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WOOD CHARCOAL [23 records]

Filter results by subject field Alphabetical list of terms

Filter results by subject field

Alphabetical list of terms

Record 1 2022-09-16

English

Subject field(s)
  • Milling and Cereal Industries
CONT

Freekeh is young wheat that is harvested approximately one month and a half before it matures, between April and May, while the wheat is still green and milky... When harvested, freekeh is tied into piles and left to dry in the sun for 3-4 hours. The piles are then roasted over an open wood or charcoal fire, on the ground, for 10-15 minutes and then stored in the shade for a couple of days.

French

Domaine(s)
  • Minoterie et céréales

Spanish

Campo(s) temático(s)
  • Molinería y cereales
CONT

El freekeh se cosecha cuando recién empieza la primavera, lo que resulta muy favorable ya que para esa época las reservas de grano cosechadas anteriormente regularmente se agotan durante el invierno.

Save record 1

Record 2 2017-01-13

English

Subject field(s)
  • Environmental Management
  • Biomass Energy
  • Wood Products
CONT

FAO's Forestry Department programme on wood energy aims to develop new concepts, approaches and ideas to assist member countries in the establishment and implementation of policies, programmes and projects on sustainable wood energy systems to address environmental, economic and social goals. Forest Energy is the energy obtained from woodfuels(fuelwood, charcoal, black liquor and other) derived from woody biomass that originate from forests, woodlands and trees.

Key term(s)
  • program in wood energy

French

Domaine(s)
  • Gestion environnementale
  • Énergie de la biomasse
  • Produits du bois
CONT

La valorisation énergétique du bois en France. [...], M. Christian PIERRET, Secrétaire d'État à l'Industrie, a demandé à l'ADEME [Agence de l'environnement et de la maîtrise de l'énergie] de concevoir et de mettre en œuvre [...] un nouveau plan [...] en faveur du bois-énergie [bois combustible] : le programme bois-énergie 2000-2006. Ce programme [...] vise l'ensemble du territoire national y compris les départements d'Outre-Mer et concerne les usages collectifs, mais aussi individuels du bois de feu. Il comporte : Un mécanisme d'aides à l'investissement pour l'acquisition de chaufferies bois ouvert aux entreprises industrielles, et au secteur résidentiel-tertiaire; l'expérimentation d'installations de cogénération au bois est encouragée dans ce cadre; un système de promotion du chauffage individuel au bois qui s'appuie sur la certification des appareils de chauffage et l'organisation de réseaux de distribution de bois combustible de qualité. Le programme bois-énergie conduit par l'ADEME a pour objectif : de maintenir à hauteur de 8 millions tep/an la consommation domestique de bois (bûches principalement) et d'améliorer de 10 % le rendement énergétique et la performance environnementale des chaudières individuelles; d'installer 1000 nouvelles chaudières collectives ou industrielles à bois au cours de la période 2000-2006, grâce à des actions structurantes sur la technologie, le marché d'approvisionnement et au partenariat avec les collectivités locales et les professionnels partenaires de la filière bois.

Spanish

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Record 3 2014-05-22

English

Subject field(s)
  • Fires and Explosions
  • Combustion and Fuels (Fireplaces)
  • Heat (Physics)
DEF

Combustion of a material in the solid phase without flame but with emission of light from the combustion zone.

CONT

Flaming combustion burns wood fuel gases. It is the burning of the gases that produces the flame. The radiant heat of flaming combustion also preheats and pre-ignites unburned wood. Glowing combustion occurs only in cooler sections of the fire. It is the same chemical reaction as flaming combustion but burns wood fuel solids. Some of the wood glows red with glowing combustion. Sometimes flaming combustion proceeds until only ash, water and carbon dioxide remain; at other times wood cools off enough to stop burning before all the charcoal is consumed.

CONT

There was more residue left for both samples at the end of flaming combustion than at the end of the test, but glowing combustion (surface oxidative combustion) consumed some of the residues during the two minutes non-flaming exposure.

OBS

glowing combustion: term and definition standardized by ISO.

French

Domaine(s)
  • Feux et explosions
  • Combustion et combustibles (Foyers)
  • Chaleur (Physique)
DEF

Combustion d'un matériau, à l'état solide, sans flamme mais avec émission de lumière émanant de la zone de combustion.

OBS

incandescence : Émission de rayonnement visible d'origine thermique.

OBS

Si la réaction [de combustion] est assez rapide, le dégagement de chaleur est suffisant pour que le corps combustible soit porté à l'incandescence; on dit qu'il y a «combustion vive» [...]. Si l'oxydation est assez lente pour que la chaleur dégagée se dissipe sans échauffer notablement le corps combustible, on dit qu'il y a «combustion lente», appelée plus communément oxydation [...]

OBS

incandescence avec combustion : terme normalisé par l'ISO mais mal formé; définition normalisée par l'ISO.

Spanish

Campo(s) temático(s)
  • Fuegos y explosiones
  • Combustión y combustibles (Hogares o chimeneas)
  • Calor (Física)
DEF

Combustión de un material en la fase sólida sin llama pero con emisión de luz de la zona de combustión.

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Record 4 2013-06-13

English

Subject field(s)
  • Classification of Coal
DEF

The solid, carbonaceous residue that results from incomplete combustion on pyrolysis of organic material.

CONT

The solid carbonaceous material treated ... is preferably a solid particulate residue of a carbonaceous material including coal char, which is essentially bituminous coal char, and coke breeze,

CONT

Residual carbon from coal combustion is not the same as activated carbon. The pore structure, surface properties, and inorganic content may be strikingly different. Nonetheless, coal char does have some capacity for adsorbing mercury.

OBS

[This residue] can be burned for its energy content or, if free from large amounts of impurities, processed further for production of activated carbon for use as a filtering medium. Char produced from coal is generally called coke, while that produced from wood or bone is called charcoal.

OBS

char: term used at Natural Resources Canada - Earth Sciences Sector.

French

Domaine(s)
  • Classification des charbons
DEF

Résidu noir de charbon résultant d'une pyrolyse ou d'une combustion incomplète.

CONT

Le noir de charbon se fait avec des morceaux de charbon bien nets et bien brûlés, que l'on pile dans un mortier, et que l'on broye ensuite à l'eau sur le porphyre, jusqu'à ce qu'il soit assez fin. Alors on le met sécher par petits morceaux, sur du papier bien lisse. C'est un très bon noir pour les tableaux, et également bon pour peindre à l'eau.

OBS

Le noir de charbon provient de la combustion d'un végétal à l'abri de l'air. C'est le plus ancien pigment que l'homme ait employé. Le choix des végétaux varie selon les époques et les artistes. Si le noir de charbon est rarement utilisé de nos jours, le fusain, obtenu par un procédé semblable, est pour sa part encore très prisé.

OBS

produit de carbonisation; noir de charbon : termes en usage à Ressources naturelles Canada - Secteur des sciences de la Terre.

Spanish

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Record 5 2012-03-09

English

Subject field(s)
  • Chemical Elements and Compounds
DEF

A 98% pure form of acetic acid used in production of acetate fiber.

CONT

Glacial acetic acid is [a] pure compound [99.8% min.], as distinguished from the usual water solutions known as acetic acid, [which] crystallizes at 62°F.

CONT

Acetic acid is the most extensively used organic acid, and is obtained either by the oxidation of alcohol and aldehyde, or by the destructive distillation of wood and carbohydrates in general. This yields an impure pyroligneous vinegar, which is subsequently purified.... Stahl proposed in 1700 a method to obtain acetic acid from vinegar by exposing the latter substance to a freezing temperature, separating the ice from the stronger acid; another method he suggested was to neutralize with an alkali and to evaporate, then distilling with an equal amount of sulphuric acid. In 1759 Count de Lauraguais obtained a crystallized acetic acid in a distillate of cuprum acetate, then known as "copper spirit. "The name glacial acetic acid was affixed to this substance by Löwitz(1793), who repeatedly distilled diluted acetic acid with powdered charcoal, and obtained thereby a crystalline acid by subjecting the product to a low temperature.

OBS

In the context of spotting, glacial acetic must be diluted to a 5-7% concentration. Glacial acetic is extremely hazardous (toxic fumes, severe skin burns) and should not be used without special training, personal protective equipment (PPE), and under carefully controlled conditions.

OBS

glacial: glass-like, crystallized. This usage persists in terms such as glacial acetic acid and glacial phosphoric acid.

French

Domaine(s)
  • Éléments et composés chimiques
DEF

Acide acétique pur cristallisable vers 16 °C.

CONT

Le vinaigre est une solution d'acide acétique à 4-5 %; on peut acheter de l'acide acétique glacial à 99,5 % et le diluer à 2 %.

Spanish

Campo(s) temático(s)
  • Elementos y compuestos químicos
OBS

glacial: Dícese del ácido acético exento de agua y de los demás cuerpos cuyos cristales se asemejan a los del hielo o son susceptibles de cristabilizar como él, si son líquidos.

Save record 5

Record 6 2009-06-23

English

Subject field(s)
  • Chemistry
  • Biomass Energy
DEF

The decomposition of wood by heating out of contact with air, producing primarily charcoal, tarry distillates and pyroligneous acid.

CONT

The destructive distillation of wood was formerly a well established industry. It was the original source of methanol("wood alcohol") and a source of acetic acid and some other organic chemicals in addition to charcoal.... It may be one of the least efficient methods of producing chemicals from wood.

OBS

Charcoal processes are generally called carbonization when they are mainly aimed at making charcoal, and distillation when more pyroligneous liquid is wanted.

French

Domaine(s)
  • Chimie
  • Énergie de la biomasse
DEF

Décomposition du bois par la chaleur en un lieu clos sans contact avec l'air, produisant du charbon de bois, des goudrons, de l'acide pyroligneux et des produits volatils non condensables.

Spanish

Campo(s) temático(s)
  • Química
  • Energía de la biomasa
CONT

La destilación destructiva - conocida también como pirólisis o destilación de la madera - es parecida a la carbonización, salvo que la madera se calienta en un recipiente cerrado y se recogen los gases y líquidos producidos. Algunos de esos gases pueden después condensarse para obtener una serie de productos químicos, y los que no se condensan pueden utilizarse como combustible gaseoso para el proceso mismo de destilación, o para cualquier otro fin. [...] La destilación de la madera es en realidad otro procedimiento para hacer carbón vegetal.

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Record 7 2008-08-18

English

Subject field(s)
  • Environmental Management
  • Energy Transformation
CONT

Per Capita Consumption and Dependency on Imports of Primary Energy by Country.

CONT

While population growth is much slower in developed nations the per capita industrial wood consumption is much higher. However the consumption of fuelwood and charcoal is much higher in developing nations.

Key term(s)
  • consumption per capita

French

Domaine(s)
  • Gestion environnementale
  • Transformation de l'énergie
DEF

Quotient de la consommation d'énergie observée dans une région par la population qui y réside.

CONT

C'est sur l'excessive croissance de notre consommation d'électricité, en particulier dans ses usages non performants qu'il faut porter nos efforts. Pour l'énergie et la pollution de l'air : après les chocs pétroliers, les efforts accomplis ont permis de gagner globalement 20 % en intensité énergétique (quantité d'énergie consommée par unité de P'B) mais les inégalités mondiales perdurent - écart de 1 à 10 de la consommation par habitant - et menacent à terme les équilibres géo-politiques.

Spanish

Campo(s) temático(s)
  • Gestión del medio ambiente
  • Transformación de la energía
Save record 7

Record 8 2008-05-15

English

Subject field(s)
  • Biomass Energy
CONT

... process of pyrolysis of vegetable waste(agricultural residues, wild-grown biomass), which transforms it into green charcoal. That domestic fuel performs the same as charcoal made from wood, but at half the cost.

Key term(s)
  • bio coal

French

Domaine(s)
  • Énergie de la biomasse
CONT

Le charbon vert est du charbon qui est produit sans bois, à partir de tout déchet végétal. En effet, il existe de nombreux rejets et résidus qui ne sont ni consommés ni utilisés: pailles diverses, restes de cultures tels les tiges de coton, de mil, de roseau, etc. Le produit se présente sous forme de briquettes faciles à utiliser et sans dégagement de méthane.

CONT

Le charbon de biomasse est pratiquement 2 fois moins cher que le charbon de bois.

Spanish

Campo(s) temático(s)
  • Energía de la biomasa
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Record 9 2006-09-29

English

Subject field(s)
  • Characteristics of Coal
DEF

Carbon residue of wood that has been charred, usually in the form of lumps [and that is] used as a heat source in charcoal grills.

CONT

Charcoal briquettes are in the form of small rounded lumps made from charcoal screenings and dust with starch and water, or tar as a binder. These briquettes are much denser than lump charcoal and are not liable to spontaneous heating or ignition, if properly manufactured.

French

Domaine(s)
  • Caractéristiques des charbons

Spanish

Save record 9

Record 10 2006-02-28

English

Subject field(s)
  • Coal Preparation
CONT

Charcoal is one of the best kinds of fuel to use when open fires are not permitted or when it is against the law for wood to be gathered. Charcoal briquets are good for grilling meat, for cooking foil meals, for spit or stick cooking, and for the Dutch oven. Charcoal briquets should never be burned in a closed area.

French

Domaine(s)
  • Préparation des charbons
CONT

[...] élever au centre du foyer une pyramide de briquettes de charbon d'environ 12 pouces de diamètre et de 5 à 6 pouces de hauteur. Utiliser un peu d'essence d'allumage en suivant les instructions du fabricant. [...] Le feu doit couver 30 à 40 minutes ou jusqu'à ce que les briquettes soient toutes couvertes de cendre : elles sont alors prêtes pour la cuisson.

PHR

Briquette de charbon de bois.

Spanish

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Record 11 2003-11-19

English

Subject field(s)
  • Biomass Energy
  • Coal Preparation
DEF

The process of making charcoal by heating carbonaceous material such as wood.

CONT

Senegal. The exclusion of the rural population from decisions on their resources is aggravated by the employment of foreign migrant labor for wood cutting and charcoaling.

French

Domaine(s)
  • Énergie de la biomasse
  • Préparation des charbons
DEF

Procédé qui consiste à chauffer à l'abri de l'air le bois jusqu'à sa décomposition partielle.

Spanish

Campo(s) temático(s)
  • Energía de la biomasa
  • Preparación del carbón
DEF

Carbonización de la madera.

Save record 11

Record 12 2001-05-03

English

Subject field(s)
  • Paleontology
  • Ecosystems
  • Botany
DEF

The identifying of wood species from charcoal remains.

CONT

Working with archeologists, the author has studied thousands of charcoal samples to create a school of "anthracology" that has enabled significant progress in understanding prehistoric ecosystems. A knowledge of the history of the ecology of Mediterranean forests is essential for managing these areas which are today so fragile and under threat.

French

Domaine(s)
  • Paléontologie
  • Écosystèmes
  • Botanique
DEF

Étude de la structure des charbons de bois et des moyens d'identification des végétaux après combustion incomplète.

Spanish

Save record 12

Record 13 2000-06-21

English

Subject field(s)
  • Medication
CONT

Charcoal slurry or other suitable agent should be instilled into the stomach after vomiting or lavage.

OBS

Charcoal : carbon obtained from organic matter by drawing off volatile compounds, as by charring wood in an airless environment.

OBS

Slurry: A suspension formed by swirling, often one than settles fairly rapidly.

French

Domaine(s)
  • Médicaments

Spanish

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Record 14 1999-10-28

English

Subject field(s)
  • Heating
DEF

Gas produced during production of charcoal by heating wood in the absence of air and usually used as a fuel at the production site.

CONT

... during wood pyrolysis at low heating rates and low terminal temperatures, wood undergoes three different decomposition stages during which a non-condensable gaseous fraction is evolved. This fraction is the wood gas which is normally recovered in large-scale carbonization units.

French

Domaine(s)
  • Chauffage

Spanish

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Record 15 1999-10-18

English

Subject field(s)
  • Ovens, Furnaces and Boilers (Heating)
  • Coal Preparation
CONT

Charcoal kiln : A chamber or retort, generally of metal or brick construction, for carbonizing wood to produce charcoal... An earth kiln consists essentially of a stack of wood covered with earth, turf, etc., with vents to serve as air inlets and chimney...

French

Domaine(s)
  • Fours et chaudières (Chauffage)
  • Préparation des charbons
DEF

Empilement de bois garni de terre et de gazon que l'on brûle à ciel ouvert pour obtenir du charbon de bois.

Spanish

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Record 16 1998-10-27

English

Subject field(s)
  • Ovens, Furnaces and Boilers (Heating)
  • Biomass Energy
DEF

A chamber or retort, generally of metal or brick construction, for carbonizing wood to produce charcoal.

French

Domaine(s)
  • Fours et chaudières (Chauffage)
  • Énergie de la biomasse
DEF

Enceinte ou cornue fabriquée généralement en métal ou sur une ossature de briques, afin de transformer, sous l'effet de la chaleur, le bois en charbon.

Spanish

Save record 16

Record 17 1998-04-29

English

Subject field(s)
  • Silviculture
  • Types of Hearths (Heating)
  • Coal Preparation
CONT

Charcoal kiln : A chamber or retort, generally of metal or brick construction, for carbonizing wood to produce charcoal... [A] pit kiln is a pit dug in the ground, filled with wood and similarly covered with earth, etc.

French

Domaine(s)
  • Sylviculture
  • Types de foyers (Chauffage)
  • Préparation des charbons
DEF

Four à carboniser ayant la forme d'une fosse creusée dans le sol, remplie de bois et recouverte de terre.

OBS

four à carboniser : Appareil métallique articulé et mobile, utilisé par les charbonniers pour la carbonisation en forêt.

Spanish

Save record 17

Record 18 1998-01-22

English

Subject field(s)
  • Silviculture
CONT

P. cineraria is a genuine multipurpose species. It yields excellent firewood and produces high-quality charcoal. The wood is hard and reasonably durable with a variety of small timber uses. The foliage provides nutritious fodder, maximum yields being produced when the trees are pollarded on a three-year rotation. Palatability is good. The pods also provide good fodder, and when young, are a popular vegetable in the human diet in parts of India and Pakistan. In times of famine the bark of the tree is pounded into flour and made into cakes. The bark yields edible gums, is used locally in leather tanning, and is reported to be used to treat scorpion stings and snake bites. The flowers are valuable in honey production.

Key term(s)
  • multipurpose tree species

French

Domaine(s)
  • Sylviculture
CONT

Une chance nouvelle s'offre-t-elle au châtaignier? Les multiples utilisations d'une espèce polyvalente.

Spanish

Save record 18

Record 19 1997-12-29

English

Subject field(s)
  • Ovens, Furnaces and Boilers (Heating)
OBS

charcoal kiln : A chamber or retort, generally of metal or brick construction, for carbonizing wood to produce charcoal.

Key term(s)
  • steel charcoal kiln

French

Domaine(s)
  • Fours et chaudières (Chauffage)
OBS

four à carboniser : Enceinte en maçonnerie dans laquelle s'effectue la carbonisation du bois pour en faire du charbon.

Spanish

Save record 19

Record 20 1993-08-30

English

Subject field(s)
  • Energy Transformation
  • Biomass Energy
CONT

Retort technology... charcoal processes... The Lambiotte continuous carbonization process is related to the multi-stage type reactor.... Wood is fed continuously through a vertical cylinder into a retort. There, it undergoes three different treatments, moving slowly down to the bottom of the retort. In the first, it is dried, in the second, the charcoal process takes place, and in the third, charcoal is cooled. For the drying stage, pyroligneous gases are removed from the carbonization zone and fanned to the drying zone where they burn with a controlled supply of air. For the cooling stage, gases are removed from under the carbonization stage, where tars have been cracked, and reinjected at the bottom of the retort after having crossed a water cooled system. The sufficiently cooled charcoal is extracted from the bottom of the retort. The level of raw material inside the retort is kept at the maximum height possible. The excess of gas(50%) is generally flared off but can be directed through a by-product recovery system as for the Sific process. The process is fully automated.

French

Domaine(s)
  • Transformation de l'énergie
  • Énergie de la biomasse
CONT

Le procédé Lambiotte représente sans doute la technique la plus perfectionnée de pyrolyse du bois. Il opère en continu avec circulation externe de gaz de chauffage [...] Les gaz, au contraire du procédé Reichert, circulent en montant à contre-courant du bois. Il y a une zone de séchage et préchauffage, une zone de carbonisation exothermique puis une zone de refroidissement. Les gaz qui s'échappent par le haut sont refroidis, condensés, lavés. Les calories du charbon de bois sont en partie récupérées et le bilan matière comme le bilan énergétique sont particulièrement bien calculés dans ce procédé. Il faut toutefois utiliser du bois bien sec pour consommer le minimum de chauffage et d'énergie électrique (ventilateurs).

Spanish

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Record 21 1993-08-30

English

Subject field(s)
  • Gasifiers
  • Energy Transformation
  • Biomass Energy
OBS

... charcoal processes.... the Lambiotte continuous carbonization process is related to the multi-stage type reactor.... Wood is fed continuously through a vertical cylinder into a retort. There, it undergoes three different treatments, moving slowly down to the bottom of the retort. In the first, it is dried, in the second, the charcoal process takes place, and in the third, charcoal is cooled. For the drying stage, pyroligneous gases are removed from the carbonization zone and fanned to the drying zone where they burn with a controlled supply of air. For the cooling stage, gases are removed from under the carbonization stage, where tars have been cracked, and reinjected at the bottom of the retort after having crossed a water cooled system. The sufficiently cooled charcoal is extracted from the bottom of the retort.

French

Domaine(s)
  • Gazogènes
  • Transformation de l'énergie
  • Énergie de la biomasse
DEF

Four Lambiotte : Appareil pour la distillation du bois avec récupération de l'acide acétique et des méthylènes.

Spanish

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Record 22 1993-06-15

English

Subject field(s)
  • Energy Transformation
CONT

Gasification is a thermal process to convert solid fuel into gasified fuel by non-stoichiometric, partial combustion.... The most established gasifier system is the down-draught gasifier. It produces an almost tar-free gas and can be constructed on a relatively large scale compared to other systems. Its disadvantage is the requirement for fuel preparation, which must be well cut, uniform wood or charcoal, with a moisture content not greater than 20%.

CONT

The "downdraft" (or coflow) gasifiers ... used widely during World War II produce very little tar and oil and are much more practical in small sizes for producing clean gas. Air (oxygen) is introduced at nozzles or tuyères which form a complex reaction zone not amenable to scale-up or simple analysis.

French

Domaine(s)
  • Transformation de l'énergie
DEF

[...] gazogènes [...] dans lesquels l'air est introduit sous la zone de combustion. La chaleur dégagée par la combustion produit la pyrolyse ou la distillation du bois placé au dessus, mais les pyroligneux et les goudrons produits sont contraints à descendre, à passer à travers la zone de charbon de bois en ignition; ils sont donc craqués, réduits à l'état de CO + H2 essentiellement. Il n'y a pratiquement plus de pyroligneux, ni de goudron.

OBS

C'est ce type de gazéifeur (ou gazogène) qui a été utilisé sur les camions et les voitures durant la dernière guerre (type Imbert).

Spanish

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Record 23 1986-04-16

English

Subject field(s)
  • Occupation Names
OBS

(wood distillation & charcoal)

French

Domaine(s)
  • Désignations des emplois
OBS

(distillation du bois et fabrication de charbon de bois)

Spanish

Save record 23

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