20de%20sodium

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Formule chimique : NaBH₄ ou BH₄Na  3, record 12, French, - borohydrure%20de%20sodium

Record 12,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 13,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Properties : Red or red-orange deliquescent crystals.... Uses : Chemical reactant for oxidation reactions; chromic acid; corrosion inhibitor; manufacture of pigments; tanning of leather; electroplating; mordanting; defoliating agent; catalyst; wood preservative.  2, record 13, English, - sodium%20dichromate

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Chemical formula: Na₂Cr₂O₇·2H₂O  3, record 13, English, - sodium%20dichromate

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Formule chimique : Na₂Cr₂O₇·2H₂O  3, record 13, French, - dichromate%20de%20sodium

Record 13,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Fórmula química: Na₂Cr₂O₇·2H₂O  2, record 13, Spanish, - bicromato%20de%20sodio

Record 14,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 DEF

a chemical group related to acetic acid. It is bound through an ester linkage to polyose chains(especially xylans) in wood and other plants. The natural moisture present in plants hydrolyzes the acetyl groups to acetic acid, particularly at elevated temperatures.  2, record 14, English, - acetyl

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 2 DEF

A two-carbon organic radical containing a methyl group and a carbonyl group.  3, record 14, English, - acetyl

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Chemical formula: CH₃CO- or CH₃-CO-  4, record 14, English, - acetyl

Record 14,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Radical organique monovalent CH3-CO- dérivé de l'acide acétique.  2, record 14, French, - ac%C3%A9tyle

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 OBS

acétylé : Se dit d'un dérivé renfermant le groupement acétylé.  2, record 14, French, - ac%C3%A9tyle

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Formule chimique : CH₃CO- ou CH₃-CO-  3, record 14, French, - ac%C3%A9tyle

Record 14,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Fórmula química: CH₃CO- o CH₃-CO-  2, record 14, Spanish, - acetilo

Record 15,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 CONT

At the time the Vasa was raised, in 1961, there were no conventional techniques adequate to preserve such an enormous artifact.... While new methods were being worked on, the ship was enclosed in a large storage house.... The sprinkler system was the best solution. To arrest the rotting, a soluble compound of seven parts boric acid and three parts of borax was mixed with fresh water and sprayed over the entire hull.... to stabilize the wood and keep it from shrinking and cracking, the ship was sprayed with a solution of polyethylene glycol(PEG) and fresh water.  1, record 15, English, - sprinkler%20system

Record 15,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le traitement de consolidation et de conservation du bois [...] fait intervenir des procédés complexes [...]. La [méthode] plus répandue, [...] consiste à imprégner le bois gorgé d'eau de polyéthylène glycol (PEG) [...] à l'aide d'une solution plus ou moins concentrée jusqu'à ce que le produit se substitue de façon satisfaisante à l'eau. En refroidissant, le PEG se solidifie et consolide le bois, tout en maintenant sa forme et son apparence. Cette méthode fut utilisée [...] en 1961 pour le traitement du Vasa [...]. Ne pouvant être démonté, l'imposant navire fut imprégné par un système d'arrosage automatique [...]. Le système d'arrosage automatique au PEG fut aussi utilisé en 1970 [...].  1, record 15, French, - syst%C3%A8me%20d%27arrosage%20automatique

Record 15,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 16,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 OBS

In 1980s, St. Lawrence Technologies Inc.(SLT, as a partner in the Bio-Hol joint venture) in Canada, collaborated with the Tennessee Valley Authority(TVA) in the USA and the Swedish Ethanol Development Foundation, developed a two stage hydrolysis process called the CASH process(Canada, America, Sweden Hydrolysis) at pilot plant scale for the conversion of wood feedstock to ethanol(O’Boyle et al., 1991). In the first stage of the process, TVA used the Sunds Defibrator to prehydrolyse pine wood chips under mildly acidic conditions. The pretreated material was then hydrolysed in the SLT plug flow reactor to convert cellulose to glucose. The yield of the conversion from cellulose to glucose exceeded 50%, which was close to the theoretical yield in dilute acid hydrolysis(Malester et al., 1992). [Source : ethanol project-Stlwkshp. en p. 1].  1, record 16, English, - CASH%20process

Record 16,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Dans les années 1980, la société St. Lawrence Technologies Inc. (SLT, partenaire de la co-entreprise Bio-Hol), établie au Canada, a collaboré avec la Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), aux États-Unis, et la Swedish Ethanol Development Foundation, afin de mettre au point un procédé d'hydrolyse en deux étapes, appelé procédé «CASH» (d'après le nom donné au procédé en anglais, soit Canada, America, Sweden Hydrolysis), applicable à l'échelle pilote pour la conversion des matières ligneuses en éthanol (O'Boyle et al., 1991). Dans la première partie du procédé, la TVA a utilisé la défibreuse Sunds pour pré-hydrolyser des copeaux de pin en milieu légèrement acide. La matière prétraitée passait ensuite dans un réacteur à écoulement piston SLT où la cellulose était hydrolysée en glucose. Le rendement de cette conversion dépassait 50 %, ce qui est proche du rendement théorique de l'hydrolyse à l'acide dilué (Malester et al., 1992). [Source: projet éthanol - Stlwkshp.fr p. 1].  1, record 16, French, - proc%C3%A9d%C3%A9%20CASH

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Équivalents proposés par la faculté d'Agriculture (Université Laval).  2, record 16, French, - proc%C3%A9d%C3%A9%20CASH

Record 16,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 17,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The decomposition of wood by heating out of contact with air, producing primarily charcoal, tarry distillates and pyroligneous acid.  4, record 17, English, - destructive%20distillation%20of%20wood

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The destructive distillation of wood was formerly a well established industry. It was the original source of methanol("wood alcohol") and a source of acetic acid and some other organic chemicals in addition to charcoal.... It may be one of the least efficient methods of producing chemicals from wood.  5, record 17, English, - destructive%20distillation%20of%20wood

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Charcoal processes are generally called carbonization when they are mainly aimed at making charcoal, and distillation when more pyroligneous liquid is wanted.  6, record 17, English, - destructive%20distillation%20of%20wood

Record 17,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Décomposition du bois par la chaleur en un lieu clos sans contact avec l'air, produisant du charbon de bois, des goudrons, de l'acide pyroligneux et des produits volatils non condensables.  5, record 17, French, - carbonisation

Record 17,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La destilación destructiva - conocida también como pirólisis o destilación de la madera - es parecida a la carbonización, salvo que la madera se calienta en un recipiente cerrado y se recogen los gases y líquidos producidos. Algunos de esos gases pueden después condensarse para obtener una serie de productos químicos, y los que no se condensan pueden utilizarse como combustible gaseoso para el proceso mismo de destilación, o para cualquier otro fin. [...] La destilación de la madera es en realidad otro procedimiento para hacer carbón vegetal.  1, record 17, Spanish, - destilaci%C3%B3n%20destructiva%20de%20la%20madera

Record 18,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The wood of any of various trees used as a chemical raw material(as for the production of acetic acid, wood alcohol, or acetone by carbonization).  1, record 18, English, - chemical%20wood

Record 18,  Textual support,  French

Record 18,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 19,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The residue of mineral matter left after complete combustion of wood ...  2, record 19, English, - wood%20ash

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The main components of wood ash are silica, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide and potassium carbonate. Wood ash is used to heat acid soils. Various types of ash from burned plants provide fertilizers.  3, record 19, English, - wood%20ash

Record 19,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Résidu d'origine minérale qui demeure après la combustion totale du bois.  2, record 19, French, - cendre%20de%20bois

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les cendres de bois, contenant, à l'état divisé, une grande quantité de potasse, de phosphate et de diverses substances alcalines, sont utilisées comme engrais [...]  1, record 19, French, - cendre%20de%20bois

Record 19,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Residuo orgánico de la combustión de la madera, que se compone en su mayor parte de óxidos, carbonatos y fosfatos de calcio, potasio y magnesio, junto con otros compuestos.  1, record 19, Spanish, - ceniza%20de%20maderas

Record 20,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Ammoniacal copper citrate(CC) is a recently developed preservative that contains copper and citric acid. The copper protects against decay fungi, insects, and marine borers, and the citric acid aids in the distribution of copper within the wood. [The preservative] is able to penetrate difficult-to-treat [wood] species such as Douglas-fir.  2, record 20, English, - ammoniacal%20copper%20citrate

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 OBS

ammoniacal copper citrate: commercial name.  3, record 20, English, - ammoniacal%20copper%20citrate

Record 20,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 OBS

citrate ammoniacal de cuivre : nom commercial.  1, record 20, French, - citrate%20ammoniacal%20de%20cuivre

Record 20,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 21,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Copper azole... is a recently developed wood preservative that contains copper, boric acid, and tebuconazole. These three active ingredients work together to protect against decay fungi and insects. [It] is standardized for treatment of Southern Pine and hemlock-fir species groups but not for Douglas-fir lumber.  2, record 21, English, - copper%20azole

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 OBS

copper azole: commercial name.  3, record 21, English, - copper%20azole

Record 21,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 OBS

azole cuivre : nom commercial.  1, record 21, French, - azole%20cuivre

Record 21,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 22,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A licensed process for the acid hydrolysis of wood which utilizes a continuous moving bed reactor and runs at 175°C with sulfuric acid concentrations.  2, record 22, English, - Scholler%20process

Record 22,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La saccharification du bois consiste en la transformation en sucres fermentescibles des matières cellulosiques du bois sous l'action d'acides minéraux (chlorhydrique ou sulfurique). [...] Dans le procédé Scholler [...], la transformation a lieu à haute température (environ 170 °C) sous l'influence d'acide sulfurique dilué.  2, record 22, French, - proc%C3%A9d%C3%A9%20Scholler

Record 22,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 23,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... and are the world's most important textile fiber. Purified wood cellulose(from... serine, cystine(cysteine), aspartic acid(aspartate), asparagine...  1, record 23, English, - asparagine

Record 23,  Textual support,  French

Record 23,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 24,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 CONT

As used by arms engravers, the word ENGRAVE means the cutting of a design or motif into metal with a chisel or graver. It is not used to describe the decoration of non-metal objects such as wood, ivory, stone, or horn. These materials are carved, scrimshawed, or sculpted. Firearms and edge weapons decorated with mass production methods such as roll stamping, acid etching, or photo etching are often incorrectly referred to as "engraved". In some cases, this is due to a lack of knowledge, but sometimes it is a deliberate attempt to deceive the potential purchaser. The Jeff Flannery Engraving Company uses only chisel or graver on any work we represent as engraving.  1, record 24, English, - engrave

Record 24,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Tracer en creux un dessin, des caractères, etc. sur une matière dure, en vue de leur reproduction.  1, record 24, French, - graver

Record 24,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 25,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 DEF

... lignin... isolated as the residue after treatment of wood meal with 72% sulphuric acid for a certain period, followed by dilution and cooking... Up to 20%, or even more, of the lignin may dissolve in the acid, depending on the pulping process or whether the pulp is partly bleached.  4, record 25, English, - Klason%20lignin

Record 25,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Lignine obtenue selon une méthode normalisée servant à déterminer la quantité de lignine dans le bois, une fois que cette lignine est isolée après un traitement qui consiste à plonger le bois dans une solution d'acide sulfurique à 72 % durant un certain temps, suivi d'une dilution et d'une hydrolyse sous reflux. [...] Jusqu'à 20 % ou plus de la lignine totale peut être dissoute dans l'acide, selon le procédé de fabrication ou le degré de blancheur de la pâte.  3, record 25, French, - lignine%20de%20Klason

Record 25,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 26,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The generic name for brine and other ingredients(pepper, wood smoke, acetic acid, sugar, wine, beer, alcohols, etc.) used in curing and dry-salting meat.  4, record 26, English, - curing%20agent

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The development and maintenance of a stable red color is very important in cured and smoked meat operations. Sodium or potassium nitrate or nitrite is the curing agent used to process cured meats. Curing agents are responsible for the development of the characteristically red stable color in meat.  5, record 26, English, - curing%20agent

Record 26,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 DEF

En charcuterie et salaison, nom générique des saumures et divers ingrédients destinés au traitement des viandes (poivre, fumée de bois, acide acétique, sucre, vin, bière, alcools, etc.).  2, record 26, French, - adjuvant%20de%20salaison

Record 26,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 27,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A pulp manufacturing process using a mixture of bisulfite salt and excess sulfurous acid as the cooking chemical for the digestion of wood to pulp. Also, its associated operations of manufacturing, recovery, and refortification of these cooking chemicals which can be calcium, ammonia, magnesium, or sodium based.  1, record 27, English, - acid%20sulfite%20process

Record 27,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les procédés au bisulfite sont nombreux. On les classe suivant la base employée, c'est-à-dire le cation (calcium, sodium, magnésium, ammonium) associé à l'anion sulfite, et suivant le degré d'acidité de la liqueur. [...] Procédés au bisulfite acide ou procédés au sulfite acide («acid sulphite process, acid bisulphite process») : la liqueur bisulfitique est rendue très acide par la présence d'un grand excès de SO2 en solution; pH 1 à 2. Bases : calcium, magnésium, ammonium.  2, record 27, French, - proc%C3%A9d%C3%A9%20au%20bisulfite%20acide

Record 27,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 28,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 28, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In the first stage of the process, TVA used the Sunds Defibrator to prehydrolyse pine wood chips under mildly acidic conditions. The pretreated material was then hydrolysed in the SLT plug flow reactor to convert cellulose to glucose. The yield of the conversion from cellulose to glucose exceeded 50%, which was close to the theoretical yield in dilute acid hydrolysis(Malester et al., 1992). [Source : ethanol project-Stlwkshp. en p. 2].  1, record 28, English, - Sunds%20defibrator

Record 28,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 28, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Dans la première partie du procédé, la TVA a utilisé la défibreuse Sunds pour pré-hydrolyser des copeaux de pin en milieu légèrement acide. La matière prétraitée passait ensuite dans un réacteur à écoulement piston SLT où la cellulose était hydrolysée en glucose. Le rendement de cette conversion dépassait 50 %, ce qui est proche du rendement théorique de l'hydrolyse à l'acide dilué (Malester et al., 1992). [Source: projet éthanol - Stlwkshp.fr p. 2].  1, record 28, French, - d%C3%A9fibreuse%20Sunds

Record 28,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 29,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 29, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The separation of e.g., biomass oils or coal fluids through the use of a solvent sequence followed by an analysis by chromatography.  2, record 29, English, - sequential%20elution%20by%20solvents%2Dchromatography

Record number: 29, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Farcasiu had already developed SESC (sequential elution by solvents-chromatography) for separating coal fluids into distinct chemical classes. The method seemed even better suited for the separation of biomass oils which, unlike coal products, have no nitrogenous fraction to deal with....  1, record 29, English, - sequential%20elution%20by%20solvents%2Dchromatography

Record number: 29, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The original SESC technique required only slight modification for the purpose at hand. Since wood oil is virtually devoid of aliphatic hydrocarbons, the first step, elution with hexane, was omitted. Whatever amount of this fraction, F1, does exist is eluted along with the aromatic hydrocarbons by 15% benzene-hexane in the present technique. This hydrocarbon fraction is designated F1, 2. Also, we have found acetic acid to be superior to pyridine for removing the last wood oil residues from the column.  1, record 29, English, - sequential%20elution%20by%20solvents%2Dchromatography

Record 29,  Textual support,  French

Record 29,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 30,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 30, Textual support number: 1 CONT

It has long been known that some components of wood are relatively easily hydrolyzed. The application of hydrolysis for the degradation of certain carbohydrates to low-molecular sugars is based on experience gained in the total hydrolysis of wood.... During the Second World War, a number of pulp mills were built in Germany designed to use deciduous woods or straw in an alkaline cook with a prehydrolysis. The hydrolyzates were processed for the production of fodder yeast. By this process, deciduous woods and straw were treated at 120° to 130°C with 0. 5% to 1% sulfuric acid and, in a second stage, with a conventional kraft cooking liquor(22% sulfidity) with a maximum cooking time and temperature of 3 hours and 165°C to produce pulps with a high [alpha]-cellulose content.  2, record 30, English, - prehydrolysis

Record 30,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 30, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Bien des facteurs interviennent dans la pyrolyse du bois et la séparation des différents produits chimiques qui en découlent. [...] Si l'on distille rapidement le bois on a un rendement élevé en goudrons [...] La durée du traitement de pyrolyse ou distillation est donc capitale; plus elle se prolonge, plus le rendement en charbon de bois est élevé et les goudrons disparaissent presque totalement [...] Une préhydrolyse semble encore plus avantageuse si l'on veut effectuer ensuite une pyrolyse rapide. Il n'y a pratiquement plus d'hémicelluloses et le bois peut alors être chauffé sans dégradation jusqu'à plus de 250°C, les phénols sont déméthylés [...] La préhydrolyse, grâce à une imprégnation préalable à chaud du bois avec un acide dilué, conduit à un certain rendement en furfural (5 à 8 p. cent) avant de passer à la pyrolyse proprement dite.  3, record 30, French, - pr%C3%A9hydrolyse

Record 30,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 31,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[The acid hydrolysis of wood]. The "Natta process" uses hydrochloric acid as the catalyst. The raw material used is moistened with dilute hydrochloric acid and is fed continuously into the top of a vertically arranged reactor. Superheated steam at a temperature of 190° to 200°C is injected at the bottom of the reactor, passes through the material in a countercurrent stream, and leaves the digester at the top, taking the furfural with it. The condensate contains only a small amount of hydrochloric acid and this is neutralized before the furfural is purified. The process operates continuously, uses considerably less steam and acid than the sulfuric acid process described above, and gives furfural yields of 70% to 80% of the theoretical amount.... The process also permits the recovery of the acetic acid formed as a by-product.  1, record 31, English, - Natta%20process

Record 31,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le procédé Natta est un procédé continu qui utilise l'acide chlorhydrique : l'hydrolyse s'effectue avec de l'acide dilué et de la vapeur injectée vers 200 °C à la base du réacteur, cette vapeur monte à contre courant de la matière à traiter et entraîne le furfural formé. (...) L'acide acétique peut être facilement récupéré.  1, record 31, French, - proc%C3%A9d%C3%A9%20Natta

Record 31,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 32,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 32, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Hydrolysis with Hydrogen Chloride Gas.... A variation of the use of concentrated hydrochloric acid combined with hydrogen chloride is the process of Hereng. Here, wood chips are impregnated with 30% hydrochloric acid in a mixer and then transferred by a conveyor into the reactor. Because the chips are not predried, the acid concentration in them is reduced to 20%. The reactor consists of a hexagonal upright vessel equipped with numerous inclined trays. The impregnated wood is moved from the top toward the bottom by means of a vibrator and thus the prehydrolysis is completed after 45 minutes. The acid, containing chiefly pentoses, is filtered off and part of it is returned to the mixer. In this way, the sugar concentration in the prehydrolyzate is increased to about 20% to 25%. In a second step, the material, which has again been mixed with 30% hydrochloric acid, is passed through the reactor and hydrogen chloride gas is injected at the bottom in a countercurrent. In this way, the acid concentration is increased to 40% to 41% or more. The hydrolyzed material is conveyed from the bottom of the reactor to a drying chamber and is dried there with anhydrous hydrogen chloride gas which has previously been passed through a calcium chloride solution. The hydrolyzed material, consisting of lignin and sugar, is extracted with water and the sugar solution is subjected to a posthydrolysis.  1, record 32, English, - Hereng%20process

Record 32,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 32, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Plusieurs pays continuent à faire des recherches pour améliorer l'hydrolyse chimique. Le procédé Hereng utilisant l'acide chlorhydrique gazeux permet d'atteindre un meilleur rendement en sucre et de récupérer l'acide.  1, record 32, French, - proc%C3%A9d%C3%A9%20Hereng

Record 32,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 33,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 33, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Destructive distillation [of wood] yields pyroligneous liquor containing 4-6% acetic acid, together with water, methyl alcohol, and acetone.  3, record 33, English, - pyroligneous%20liquor

Record 33,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 33, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Se dit de la partie aqueuse des produits de distillation du bois, renfermant de l'acide acétique et ses premiers homologues, divers alcools et cétones: (...)  3, record 33, French, - jus%20pyroligneux

Record 33,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 34,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 34, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In the production of newsprint, wood pulp is not chemically purified so that naturally-occurring compounds remain in the paper and create acid as they deteriorate over time, then newsprint is sized with alumrosin sizing which, in the presence of atmospheric moisture also produces acid which can attack the paper.  1, record 34, English, - alumrosin%20sizing

Record 34,  Textual support,  French

Record 34,  Textual support,  Spanish