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X-RAY DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS [7 records]

Filter results by subject field Alphabetical list of terms

Filter results by subject field

Alphabetical list of terms

Record 1 2011-11-24

English

Subject field(s)
  • Biochemistry
  • Biotechnology
CONT

Immobilization of enzymes by crystallization and subsequent cross-linking provides structures which have a regular three-dimensional molecular arrangement, and a high packing density. Such structures are useful for both X-ray diffraction analysis, and also physico-chemical studies of enzymes in the solid state. An important feature of the enzyme crystals is that they have large liquid-filled channels surrounding the individual protein molecules, therefore, as in dilute solution, most of the surface of the enzyme is in contact with the surrounding solvent. Since the channels are permeable to low molecular weight solutes, it is possible to study the properties of enzymes in crystals in much the same way as when in solution. Lysosyme is an... enzyme whose catalytic mechanism is being studied. X-ray analysis of the crystalline enzyme shows that it contains a long cleft as its active site, which can accommodate its normal substrate, the long-chain peptidoglycan of bacterial cell walls.

French

Domaine(s)
  • Biochimie
  • Biotechnologie
CONT

Dans les années 1930, un grand scepticisme demeurait cependant encore sur la véritable nature protéique des catalyseurs enzymatiques que certains estimaient être de simples impuretés adsorbées sur les cristaux de protéines. Ce fut donc une chance si plusieurs des premières enzymes cristallisées véritablement pures, les protéases digestives, trypsine, chymotrypsine, pepsine, isolées par Kunitz et Northrop entre 1930 et 1940, furent des protéines totalement dépourvues de coenzyme, de cofacteur ou de métal, leur nature uniquement protéique étant ainsi démontrée. [...] Dans un grand nombre de cas maintenant, on connaît non seulement la séquence des aminoacides mais également le détail de la conformation tridimensionnelle grâce à l'étude des spectres de diffraction des rayons X de cristaux d'enzymes.

Key term(s)
  • enzyme cristallin

Spanish

Campo(s) temático(s)
  • Bioquímica
  • Biotecnología
OBS

Tradicionalmente, la Real Academia Española (RAE) admitía únicamente el género femenino para el sustantivo enzima; así fue hasta 1984, fecha en que pasó a considerarlo de género ambiguo, que puede funcionar por igual como masculino y como femenino. El uso, no obstante, parece haberse decantado claramente en español por el femenino, que hoy se emplea en el 90% de los casos [...]

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Record 2 2011-01-11

English

Subject field(s)
  • Radiological Physics (Theory and Application)
  • Mineralogy
  • Scientific Measurements and Analyses
DEF

Analysis of the crystal structure of materials by passing X-rays through them and registering the diffraction (scattering) image of the rays.

CONT

Qualitative X-ray diffraction(XRD) analysis is used to identify minerals based on their crystal structure. We provide standard XRD analysis as well as clay XRD analysis, which involves processing the sample to produce diagnostic changes in clay XRD peak positions and sizes.

OBS

X-ray diffraction analysis : term used at Natural Resources Canada-Earth Sciences Sector.

Key term(s)
  • X-rays diffraction analysis
  • X ray diffraction analysis
  • X rays diffraction analysis

French

Domaine(s)
  • Physique radiologique et applications
  • Minéralogie
  • Mesures et analyse (Sciences)
DEF

Technique d'analyse basée sur la diffraction des rayons X sur la matière.

CONT

L'analyse par diffraction des rayons X est l'une des méthodes les plus utilisées pour identifier les minéraux. Elle est surtout utilisée pour l'identification des minéraux argileux, en raison de leur taille se situant en dessous 0,1 micron. La méthode est basée sur la loi de Bragg utilisant les distances interatomiques de chaque minéral analysé. Le diffractogramme en est la représentation graphique.

CONT

Analyse par diffraction X. L'analyse par diffraction des rayons X ou diffractométrie X permet de déterminer les distances interatomiques et l'arrangement des atomes dans les réseaux cristallins. Comme les rayons X sont diffractés de façon différente par les éléments du réseau suivant la construction de ce dernier, l'irradiation de la matière par rayons X permet de connaître sa nature cristallographique.

CONT

Une telle hétérogénéité minéralogique ne peut être mise en évidence que par une analyse DRX; elle est, par ailleurs, fonction de l'appartenance stratigraphique des couches argileuses.

OBS

diffractométrie de rayons X; diffractométrie X : termes en usage à Ressources naturelles Canada - Secteur des sciences de la Terre.

Key term(s)
  • analyse par diffraction des rayons-X

Spanish

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Record 3 2003-09-08

English

Subject field(s)
  • Analytical Chemistry
DEF

High resolution secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS).

CONT

Post-flight characterization of the samples included(1) metallography,(2) quantitative microstructural analysis,(3) scanning electron microscopy,(4) energy dispersive X-ray analysis,(5) electrical resistivity measurements,(6) X-ray diffraction,(7) chemical analysis, and(8) ion-microprobe mass analysis.

French

Domaine(s)
  • Chimie analytique

Spanish

Save record 3

Record 4 2003-06-13

English

Subject field(s)
  • Radiological Physics (Theory and Application)
  • Mineralogy
CONT

X-ray powder diffraction is used in the identification of crystalline phases in unknown samples, finding the lattice parameter and other lattice related information, quantitative determination of phases in multiphase samples, finding the orientation in single crystals, and stereographic projections. The samples must be crystalline solids such as metals, ceramics, rocks etc. These samples are usually about 1 mg in size. If the sample fits in the sample holder then there is no preparation necessary otherwise the sample may have to be crushed in order to fit. The sample takes less than one hour to be analyzed for qualitative analysis in major phases and up to 16 hours for trace phases. The quantitative analysis can take several minutes to several hours after set up. There are several detectors used in XRPD varying from films to cameras to diffractometers.

CONT

Powder X-Ray Diffraction. Powders of crystalline materials diffract X-Rays. A beam of X-rays passing through a sample of randomly-oriented micro-crystals produces a pattern of rings on a distant screen. Powder X-Ray diffraction provides less information than single-crystal diffraction, however, it is much simpler and faster. Powder X-Ray diffraction is useful for confirming the identity of a solid material and determining crystallinity and phase purity. Modern powder X-Ray diffractometers consist of an X-Ray source, a movable sample platform, an X-Ray detector, and associated computer-controlled electronics. The sample is either packed into a shallow cup-shaped holder or deposited as a slurry onto a quartz substrate, and the sample holder spins slowly during the experiment to reduce sample heating. The X-Ray source is usually the same as used in single-crystal diffractometers, Mo or Cu. The X-Ray beam is fixed and the sample platform rotates with respect to the beam by an angle theta. The detector rotates at twice the rate of the sample and is at an angle of 2 theta with respect to the incoming X-Ray beam.

CONT

Fine particles such as clays must be separated from larger particles and measured separately if they are to be detected properly. To reduce errors associated with preferred orientation of minerals, samples are most commonly ground to a powder before analysis, a technique known as powder X-ray diffraction.

CONT

X-ray powder diffraction(XRD) is a direct method for qualitative and quantitative characterization of fine-grained materials such as clinker and cement, and may also be used for analysis of raw materials. Each phase produces a unique diffraction pattern independent of others, with the intensity of each pattern proportional to that phases concentration in a mixture.

Key term(s)
  • x-rays powder diffraction
  • x rays powder diffraction
  • x ray powder diffraction
  • powder x-rays diffraction
  • powder x rays diffraction
  • powder x ray diffraction

French

Domaine(s)
  • Physique radiologique et applications
  • Minéralogie
CONT

Diffraction de rayons sur poudres : analyse quantitative de composés modèles du ciment anhydre. [...] Ce stage sera consacré à la caractérisation par diffraction des rayons X de mélanges d'alites de synthèse M1 et M3. La méthode expérimentale utilisée sera la diffraction des rayons X sur poudres jointe aux autres méthodes de laboratoire associées.

CONT

À l'aide de la diffraction de rayons X de poudres, différentes formes polymorphiques peuvent être détectées pour des molécules à activité pharmacologique.

Key term(s)
  • diffraction de rayons-X sur poudres

Spanish

Save record 4

Record 5 2003-06-13

English

Subject field(s)
  • Radiological Physics (Theory and Application)
CONT

X-ray powder diffraction analysis(XRPD) was proven to be a very powerful tool for the study of "green stone" Neolithic axes and other artifacts. The amount of material to be sampled can be reduced to a few milligrams, thus making it a quasi-non destructive method.... If the dimension of an object is adequate(up to 60 cm in bulk, depending upon the shape) it can be directly analyzed, by XRPD, without sampling. Even a rough, irregular surface, both on flat and bent objects, is suitable for the analysis. The XRPD analysis is, therefore, totally non-destructive and is obviously very adapt to analyze many different materials, such as pigments, stones, ceramics, metals, patinas, salts efflorescences etc.

Key term(s)
  • x ray powder diffraction analysis

French

Domaine(s)
  • Physique radiologique et applications
CONT

Scintag X'TRA est un nouveau système d'analyse des poudres par diffraction de rayons X (XRD).

OBS

Les techniques analytiques : [...] Diffraction des rayons X sur poudres et sur cristaux.

OBS

En français, rayons X ne prend pas de trait d'union.

Key term(s)
  • analyse des poudres par diffraction des rayons-X
  • analyse par diffraction des rayons-X sur poudres

Spanish

Save record 5

Record 6 2003-04-09

English

Subject field(s)
  • Radiological Physics (Theory and Application)
  • Scientific Measurements and Analyses
CONT

X-ray Diffraction Method is an accurate, reliable and time proven tool for residual stress analysis. Using Bragg's law of diffraction the value of surface residual stress can be found by measuring the angle at which an X-ray beam diffracts from the surface of an analyzed component. This measurement method is absolute : i. e. it does not require calibration on samples of known stress levels.

CONT

Qualitative and quantitative phase analysis, grain size and micro-stresses determination, macro-stresses measurement using X-ray diffraction method.

Key term(s)
  • X-rays diffraction method
  • X rays diffraction method
  • X ray diffraction method

French

Domaine(s)
  • Physique radiologique et applications
  • Mesures et analyse (Sciences)
CONT

Deux méthodes de diffraction sont les plus utilisées pour déterminer les contraintes résiduelles à la surface des matériaux cristallins : la méthode par diffraction de neutrons et la méthode par diffraction des rayons X, qui fut la première proposée par Lester et Abon au siècle dernier (1925) [...] Le principe est fondé sur la mesure des variations des distances inter-atomiques liées directement à la présence de contraintes résiduelles. L'introduction d'un champ de contraintes résiduelles va se traduire par une déformation du réseau cristallin. En utilisant les plans cristallins comme jauges de déformation, la diffractométrie permet de déterminer de manière non destructive les contraintes en surface dans les matériaux cristallins uniquement [...]

Key term(s)
  • méthode d'analyse par diffraction des rayons X
  • méthode d'analyse par diffraction des rayon-X
  • méthode par diffraction des rayons-X

Spanish

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Record 7 1986-10-06

English

Subject field(s)
  • Environmental Studies and Analyses
CONT

Preliminary studies on the interaction of pyrrhotite with SO2 were carried out using differential thermal analysis(DTA), optimal microscopy, electron microprobe analysis and X-ray diffraction.

French

Domaine(s)
  • Études et analyses environnementales
CONT

Des études préliminaires sur l'interaction de la pyrrhotite avec le SO2 ont été effectuées; elles faisaient appel à l'analyse thermique différentielle (ATD, à la microscopie optique, à l'analyse par microsonde électronique et à la diffraction X.

Spanish

Save record 7

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