TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Set of hypotheses on the subject of human behaviour that, in the opinion of McGregor, characterise bad managers. These are: the average man avoids work if he can because he does not like it. The majority of people need to be controlled and threatened with punishment before they make an adequate effort. The average person prefers to be lead, avoids responsibility, is not ambitious enough and prefers security. The opposite is the Y Theory, also explained by Douglas McGregor in his book "The Human Side of Enterprise" (1960).  4, record 1, English, - theory%20X

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Douglas McGregor... believed that much of the failure of the human relations approach as it was actually applied in industry stemmed from the fact that most managers worked on what he called "Theory X"...  5, record 1, English, - theory%20X

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 3 CONT

Managerial belief that subordinates dislike their work, are lazy, and need to be directed; as a result, Theory X managers use the autocratic managerial approach.  6, record 1, English, - theory%20X

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Theory X : term and definition reproduced from the CAPITAL Business Dictionary with the permission of LID Editorial Empresarial.  7, record 1, English, - theory%20X

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Théorie affirmant que l'employé est fondamentalement passif et que c'est à la direction d'orienter ses efforts.  2, record 1, French, - th%C3%A9orie%20X

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Douglas McGregor, en 1960, a proposé une analyse de deux types de direction sous le nom de «théorie X» et de «théorie Y» [...] La théorie X s'appuie sur trois hypothèses fondamentales : a) la direction est responsable de l'organisation des ressources de l'entreprise [...] afin de réaliser ses fins économiques. b) En ce qui concerne les hommes, la direction oriente leurs efforts, les motive, contrôle leurs actions, modifie leurs attitudes afin de les adapter aux besoins de l'entreprise. c) Sans cette intervention de la direction, les individus restent passifs, vis-à-vis des besoins de l'entreprise. Les employés doivent être convaincus, récompensés, punis, contraints, contrôlés, si l'on veut lutter contre leur aversion innée pour le travail.  3, record 1, French, - th%C3%A9orie%20X

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Conjunto de hipótesis sobre el comportamiento humano que, en opinión de McGregor, caracterizan a los malos directores. Son las siguientes: el hombre medio evita trabajar si puede, porque no le gusta; la mayoría de la gente debe ser controlada y amenazada con castigos para que se esfuerce adecuadamente; el hombre medio prefiere ser dirigido, evita la responsabilidad, no es demasiado ambicioso y prefiere la seguridad. Su opuesto es la teoría Y, explicadas ambas por Douglas McGregor en su obra "The Human Side of Enterprise" (1960).  2, record 1, Spanish, - teor%C3%ADa%20X

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 OBS

[Según] la Ortografía académica, los nombres de las teorías científicas se escriben con minúscula: modelo estándar, teoría de la gran unificación, teoría de cuerdas, teoría de la relatividad.  3, record 1, Spanish, - teor%C3%ADa%20X

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Teoría X: término y definición extraídos del CAPITAL Business Dictionary con la autorización de LID Editorial Empresarial.  4, record 1, Spanish, - teor%C3%ADa%20X

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Propagation of energy through space or material media by wave disturbances in electric and magnetic fields ...  2, record 2, English, - electromagnetic%20radiation

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Light and radar are examples of electromagnetic radiation differing only in their wave lengths (or frequency). Electric and magnetic fields propagate through space at the speed of light.  3, record 2, English, - electromagnetic%20radiation

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 2 OBS

... according to quantum theory the energy exists in discrete units(photons). The speed of propagation of the energy through space and in air is about 3 x 10⁸ m^-1.  2, record 2, English, - electromagnetic%20radiation

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 3 OBS

The term also applies to the energy itself.  2, record 2, English, - electromagnetic%20radiation

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 4 OBS

[In remote sensing] polarisation is defined according to the plane variation within which the wave oscillates. If the variation behaves randomly, the wave is said to be non-polarised and if the plane remains stable the polarisation is rectilinear.  4, record 2, English, - electromagnetic%20radiation

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 5 OBS

electromagnetic radiation: term officially approved by the RADARSAT-2 Terminology Approval Group (RTAG).  5, record 2, English, - electromagnetic%20radiation

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Propagation de l'énergie à travers l'espace ou dans les milieux matériels sous forme d'ondes dans les champs électrique et magnétique [...]  3, record 2, French, - rayonnement%20%C3%A9lectromagn%C3%A9tique

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

[...] selon la théorie des quanta, l'énergie existe en unités discrètes (photons). La vitesse de propagation de l'énergie dans l'espace et dans l'air est d'environ 3 x 10⁸ m s^-1.  3, record 2, French, - rayonnement%20%C3%A9lectromagn%C3%A9tique

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Exemples : Ondes radio, lumière et les rayons X.  2, record 2, French, - rayonnement%20%C3%A9lectromagn%C3%A9tique

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 3 OBS

Les deux mots «radiation» et «rayonnement» ne représentent pas des notions complètement distinctes; le premier est employé de préférence lorsque l'on considère essentiellement l'aspect corpusculaire, le second désignant surtout l'aspect ondulatoire électromagnétique.  4, record 2, French, - rayonnement%20%C3%A9lectromagn%C3%A9tique

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 4 OBS

Le terme s'applique aussi à l'énergie elle-même.  3, record 2, French, - rayonnement%20%C3%A9lectromagn%C3%A9tique

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 5 OBS

[En télédétection] la polarisation caractérise la variation du plan dans lequel oscille l'onde. Si cette variation est aléatoire, l'onde est dite non polarisée. Si ce plan reste fixe, la polarisation est dite rectiligne.  5, record 2, French, - rayonnement%20%C3%A9lectromagn%C3%A9tique

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 6 OBS

rayonnement électromagnétique : terme uniformisé par le Groupe de travail de la terminologie de RADARSAT-2 (GTTR).  6, record 2, French, - rayonnement%20%C3%A9lectromagn%C3%A9tique

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Propagación de la energía a través del espacio o de un medio material por perturbaciones ondulatorias en los campos eléctrico y magnético.  2, record 2, Spanish, - radiaci%C3%B3n%20electromagn%C3%A9tica

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

De acuerdo con la teoría cuántica, la energía existe en unidades discretas (fotones). La velocidad de propagación de la energía a través del espacio y en el aire es, aproximadamente, de 3 x 10⁸ m s^-1.  2, record 2, Spanish, - radiaci%C3%B3n%20electromagn%C3%A9tica

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 2 OBS

El término se aplica también a la energía misma.  2, record 2, Spanish, - radiaci%C3%B3n%20electromagn%C3%A9tica

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

As evidence builds that the Theory Y model of management, built on commitment and involvement, is far more successful in the workplace than the bureaucratic and authoritarian Theory X model, organizations seek new and more specific guidance in how to reinvent themselves into the Theory Y mode. Schuster outlines a step-by-step process to transform management theory into practice--he calls it Strategy A.  1, record 3, English, - authoritarian%20theory

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The theory that all X chromosomes in a cell in excess of one are inactivated(in the form of sex chromatin) on a random basis in all mammalian cells at an early stage of embryogenesis. In the normal human female the paternal X chromosome is inactivated in some cells and the maternal one in the remainder. During oogenesis, the inactive X is reactivated so that products of both Xs are represented in the mammalian egg.  4, record 4, English, - Lyon%20hypothesis

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

also found in the adjectival form. Lyonized (ex.: a Lyonized haircell precursor).  5, record 4, English, - Lyon%20hypothesis

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Hypothèse selon laquelle, lorsque le nombre des chromosomes X est supérieur à 1 (chez la femme normale, par exemple), un de ces chromosomes est inactivé, c'est-à-dire ne s'exprime pas génétiquement. Cette inactivation, qui se produirait à un stade précoce de l'embryogenèse, serait due au hasard et porterait donc dans 50 p. cent des cas sur le chromosome X paternel et dans 50 p. cent des cas sur le chromosome X maternel.  1, record 4, French, - hypoth%C3%A8se%20de%20Lyon

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

A theory; sometimes called Theory Y, that the development of self-control is the critical element in a working organization. The classical organization theory is called Theory X.  1, record 5, English, - integrative%20organization%20theory

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Note: Term defined in a specialized glossary of psychometrics.  2, record 5, English, - integrative%20organization%20theory

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

A theory, sometimes called Theory X that people need a "chain of command".  1, record 6, English, - classical%20organization%20theory

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Note: Term defined in a specialized glossary of psychometrics.  2, record 6, English, - classical%20organization%20theory

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 OBS

A form of balance theory that involves the relationship between two people, A and B, and their attitudes toward an attitude object, X.  1, record 7, English, - ABX%20system

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

McGregor's theory that behind every management decision is a set of assumptions that a manager makes about human behavior. The Theory X manager assumes that people are lazy, dislike work, want no responsibility, and prefer to be closely directed. The Theory Y manager assumes(...) [the contrary].  1, record 8, English, - Theory%20X%20%2D%20Theory%20Y

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish