TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

An interference pattern created by x-rays as they pass through a material, such as a crystal.  3, record 1, English, - X%2Dray%20diffraction%20pattern

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

X-ray diffraction is a versatile, non-destructive analytical technique for identification and quantitative determination of the various crystalline compounds, known as ’phases, ’present in solid materials and powders. Identification is achieved by comparing the x-ray diffraction pattern-or ’diffractogram’-obtained from an unknown sample with an internationally recognised database containing reference patterns for more than 70, 000 phases.  4, record 1, English, - X%2Dray%20diffraction%20pattern

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 OBS

A diffractometer can be used to make a diffraction pattern of any crystalline solid. With a diffraction pattern an investigator can identify an unknown mineral, or characterize the atomic-scale structure of an already identified mineral.  5, record 1, English, - X%2Dray%20diffraction%20pattern

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Used in various fields, i.e. mineralogy, soil science, biology, etc.  6, record 1, English, - X%2Dray%20diffraction%20pattern

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Diagramme obtenu par diffraction d'un rayonnement.  3, record 1, French, - diagramme%20de%20diffraction%20des%20rayons%20X

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le diagramme de diffraction des rayons X (DRX) d'un matériau polycristallin contient de très nombreuses informations que l'on utilise classiquement. Ces informations sont obtenues à partir des positions, des intensités et enfin des profils des raies de diffraction ou alors à partir de l'ensemble du diagramme considéré comme un tout.  4, record 1, French, - diagramme%20de%20diffraction%20des%20rayons%20X

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Minéraux de l'argile. [...] Leur reconnaissance s'appuie surtout sur l'analyse thermique différentielle et l'analyse diffractométrique (diagrammes de diffraction des rayons X). On détermine alors des écarts réticulaires correspondant aux raies de diffraction d'intensité variable.  5, record 1, French, - diagramme%20de%20diffraction%20des%20rayons%20X

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Utilisé dans divers domaines, par exemple en minéralogie, en pédologie, en biologie.  6, record 1, French, - diagramme%20de%20diffraction%20des%20rayons%20X

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Any technique which utilizes the diffraction of X-rays generated in a microstructural domain of a solid under bombardment with a finely focused electron beam, thus providing an X-ray diffraction pattern of this microstructural domain. The pattern can be recorded with a film either on the reflection or transmission side of the specimen(in the latter case the crystalline sample has to be a thin film or a small particle).  1, record 2, English, - in%20situ%20micro%2Dx%2Dray%20diffraction

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[...] technique qui permet d'obtenir le diagramme de diffraction des rayons x d'un échantillon, engendrés dans la microstructure du solide que l'on bombarde avec un faisceau d'électrons bien focalisé. Le diagramme est établi au moyen d'un film, soit par réflexion, soit par transmission, selon que l'échantillon est placé d'un côté ou de l'autre. Dans ce dernier cas l'échantillon cristallin doit être un film fin ou une petite particule.  2, record 2, French, - microdiffraction%20des%20rayons%20X%20in%20situ

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A peak in the scattering pattern in X-ray diffraction of a crystal.  1, record 3, English, - Bragg%20peak

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The intensity of Bragg peaks is proportional to the square of the number of the scatterers. If X-ray scattering from a solid produces Bragg peaks this indicates that the solid has long-range order.  1, record 3, English, - Bragg%20peak

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

En résumé, lorsqu'un rayonnement (neutrons ou rayons X) interagit avec une poudre ou un polycristal la diffusion se produit sous forme de pics (de Bragg) dont la position angulaire est caractéristique de la géométrie de la maille cristalline élémentaire et dont l'intensité dépend de la nature et de la répartition des atomes dans cette maille (le motif).  1, record 3, French, - pic%20de%20Bragg

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

An empirical measure of diagenetic and low-grade metamorphism, usually expressed as the Kubler index, the peak width at half peak height of the 001 illite peak on an X-ray powder diffraction pattern of the clay sized-fraction.  3, record 4, English, - illite%20crystallinity

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

illite crystallinity: term used at Natural Resources Canada - Earth Sciences Sector.  4, record 4, English, - illite%20crystallinity

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La «cristallinité de l'illite» a été développée vers 1960 pour répondre aux besoins de l'exploration des hydrocarbures. Les recherches étaient focalisées sur la détection du métamorphisme de faible intensité («Low Grade Metamorphism»). La technique du «Sharpness Ratio» (Weaver, 1960), peu précise pour détecter les illites bien cristallisées, fut remplacée par la mesure de la largeur du pic à mi-hauteur («Full Width at Half-Maximum»: FWHM) dont la décroissance régulière a permis de définir une zone anchimétamorphique entre la diagenèse profonde et l'épimétamorphisme. Dans les domaines de diagenèse faible à moyenne, la cristallinité de l'illite décroit comme le nombre de feuillets gonflants des interstratifiés illite-smectite.  2, record 4, French, - cristallinit%C3%A9%20de%20l%27illite

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

cristallinité de l'illite : terme en usage à Ressources naturelles Canada - Secteur des sciences de la Terre.  3, record 4, French, - cristallinit%C3%A9%20de%20l%27illite

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

In X-ray topography, a crystal is illuminated using a highly parallel monochromatic X-ray beam and the diffraction pattern is recorded using fine-grain film placed very close to the crystal. Under these illumination conditions, the diffraction from different points in the crystal is spatially resolved at the film, and the diffraction spots provide images of the crystal. Image contrast results from variations in the diffracted intensity due to variations in lattice orientation and spacing associated with crystal defects and strains. X-ray topography probes bulk crystal perfection with a spatial resolution of a few micrometers.  2, record 5, English, - topography

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Méthode de visualisation des défauts d'ordre dans les cristaux, grâce aux perturbations qu'ils induisent sur les figures de diffraction des rayons X.  2, record 5, French, - topographie

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le mot «topographie» rappelle la cartographie et la représentation symbolique des défauts de planéité du terrain.  3, record 5, French, - topographie

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

note linguistique : Ce terme devrait être caractérisé (Ex. : topographie des cristaux) pour éviter de le confondre avec la notion de topographie dans le domaine de la cartographie.  2, record 5, French, - topographie

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

X-ray powder diffraction is used in the identification of crystalline phases in unknown samples, finding the lattice parameter and other lattice related information, quantitative determination of phases in multiphase samples, finding the orientation in single crystals, and stereographic projections. The samples must be crystalline solids such as metals, ceramics, rocks etc. These samples are usually about 1 mg in size. If the sample fits in the sample holder then there is no preparation necessary otherwise the sample may have to be crushed in order to fit. The sample takes less than one hour to be analyzed for qualitative analysis in major phases and up to 16 hours for trace phases. The quantitative analysis can take several minutes to several hours after set up. There are several detectors used in XRPD varying from films to cameras to diffractometers.  1, record 6, English, - x%2Dray%20powder%20diffraction

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Powder X-Ray Diffraction. Powders of crystalline materials diffract X-Rays. A beam of X-rays passing through a sample of randomly-oriented micro-crystals produces a pattern of rings on a distant screen. Powder X-Ray diffraction provides less information than single-crystal diffraction, however, it is much simpler and faster. Powder X-Ray diffraction is useful for confirming the identity of a solid material and determining crystallinity and phase purity. Modern powder X-Ray diffractometers consist of an X-Ray source, a movable sample platform, an X-Ray detector, and associated computer-controlled electronics. The sample is either packed into a shallow cup-shaped holder or deposited as a slurry onto a quartz substrate, and the sample holder spins slowly during the experiment to reduce sample heating. The X-Ray source is usually the same as used in single-crystal diffractometers, Mo or Cu. The X-Ray beam is fixed and the sample platform rotates with respect to the beam by an angle theta. The detector rotates at twice the rate of the sample and is at an angle of 2 theta with respect to the incoming X-Ray beam.  4, record 6, English, - x%2Dray%20powder%20diffraction

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 3 CONT

Fine particles such as clays must be separated from larger particles and measured separately if they are to be detected properly. To reduce errors associated with preferred orientation of minerals, samples are most commonly ground to a powder before analysis, a technique known as powder X-ray diffraction.  4, record 6, English, - x%2Dray%20powder%20diffraction

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 4 CONT

X-ray powder diffraction(XRD) is a direct method for qualitative and quantitative characterization of fine-grained materials such as clinker and cement, and may also be used for analysis of raw materials. Each phase produces a unique diffraction pattern independent of others, with the intensity of each pattern proportional to that phases concentration in a mixture.  5, record 6, English, - x%2Dray%20powder%20diffraction

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Diffraction de rayons sur poudres : analyse quantitative de composés modèles du ciment anhydre. [...] Ce stage sera consacré à la caractérisation par diffraction des rayons X de mélanges d'alites de synthèse M1 et M3. La méthode expérimentale utilisée sera la diffraction des rayons X sur poudres jointe aux autres méthodes de laboratoire associées.  1, record 6, French, - diffraction%20de%20rayons%20X%20sur%20poudres

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 2 CONT

À l'aide de la diffraction de rayons X de poudres, différentes formes polymorphiques peuvent être détectées pour des molécules à activité pharmacologique.  2, record 6, French, - diffraction%20de%20rayons%20X%20sur%20poudres

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In the technique of X-ray diffraction the X-rays are allowed to strike a protein crystal; the X-rays, diffracted(bent) by the crystal, impinge on a photographic plate, forming a pattern of spots. This method reveals that peptide chains can assume very complicated, apparently irregular shapes. Two extremes in shape include the closely folded structure of the globular proteins and the elongated, unidimensional structure of the threadlike fibours proteins; both were recognized many years before the technique of X-ray diffraction was developed.  2, record 7, English, - protein%20crystal

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Un cristal est formé par la répétition dans l'espace d'un objet qu'on appelle le motif cristallin. Dans le cas le plus simple, cet objet est un atome ou une molécule. On sait depuis le dix-neuvième siècle produire des cristaux de protéines, et on a réussi à cristalliser des virus, des ARN de transfert, des nucléosomes, etc.  2, record 7, French, - cristal%20de%20prot%C3%A9ine

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Diffracted X-rays recorded on film, giving a means of identification of a powder.  2, record 8, English, - diffraction%20pattern

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

X-ray diffraction pattern.  3, record 8, English, - diffraction%20pattern

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

diagramme de diffraction des rayons X.  2, record 8, French, - diagramme%20de%20diffraction

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Many natural kaolinites identified in refractory earths turn out to be composed of layers of kaolinite type, but the stacking of the layers is disordered. Shifts parallel to the b axis take place between the layers. Changes in the X-ray diffraction pattern brought about by this irregular stacking lead to the characterization of these structures.  1, record 9, English, - disordered%20kaolinite

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 OBS

De nombreuses kaolinites naturelles déterminées dans les terres réfractaires se révèlent bien être composées de feuillets de type kaolinite, mais l'empilement de ces feuillets est désordonné. Les feuillets empilés sont déplacés les uns par rapport aux autres, dans leur plan, parallèlement à l'axe b.  1, record 9, French, - kaolinite%20d%C3%A9sordonn%C3%A9e

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish