TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The enumerative algorithm was tested and refined through feedback from two rounds of large-scale experimental testing, involving in total the assembly of synthetic genes encoding 7, 896 designs and assessment of their stability on yeast cell surface, detailed biophysical characterization of 64 designs, and crystal structures of 5 designs.  2, record 1, English, - enumerative%20algorithm

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[...] la procédure [Davis, Putnam, Logemann et Loveland (DPLL)] est un algorithme énumératif dont le but est de générer un arbre de recherche. Deux points importants renforcent cet algorithme, qui sont la fonction de simplification de la formule et celle du choix de la prochaine variable à affecter. Donc c'est bien grâce à ces améliorations qu'il est possible d'éviter certaines redondances dans la recherche effectuée.  2, record 1, French, - algorithme%20%C3%A9num%C3%A9ratif

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A water-soluble, yellow orange fluorescent pigment that is essential to human nutrition as a component of the coenzymes: flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide.  5, record 2, English, - riboflavin

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Riboflavin is a factor in the vitamin B-complex. Every plant and animal cell contains a minute amount. Good sources are milk, eggs, malted barley, yeast, liver, kidney, heart. It is necessary for healthy skin and respiration, protects the eyes from sensitivity to light, and is used for building and maintaining many body tissues.  6, record 2, English, - riboflavin

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Vitamin B₂.  7, record 2, English, - riboflavin

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Chemical formula: C₁₇H₂₀N₄O₆  7, record 2, English, - riboflavin

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Vitamine hydrosoluble présente dans le lait, la viande, les œufs, le foie, etc. C'est aussi un pigment jaune utilisé pour colorer la masse et la surface de certains aliments.  3, record 2, French, - riboflavine

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La riboflavine présente un pouvoir vitaminique sous le nom de vitamine B. V. Vitamine. Dans la cellule vivante, on trouve habituellement la riboflavine combinée à une protéine.  5, record 2, French, - riboflavine

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Ce composé [...] appartient à la classe des flavines, colorants jaunes dérivés de l'is-oalloxazine.  5, record 2, French, - riboflavine

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 2 OBS

vitamine B₂.  6, record 2, French, - riboflavine

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 3 OBS

Formule chimique : C₁₇H₂₀N₄O₆  6, record 2, French, - riboflavine

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Fórmula química: C₁₇H₂₀N₄O₆  3, record 2, Spanish, - vitamina%20B2

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Water-soluble preparations (liquid, paste, powder or granules) obtained from e.g. brewers’ or bakers’ yeast ...  2, record 3, English, - yeast%20extract

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Yeast autolysates are concentrates of the soluble components of yeast cells and in Europe are predominantly produced by autolysis. That is to say, that the cell hydrolysis is performed without addition of other enzymes. Yeast autolysates are known under the name of "yeast extracts" and are mainly used in the fermentation industry as substrates and in the food industry as flavour improvers. In Europe, the major raw material for yeast extract is primary grown high protein yeast(strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae), which is grown on molasses based media. In the United Kingdom and in the United States, yeast extracts are also manufactured from debittered brewers yeasts(strains of saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces uvarum). Other raw materials in use are yeasts such as Kluyveromyces fragilis(fermented on whey) or Candida utilis(grown on high carbohydrate waste-products of the timber industry or on ethanol).  3, record 3, English, - yeast%20extract

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La culture peut être réalisée sur différents milieux : milieu TYE (tryptone 0,4 p. cent, extrait de levure 0,05 p. cent, CaCl2 0,02 p. cent, MgSO4 0,05 p. cent), milieu d'Anacker et Ordal (tryptone 0,5 p. cent, extrait de levure 0,05 p. cent, acétate de sodium 0,02 p. cent, extrait de viande de bœuf 0,02 p.cent) ou mieux milieu d'Anacker et Ordal enrichi (5 p. cent de sérum de veau, 0,5 p. cent de tryptone, 0,05 p. cent d'extrait de levure, 0,02 p. cent d'acétate de sodium et 0,02 p. cent d'extrait de viande de boeuf). Après 48 à 72 heures d'incubation à une température comprise entre 15 et 17°C, on observe des colonies opaques, brillantes, pigmentées en jaune, non adhérentes à la gélose, lisses, circulaires à contours réguliers, d'odeur désagréable (qualifiée parfois d'odeur de fromage). La bactérie cultive à 5 et à 20°C, parfois à 25°C et jamais à 30°C. Aucune culture n'est obtenue sur milieu trypticase soja ou sur un milieu contenant 1 p. cent de NaCl.  2, record 3, French, - extrait%20de%20levure

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

High temperature during fermentation is the only direct factor that kills cells. The maximum temperature that a cell can tolerate depends on the health of the cell, the initial osmotic stress and the stress that occurs in the growth phase. Different enological yeast have different levels of temperature resistance. In most Mediterranean musts, the risk of cell death becomes HIGH above 28°C(82°F).  3, record 4, English, - enological%20yeast

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Osmotic shock results from the juice’s concentration in sugar. It’s the first important stage in the life of a population of oenological yeast.  2, record 4, English, - enological%20yeast

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

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Les limites de la transgenèse pour la levure œnologique sont d'ordre réglementaire, d'acceptabilité par le consommateur et de risque, ainsi, bien sûr que d'ordre technologique et scientifique.  2, record 4, French, - levure%20%26oelig%3Bnologique

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

After the appropriate dilution of fermenting must, the total number of yeast cells can be estimated under the microscope, using a Malassez cell.  1, record 5, English, - Malassez%20cell

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Appareil utilisé pour le comptage des cellules en suspension dans une solution.  1, record 5, French, - cellule%20de%20Malassez

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Cela permet de déterminer la quantité de levures présentes dans le levain de tirage.  1, record 5, French, - cellule%20de%20Malassez

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Actin-related protein complex is an actin assembly complex involved in the movement of cells and mitochondria during cell division and budding of yeast.  2, record 6, English, - ARP%20complex

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 2 CONT

... the ARP complex ... nucleates actin filament growth from the minus end, allowing rapid elongation at the plus end. However, the complex can also attach to the side of another actin filament while remaining bound to the minus end of the filament that it has nucleated, thereby building individual filaments into a treelike web ... The ARP complex is localized in regions of rapid actin filament growth such as lamellipodia, and its nucleating activity is regulated by intracellular signaling molecules and components at the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane.  1, record 6, English, - ARP%20complex

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La migration cellulaire dépend de la formation de réseaux d'une protéine fibreuse, l'actine, qui permettent à la cellule de projeter sa membrane en formant une structure appelée lamellipode. Les fibres d'actine qui génèrent cette force sont branchées entre elles grâce à une machine moléculaire appelée «complexe Arp2/3».  1, record 6, French, - complexe%20Arp2%2F3

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Record 7,  Textual support,  English

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An enzymatic transformation of organic substrates, especially carbohydrates, generally accompanied by the evolution of gas ...  2, record 7, English, - fermentation

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Per unit of substrate, fermentation yields far less energy than respiration. For example, a yeast cell obtains 2 molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose when it ferments it to ethanol, while complete respiration would yield 38 molecules of ATP.  3, record 7, English, - fermentation

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Pasteur’s definition of fermentation as "life without air" is not strictly observed because, in addition to anaerobic processes, some aerobic ones, such as acetic acid fermentation, are called fermentation.  3, record 7, English, - fermentation

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Transformation que subissent certaines substances organiques, notamment les sucres, sous l'influence d'enzymes produites par divers micro-organismes.  2, record 7, French, - fermentation

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fermentation : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation de la terminologie des pêches commerciales.  3, record 7, French, - fermentation

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Proceso anaerobio mediante el cual algunos organismos descomponen substancias orgánicas con liberación de energía.  2, record 7, Spanish, - fermentaci%C3%B3n

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Breaking up cells [or DNA molecules] with ultrasound.  3, record 8, English, - ultrasonication

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Grow the bacteria in Burks nitrogen-free medium supplemented with 0. 05% yeast extract for 48 hrs. in shake flasks containing 1LTR medium use 1%(W/V) glucose, sterilised separately as the carbon source. Harvest the bacteria, break by ultrasonication or in the French pressure cell, ultracentrifuge and keep the supernatant from the lysate as enzyme. Dialyse against cold water overnight and concentrate in the cold room or refrigerator using dialysis against polyethylene glycol.  1, record 8, English, - ultrasonication

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Rupture des cellules ou des molécules d’ADN par des ondes sonores à haute fréquence (ultrasons).  1, record 8, French, - ultrasonication

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La séparation des têtes des flagelles par sonication aux ultra-sons nous a permis de déterminer que la P21b se localise sur le flagelle des spermatozoïdes alors que la P25b est associée à la tête. Lors d'une quantification par transfert électrophorique de type "Western" sur des spermatozoïdes de différents taureaux fertiles et sous-fertiles, nous avons observé que la quantité de P21b est comparable d'un sujet à l'autre, alors que la quantité de P25b montre une variabilité interindividuelle.  2, record 8, French, - ultrasonication

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 2 CONT

L'ADN cible sera fragmenté de façon mécanique (sonication aux ultrasons), enzymatique (digestion à l'aide d'ADN-ase) ou chimique (hydrolyse métal-ligand) pour que les fragments aient la taille idéale afin d'assurer l'efficacité de l'interaction avec les sondes immobilisées.  3, record 8, French, - ultrasonication

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Disgregación de células o de moléculas de ADN por ondas ultrasónicas.  1, record 8, Spanish, - ultrasonicaci%C3%B3n

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The synthetic gene is often flanked by an initiator gene(promotor), and a terminator gene derived from another cell or cells which instruct the yeast to begin and to stop making proteins....  1, record 9, English, - terminator%20gene

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of urea to ammonia and carbon dioxide.  2, record 10, English, - urease

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

It was therefore a major landmark in the history of enzyme research when, in 1897, Eduard Buchner succeeded in extracting from yeast cells that enzymes catalyzing alcoholic fermentation. This achievement clearly demonstrated that these important enzymes, which catalyze a major energy-yielding metabolic pathway, can function independently of cell structure. However, it was not until many years later that an enzyme was first isolated in pure crystalline form. This was accomplished by J. B. Sumner in 1926 for the enzyme urease isolated from extracts of the jack bean. Sumner presented evidence that the crystals consist of protein, and he concluded, contrary to prevailing opinion, that enzymes are proteins.  3, record 10, English, - urease

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Enzyme catalysant l'hydrolyse de l'urée en carbonate d'ammonium. Elle est présente chez les végétaux ou chez les microorganismes responsables de la décomposition de l'urée dans les urines exposées à l'air. L'enzyme est utilisée pour le dosage spécifique de l'urée dans les milieux biologiques.  2, record 10, French, - ur%C3%A9ase

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Un très grand nombre de dosages, en particulier en analyse médicale, requièrent l'utilisation d'enzymes. Ces enzymes solubles peuvent être remplacées avantageusement par des enzymes insolubilisées sur des supports papier ou Nylon. [...] Beaucoup plus original est le développement d'électrodes biologiques, dites «électrodes à enzymes». Il s'agit en fait d'électrodes mixtes. Ainsi, dans le cas d'une électrode à urée, l'uréase adsorbée sur un gel convertit l'urée en ions ammonium et HCO₃^-. Une électrode sensible aux ions NH₄⁺ permet la mesure directe de la quantité d'urée disponible (qui détermine en fait la vitesse de production d'ions NH₄⁺).  3, record 10, French, - ur%C3%A9ase

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

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microorganism : An organism too small to be seen with the unaided eye(e. g., a virus, bacterium, protozoan, yeast cell, and fungal hypha).  2, record 11, English, - fungal%20hypha

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The plural form of hypha is hyphae.  3, record 11, English, - fungal%20hypha

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Un hyphe fongique a normalement une croissance linéaire; la dichotomie des hyphes est obligatoire pour que la colonie ait une croissance exponentielle.  1, record 11, French, - hyphe%20fongique

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 12,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The yeast cell wall is the portion remaining after the inner contents of the yeast cell have been removed... Yeast cell wall products consist of two major active components : Mannan oligosaccharides [and] Beta glucans.  2, record 12, English, - yeast%20cell%20wall%20product

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Beta-glucan is an immunomodulator that can be extracted from the cell walls of yeasts, fungi, and some grains. It has enhanced the innate immune system providing protection against bacterial, protozoan, and viral diseases.  3, record 12, English, - yeast%20cell%20wall%20product

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Fibosel® est un produit composé de parois cellulaires de levure de boulangerie, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, riches en béta-glucans [...] Les ß-glucans, contenus dans Fibosel sont des composés essentiels de la paroi des cellules de levure. Ils sont particulièrement intéressants pour leur pouvoir de stimulation du système immunitaire non spécifique chez l'animal [...] Fibosel® est une matière première réservée exclusivement à la fabrication des aliments pour animaux.  1, record 12, French, - produit%20compos%C3%A9%20de%20parois%20cellulaires%20de%20levure

Record 12,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 13,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Asexual reproduction of some unicellular organisms in which the cell divides into two more or less equal parts as in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces.  2, record 13, English, - fission

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 OBS

(binary fission). Characteristic method of vegetative multiplication of bacteria. A cell divides into two daughter cells.  3, record 13, English, - fission

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Forme de multiplication végétative des bactéries dans laquelle la cellule se divise en deux pour donner deux cellules filles.  3, record 13, French, - division

Record 13,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 DEF

División sucesiva de los organismos unicelulares en células de dos en dos.  1, record 13, Spanish, - esciparidad

Record 14,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Immobilized cell reactors containing Saccharomyces cerevisial ... can produce ethanol at greater than 1.5 moles per liter per hour.  1, record 14, English, - immobilized%20cell%20reactor

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Techniques for immobilizing cells are application oriented and include flocculation, covalent or ionic attachment to solid supports, entrapment in gelatinous matrices, and encapsulation in membranes. Fermentor design imposes limitations on immobilization techniques. Immobilized cell systems are efficient and have the potential of high volume productivities. In Japan 20KL pilot fermentors with immobilized growing yeast cells have been operating for 6 months with continuous ethanol production at 12KL/day.  3, record 14, English, - immobilized%20cell%20reactor

Record 14,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Dispositif dans lequel un matériel biologique est retenu sur un support.  1, record 14, French, - r%C3%A9acteur%20%C3%A0%20cellules%20immobilis%C3%A9es

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

(...) on compare la productivité obtenue en utilisant un réacteur à cellules immobilisées fonctionnant en continu à celle obtenue en discontinu avec des cellules libres (...)  1, record 14, French, - r%C3%A9acteur%20%C3%A0%20cellules%20immobilis%C3%A9es

Record 14,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 15,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Entrapment of growing yeast cells through a specific process in order to maintain a high density of cells into a fermentor.  2, record 15, English, - immobilized%20yeasts

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Techniques for immobilizing cells are application oriented and include flocculation, covalent or ionic attachment to solid supports, entrapment in gelatinous matrices, and encapsulation in membranes. Fermentor design imposes limitations on immobilization techniques. Immobilized cell systems are efficient and have the potential of high volume productivities. In Japan 20KL pilot fermentors with immobilized growing yeast cells have been operating for 6 months with continuous ethanol production at 12KL/day.  3, record 15, English, - immobilized%20yeasts

Record 15,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les techniques d'immobilisation de cellules sont conçues en vue d'applications pratiques; il s'agit entre autres de la floculation, de la fixation par liaison covalente ou ionique à des supports solides, de l'immobilisation dans une matrice gélatineuse et de l'encapsulation dans des membranes. Les fermenteurs, en raison de la façon dont ils sont conçus, limitent l'application des techniques d'immobilisation. Les cellules immobilisées sont efficaces et pourraient permettre d'obtenir une forte productivité en termes de volume. Au Japon, on se sert depuis six mois de fermenteurs pilotes de 20KL pour produire de l'éthanol en continu avec les levures immobilisées en croissance à raison de 12KL/jour.  1, record 15, French, - levures%20immobilis%C3%A9es

Record 15,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 16,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Although Louis Pasteur recognized that fermentation is catalyzed by enzymes, he postulated in 1860 that they are inextricably linked with the structure and life of the yeast cell. It was therefore a major landmark in the history of enzyme research when, in 1897, Eduard Buchner succeeded in extracting from yeast cells the enzymes catalyzing alcoholic fermentation. This achievement clearly demonstrated that these important enzymes, which catalyze a major energy-yielding metabolic pathway, can function independently of cell structure.  1, record 16, English, - cell%20structure

Record 16,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La préparation et la purification, plus facile pour les enzymes solubles, se fait en utilisant des techniques de précipitation fractionnée. Pour les enzymes liées aux structures cellulaires, il faut broyer les tissus et isoler les éléments cellulaires contenant les enzymes que l'on désire extraire. La cristallisation (...) est une étape importante dans la purification.  1, record 16, French, - structure%20cellulaire

Record 16,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 17,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A "wild type" bacterium or yeast cell has become closely adapted through natural selection to its environment and to competition with other species; it is not adapted to the manufacture of some substance that happens to be sought after by man.  1, record 17, English, - wild%2Dtype%20bacterium

Record 17,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Par sélection naturelle, les bactéries ou les levures de type «sauvage» se sont étroitement adaptées à leur environnement et à la compétition avec les autres espèces; elles ne sont donc a priori pas du tout adaptées à la fabrication de substances utiles à l'homme.  1, record 17, French, - bact%C3%A9rie%20de%20type%20sauvage

Record 17,  Textual support,  Spanish