TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

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FM radios,... telecommunications equipment,... X-ray imaging, all depend on beryllium copper or other beryllium alloys for optimum performance and reliability. Vacuum shrouds and radiation shields used for X-ray diffraction and crystallography are equipped with beryllium dome.  2, record 1, English, - vacuum%20shroud

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With our DMX and WMX series of non-magnetic stainless steel vacuum shrouds and nickel-plated copper radiation shields and sample holders, you can count on high quality, contaminant-free research accessories.  3, record 1, English, - vacuum%20shroud

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Optimized for experiments requiring optical access to the sample, these [cryostats] include the following components: - Optical vacuum shroud and radiation shield. [An illustration is given.]  4, record 1, English, - vacuum%20shroud

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

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[...] la production des rayons X [mettant en œuvre] un montage à anticathode [s'effectue selon le] principe [suivant] : dans un contenant scellé et sous vide, une différence de potentiel de plusieurs milliers de volts (30 à 50 kV) est imposée entre deux électrodes. Les électrons produits par un filament de tungstène chauffé vont alors être accélérés très fortement, [créant] un flux rapide d'électrons vers l'anticathode. Lorsque ces électrons vont heurter la surface de l'anticathode ils vont exciter les électrons du métal dont est constitué l'électrode, ce qui va donner naissance à un rayonnement X [...] émis via des fenêtres en béryllium (matériau transparent aux rayons X et capable de résister au vide poussé qui règne dans l'enceinte [sous vide]). [Texte suivi d'une illustration.]  2, record 1, French, - enceinte%20sous%20vide

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Le cyclotron [...] permet d'accélérer les particules chargées grâce à la combinaison d'un champ électrique accélérateur, d'un champ magnétique qui circularise les trajectoires dans l'enceinte sous vide et enfin d'une radiofréquence qui assure la synchronicité de l'accélération à l'entrée et à la sortie des électrodes [...]  3, record 1, French, - enceinte%20sous%20vide

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

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A form of transmission electron microscopy (EM) where the sample is studied at cryogenic temperatures (generally liquid nitrogen temperatures).  2, record 2, English, - cryo%2Delectron%20microscopy

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The popularity of cryoelectron microscopy stems from the fact that it allows the observation of specimens that have not been stained or fixed in any way, showing them in their native environment, in contrast to X-ray crystallography, which generally requires placing the samples in non-physiological environments, which can occasionally lead to functionally irrelevant conformational changes.  2, record 2, English, - cryo%2Delectron%20microscopy

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

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Microscopie électronique à transmission dans laquelle l'échantillon est refroidi à des températures cryogéniques (celles de l'azote liquide).  2, record 2, French, - cryomicroscopie%20%C3%A9lectronique

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Utilisée surtout pour des échantillons biologiques. Ceux-ci sont placés en solution aqueuse afin d'être vitrifiés (refroidissement rapide qui permet d'éviter la cristallisation). Cette technique permet de conserver la structure tridimensionnelle native des molécules biologiques.  2, record 2, French, - cryomicroscopie%20%C3%A9lectronique

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Les images obtenues peuvent être utilisées pour calculer une structure 3D de l'échantillon.  3, record 2, French, - cryomicroscopie%20%C3%A9lectronique

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

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The tools of contemporary molecular biology generate a bewildering prospect in that an astronomical number of single amino acid replacements can be generated in even a small enzyme containing only about 100 amino acid residues... Oligodeoxynucleotide-directed mutagenesis allows the systematic replacement of every single amino acid residue in a protein in turn... Since only a small subset of possible mutant proteins can be examined in the design and production of engineered proteins, target proteins must be carefully considered, and research must be guided by tools such as X-ray crystallography and molecular modeling. Clearly, however, the predictive power of X-ray diffraction techniques and molecular modeling will be much greater for some amino acid substitutions than for others. Mechanism-based inactivation of enzymes will be easy to predict given a known mechanism of action for an enzyme.  3, record 3, English, - amino%20acid%20substitution

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

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L'ingénierie des protéines est l'ensemble des techniques qui permettent, si possible à partir de la connaissance de la structure tridimensionnelle des protéines, de fabriquer des protéines "sur mesure" entièrement nouvelles ou de remodeler d'une manière rationnelle et spécifique la structure des protéines naturelles afin d'améliorer leur fonction et rentabiliser ainsi leur emploi dans la technologie des aliments, ou les industries pharmaceutique et agrochimique. On peut, par exemple, modifier la stabilité thermique, la spécificité, l'activité, ou déplacer le pH optimum des enzymes. Au sens strict, la modification de la structure moléculaire (obtenue par substitutions d'acides aminés) se fait grâce aux modifications correspondantes au niveau des gènes par mutagénèse dirigée. Il faut souligner cependant que des protéines améliorées peuvent être obtenues également par la modification chimique des résidus d'acides aminés accessibles.  1, record 3, French, - substitution%20d%27acide%20amin%C3%A9

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Record 4,  Textual support,  English

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Promotion of a chemical reaction by addition of a substance or enzyme (catalyst) that partakes in, but is not permanently affected by the reaction. In the case of enzymes, it is mediated by the functional groups found in amino acid side chains and coenzymes. Notably, the amino acid side chains of histidine, serine, cysteine, lysine, glutamate, and aspartate are frequently directly involved in the catalytic process. Coenzymes or metals work in conjunction with enzymes to provide a greater variety of functional groups than is available through amino acid side chains alone.  2, record 4, English, - catalysis

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DNA technology enables the facile modification of proteins by highly specific mutagenesis of their genes. Enzymes with novel properties may be produced in large quantities from the mutant genes. Kinetic analysis of the mutant enzymes can be combined with high-resolution structural data from protein X-ray crystallography to provide direct measurements on the relationships between structure and function. In particular, the strength and nature of enzyme-substrate interactions and their roles in catalysis and specificity may be studied.  3, record 4, English, - catalysis

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

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Accélération d'une réaction chimique grâce à la présence, en petite quantité, d'une substance (appelée catalyseur), qui est retrouvée inchangée à la fin de la réaction.  2, record 4, French, - catalyse

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Certains enzymes subissent une activation irréversible quand ils sont traités par des agents capables de se fixer de façon covalente à un groupement fonctionnel indispensable à la catalyse, ce qui conduit à la formation d'une molécule enzymatique inactive.  3, record 4, French, - catalyse

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

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Proceso por el cual varía la velocidad de una reacción química por la presencia de una sustancia, el catalizador, que al finalizar la reacción permanece inalterada.  1, record 4, Spanish, - cat%C3%A1lisis

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

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Amyloidosis is not one clinical entity but a group of diverse structurally driven protein deposition diseases. They are similar in that protein deposition occurs extracellularly and these deposits stain eosinophilic using standard tissue histologic stains, bind Congo red dye, and emit an apple-green birefringence using polarized light microscopy; exhibit metachromasia with crystal violet; and have an array of 75-to 100-Å nonbranching fibrils by electron microscopy and a twisted b-pleated sheet antiparallel configuration by x-ray crystallography. They differ, however, in the biochemical nature of the proteinaceous deposits, the "etiology" of the associated diseases(neoplastic, inflammatory, degenerative, hereditary), the tropism of protein deposition, and the spectrum of disease manifestations.  1, record 5, English, - amyloidosis

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

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Affection caractérisée par le dépôt, dans de nombreux organes, d'un matériel d'allure protéique, la substance amyloïde définie par certaines affinités tinctoriales et une ultrastructure fibrillaire et tendant à envahir et détruire certains organes, notamment les reins.  2, record 5, French, - amylose

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

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Enfermedad caracterizada por la aparición de formaciones de pequeños fragmentos de una proteína insoluble en distintas partes del cuerpo, tales como lengua, corazón, tracto gastrointestinal, nervios, músculos y especialmente en los dedos de la mano.  1, record 5, Spanish, - amiloidosis

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

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The -196°C Quick/Snap Freezer is a portable -196°C freezer capable of vitrifying small tissue samples and quick freezing medium sized contained samples while being operated in the Life Science Glovebox.  3, record 6, English, - quick%2Fsnap%20freezer

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The Quick/Snap Freezer will be used to cool all samples before they are inserted into the storage freezer and will also provide a means to transport cooled samples between the Life Sciences Glovebox, the X-ray Crystallography Facility, and the Cryogenic Storage Freezer. It will "quick freeze" 2 ml(0. 1 in. ⁿ) contained samples and ultra-rapidly freeze("snap freeze") small(1 x 2 x 1 mm or 0. 04 x 0. 08 x 0. 04 in.) tissue samples. The unit will be accessible from within the work volume of the Life Science Glovebox.  4, record 6, English, - quick%2Fsnap%20freezer

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quick/snap freezer: term officially approved by the International Space Station official approval Group (ISSOAG).  5, record 6, English, - quick%2Fsnap%20freezer

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

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congélateur ultra-rapide : terme uniformisé par le Groupe de travail de la terminologie de la Station spatiale internationale (GTTSSI).  1, record 6, French, - cong%C3%A9lateur%20ultra%2Drapide

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Record 7,  Textual support,  English

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The X-ray Crystallography Facility [is a] multi-purpose facility designed to provide and coordinate all aspects of protein crystal growth experiments on the ISS [International Space Station] sample growth, monitoring, mounting, freezing, and x-ray diffraction.  2, record 7, English, - X%2Dray%20crystallography%20facility

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X-ray crystallography facility : term officially approved by the International Space Station official approval Group(ISSOAG).  3, record 7, English, - X%2Dray%20crystallography%20facility

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

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Le «X-ray Cristallography Facility» [est] consacré à l'étude des cristaux en apesanteur. La croissance, la multiplication des cristaux peut être étudiée à l'intérieur des cuves de conditionnement de ce dispositif, qui possède un système ultra-perfectionné de manipulation robotisée piloté par l'équipage, par un ordinateur ou encore par des techniciens au sol. Tous les systèmes de prises de vues et d'analyses, aussi bien chimiques que spectrométriques en lumière visible ou en rayons X sont inclus dans cet élément.  2, record 7, French, - poste%20de%20recherche%20en%20cristallographie%20par%20rayons%20X

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poste de recherche en cristallographie par rayons X : terme uniformisé par le Groupe de travail de la terminologie de la Station spatiale internationale (GTTSSI).  1, record 7, French, - poste%20de%20recherche%20en%20cristallographie%20par%20rayons%20X

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

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By 1920 most of the naturally occurring [alpha]-amino acids had been identified in hydrolyzates from crystalline proteins. Yet, the scientific community was far from adoption of a structural theory that would explain how enzymes are assembled from amino acid building blocks. In fact, the crystallization and characterization of urease as a protein by Summer... in 1926 drew much scepticism from others who viewed the crystalline protein merely as an inert carrier of the catalytic agent. The issue was clouded by the recognition of other, nonprotein molecules closely associated with enzymes(prosthetic groups in today's terminology), and required for enzymatic activity. The identity of enzymes as proteins came conclusively from quantitative studies, such as partial proteolytic digestion and immunoprecipitation.... Today, X-ray crystallography is a vital tool for determining protein structure and its relationship to the catalytic action of enzymes.  1, record 8, English, - crystalline%20protein

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

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Pendant de nombreuses années on pensa que les protéines étaient les macromolécules biologiquement les plus importantes, ceci à cause de la découverte de la nature protéique des enzymes. Au début, la constitution des enzymes avait donné lieu à une controverse. S'agissait-il de petites molécules ou de macromolécules? Ce ne fut qu'en 1926 que la fonction enzymatique d'une protéine cristallisée fut démontrée pour la première fois par le biologiste américain Sumner; la controverse était alors pratiquement terminée.  1, record 8, French, - prot%C3%A9ine%20cristallis%C3%A9e

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish