TERMIUM Plus^®

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A temperature scale with the degree interval of the Fahrenheit scale and the zero point at absolute zero.  1, record 1, English, - Rankine%20absolute%20temperature%20scale

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On the Rankine scale, water freezes at 491,60° and boils at 671.69°.  1, record 1, English, - Rankine%20absolute%20temperature%20scale

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

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Échelle de température utilisant les degrés de l'échelle Fahrenheit et le zéro de l'échelle Kelvin.  3, record 1, French, - %C3%A9chelle%20de%20temp%C3%A9rature%20Rankine

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

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Escala de temperatura que utiliza los grados de la escala Fahrenheit y el cero de la escala Kelvin.  1, record 1, Spanish, - escala%20de%20temperatura%20de%20Rankine

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

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The temperature at which a gas would show no pressure if the general law for gases would hold for all temperatures. It is equal to -273.16°C or -459.69°F.  3, record 2, English, - absolute%20zero

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The concept of absolute zero as a limiting temperature has many thermodynamic consequences. For example, all molecular motion does not necessarily cease at absolute zero, but none is available for transfer to other systems, and it is therefore correct to say that the energy at absolute zero is minimal.  4, record 2, English, - absolute%20zero

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

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Température égale à 0 °K ou -273,16 °C ou -459,72 °F.  2, record 2, French, - z%C3%A9ro%20absolu

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Le zéro absolu se place à 273 °C au-dessous du point de congélation de l'eau, point zéro de l'échelle centésimale.  3, record 2, French, - z%C3%A9ro%20absolu

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

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Temperatura a la cual la energía del movimiento molecular es nula. En la escala de temperaturas Celsius corresponde a -273,15ºC.  1, record 2, Spanish, - cero%20absoluto

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

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Temperature scale with its zero shifted with respect to the absolute temperature scale, so that the absolute zero temperature coincides with-273°C.  3, record 3, English, - approximate%20absolute%20temperature%20scale

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Échelle de température, pour les besoins météorologiques pratiques, décalée par rapport à l'échelle de température absolue, de telle sorte que le zéro absolu coïncide avec -273 °C.  1, record 3, French, - %C3%A9chelle%20thermom%C3%A9trique%20absolue%20approximative

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Record 4,  Textual support,  English

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... Winefordner et al. described a special, more sensitive cell based on changes in dielectric constant and constructed to allow gas flow between the plates of a capacitor which is a part of the tank circuit of a 70-Mc/sec Clapp oscillator, the output of which is beat against that of a reference oscillator. With the difference frequency between oscillators adjusted to zero with pure carrier gas flowing through the detector, the presence of a foreign vapor in the cell will produce a different frequency which is linearly related to the amount of material introduced through an injection port in the carrier gas stream and inversely proportional to the absolute temperature for a given component at a constant density or concentration in the cell and for a particular operating frequency.  2, record 4, English, - Clapp%20oscillator

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 PHR

Reference, sample Clapp oscillator.  3, record 4, English, - Clapp%20oscillator

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

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Thermodynamic scale of temperature (TK) defined by assigning to the triple point of pure water the temperature of 273.16 K.  6, record 5, English, - Kelvin%20temperature%20scale

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A temperature scale can be defined theoretically for which zero degree corresponds to zero average kinetic energy... Such a point is called absolute zero, and such a scale is known as an absolute temperature scale. The Kelvin temperature scale is an absolute scale having degrees the same size as those of the Celsius temperature scale; the Rankine temperature scale is an absolute scale having degrees the same size as those of the Fahrenheit temperature scale.  7, record 5, English, - Kelvin%20temperature%20scale

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The Kelvin absolute temperature scale corresponds to degrees centigrade in which water freezes at 273° and boils at 373°.  2, record 5, English, - Kelvin%20temperature%20scale

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Kelvin temperature scale [is] also called absolute temperature scale, thermodynamic temperature scale.  8, record 5, English, - Kelvin%20temperature%20scale

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

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Échelle de température absolue définie en affectant conventionnellement au point triple de l'eau la valeur 273,16 °K; les points de fusion de la glace et d'ébullition de l'eau à la pression atmosphérique normale différant de 100 °K.  4, record 5, French, - %C3%A9chelle%20Kelvin

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L'échelle Kelvin fut inventée par le mathématicien et physicien britannique Sir William Thomson Kelvin au XIXe siècle. Cette échelle de température absolue utilise les degrés Celsius, mais qui commence au zéro absolu, soit environ -273 °C. Dans cette échelle, la température de fusion de la glace est 273°K. Le Kelvin (K) est l'unité SI de température. Il mesure la température absolue, grandeur définie par la thermodynamique.  5, record 5, French, - %C3%A9chelle%20Kelvin

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L'infinité possible d'échelles centésimales et la difficulté à obtenir les points fixes ont amené les scientifiques à choisir [...] l'échelle Kelvin. [...] C'est l'échelle légale.  6, record 5, French, - %C3%A9chelle%20Kelvin

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Dans l'usage courant, on utilise l'échelle Celsius, qui s'obtient en retranchant 273,15 des températures exprimées en kelvins, et dont l'unité est le degré Celsius [...]  7, record 5, French, - %C3%A9chelle%20Kelvin

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Dans la pratique, on admet que le degré Celsius (°C) [...] et le Kelvin (K) sont strictement identiques. Dans ce cas, l'eau liquide se transforme en glace à 0 °C ou 273 K (soit 32 °F) et l'eau liquide bout sous la pression atmosphérique normale à 100 °C ou 373 K (soit 212 °F).  3, record 5, French, - %C3%A9chelle%20Kelvin

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

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Escala termodinámica de temperatura (TK) definida asignando al punto triple del agua la temperatura de 273,16 °K.  1, record 5, Spanish, - escala%20de%20temperatura%20absoluta%20de%20Kelvin

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Arbitrary thermometric calibrations that serve as convenient references for temperature determination.  2, record 6, English, - temperature%20scale

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By the 18th century there were some 19 different temperature scales in common use. Each was based upon a different standard ranging from the melting point of butter to the coolness of earth in a Paris cellar. Today there are only two thermometer scales in common use; Fahrenheit and Centigrade.  3, record 6, English, - temperature%20scale

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Temperature scales.... There are two widely used thermometric scales based on the freezing and boiling point of water at a pressure of one atmosphere : the Fahrenheit(F) scale(32°=freezing, 212°=boiling) and the Celsius(C), or Centigrade, scale(0°=freezing, 100°=boiling). Additionally, there are two scales in which 0°=absolute zero, the temperature at which all molecular movement theoretically ceases : the Kelvin(K), or Absolute(°A), scale and the Rankine(°R) scale, which are related to the Celsius and the Fahrenheit scales, respectively(0°K=-273. 16°C; 0°R=-459. 69°F).  2, record 6, English, - temperature%20scale

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Temperature scales: - Fahrenheit (thermometric scale) [...] - Réaumur (thermometric scale) [...] - Celsius (thermometric scale) [...] - Kelvin (absolute scale) [...] - Rankine (absolute scale) [...]  4, record 6, English, - temperature%20scale

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Les échelles de température sont, en quelque sorte, des moyens fiables et universels d'identifier les différences de températures d'un corps ou des facteurs atmosphériques. Les échelles sont constituées d'unités. Trois échelles sont reconnues mondialement, dont le degré Kelvin, le degré Celsius et le degré Fahrenheit. Les échelles de température sont établies selon les propriétés thermométriques suivantes : la variation de volume d'un liquide, la variation de longueur d'un solide, la variation de pression d'un gaz à volume constant, la variation de volume d'un gaz sous pression constante, la variation de résistance électrique d'un conducteur et finalement, la variation de couleur d'un corps très chaud.  2, record 6, French, - %C3%A9chelle%20de%20temp%C3%A9rature

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

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[Escala que mide la] relación entre la temperatura y la magnitud termométrica utilizada.  1, record 6, Spanish, - escala%20de%20temperatura

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Las más importantes son las de Celsius, centígrada, Fahrenheit, Kelvin, Rankine y Reaumur.  1, record 6, Spanish, - escala%20de%20temperatura

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A temperature measured with respect to absolute zero which is taken as the zero of a special temperature scale that cannot take negative values.  3, record 7, English, - absolute%20temperature

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thermodynamic temperature: term standardized by ISO.  4, record 7, English, - absolute%20temperature

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

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La température absolue est la température mesurée à partur du zéro absolu (-273 degrés Celsius et s'exprime en degrés Kelvin «K»).  3, record 7, French, - temp%C3%A9rature%20absolue

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température thermodynamique : terme normalisé par l'ISO.  4, record 7, French, - temp%C3%A9rature%20absolue

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

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Temperatura expresada en la escala fundamental de temperaturas.  2, record 7, Spanish, - temperatura%20absoluta

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A measure of temperature in which zero degrees is absolute zero(the temperature at which a substance possesses no heat whatever).  3, record 8, English, - absolute%20temperature%20scale

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A temperature scale can be defined theoretically for which zero degree corresponds to zero average kinetic energy... Such a point is called absolute zero, and such a scale is known as an absolute temperature scale. The Kelvin temperature scale is an absolute scale having degrees the same size as those of the Celsius temperature scale; the Rankine temperature scale is an absolute scale having degrees the same size as those of the Fahrenheit temperature scale.  4, record 8, English, - absolute%20temperature%20scale

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The Rankine absolute temperature scale corresponds to degrees Fahrenheit in which water freezes at 491.69° and boils at 671.69°. The Kelvin absolute temperature scale corresponds to degrees centigrade in which water freezes at 273° and boils at 373°.  3, record 8, English, - absolute%20temperature%20scale

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

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L'échelle de température absolue est reliée en pratique à l'échelle de Celsius par la relation : T(K) = t(°C) + 273,15.  4, record 8, French, - %C3%A9chelle%20de%20temp%C3%A9rature%20absolue

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Une autre échelle très usitée, surtout dans le domaine scientifique, est l'échelle absolue, ou Kelvin, qui fixe la température de fusion et d'ébullition de l'eau respectivement à 273,15 K et 373,15 K. Le zéro de l'échelle Kelvin est le zéro absolu.  5, record 8, French, - %C3%A9chelle%20de%20temp%C3%A9rature%20absolue

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Record 9,  Textual support,  English

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Radiation with wavelengths greater than 4 µm.  5, record 9, English, - long%2Dwave%20radiation

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All objects whose temperatures are above absolute zero emit energy proportional to their temperature. This is called thermal energy. This energy is emitted in the form of electromagnetic radiation whose average wavelength is inversely proportional to the object's temperature. Thus, the hot sun emits short-wave radiation which is mainly UV radiation and visible light; the cooler Earth and atmosphere emit long-wave radiation, which is mainly in the form of invisible light called infrared radiation.  6, record 9, English, - long%2Dwave%20radiation

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Long-wave radiation [is] heat emitted by the Earth. It has lower energy (and thus a longer wavelength) than the incoming sunlight.  7, record 9, English, - long%2Dwave%20radiation

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Rayonnement de longueurs d'onde supérieures à 4 µm.  4, record 9, French, - rayonnement%20de%20grandes%20longueurs%20d%27onde

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En météorologie, le rayonnement est fréquemment subdivisé en rayonnement de courtes longueurs d'onde, inférieures à environ quatre micromètres, d'origine essentiellement solaire, et en rayonnement de grandes longueurs d'ondes supérieures à quatre micromètres, correspondant à l'émission thermique au niveau de la Terre.  5, record 9, French, - rayonnement%20de%20grandes%20longueurs%20d%27onde

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Rayonnement de grandes longueurs d'onde, par exemple : rayonnement infrarouge, terrestre ou thermique, etc.  6, record 9, French, - rayonnement%20de%20grandes%20longueurs%20d%27onde

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Radiación con longitudes de onda superiores a 4 µm.  1, record 9, Spanish, - radiaci%C3%B3n%20de%20onda%20larga

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Radiation with wavelengths from 0.3 to about 4 µm.  5, record 10, English, - short%2Dwave%20radiation

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... electromagnetic spectrum ... encompasses very short waves (cosmic rays) to light waves (ultraviolet, visible, and infrared) to very long (heat, radio waves, and AC electricity). ... Our environment shows color because of the selective absorption and reflection: A leaf appears green because much of the blue and red in the sun light that illuminates the leaf have been absorbed. Absorption of radiation has many different effects on substances depending on the wavelength of the radiation. Very short wave radiation, such as X-rays and cosmic rays penetrate into the core of an atom and can cause ionization or even nuclear changes.  6, record 10, English, - short%2Dwave%20radiation

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All objects whose temperatures are above absolute zero emit energy proportional to their temperature. This is called thermal energy. This energy is emitted in the form of electromagnetic radiation whose average wavelength is inversely proportional to the object's temperature. Thus, the hot sun emits short-wave radiation which is mainly UV radiation and visible light; the cooler Earth and atmosphere emit long-wave radiation, which is mainly in the form of invisible light called infrared radiation.  7, record 10, English, - short%2Dwave%20radiation

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Due to the high temperature of the sun, solar radiation has a short wavelength (hence it is called short-wave radiation) and consists primary of UV radiation and visible light.  8, record 10, English, - short%2Dwave%20radiation

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... ultraviolet radiation (sometimes called "short wave" radiation - 280 to 320 nanometres) ...  9, record 10, English, - short%2Dwave%20radiation

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

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Rayonnement de longueurs d'onde de 0,3 à environ 4 µm.  2, record 10, French, - rayonnement%20de%20courtes%20longueurs%20d%27onde

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En météorologie, le rayonnement est fréquemment subdivisé en rayonnement de courtes longueurs d'onde, inférieures à environ quatre micromètres, d'origine essentiellement solaire, et en rayonnement de grandes longueurs d'ondes supérieures à quatre micromètres, correspondant à l'émission thermique au niveau de la Terre.  3, record 10, French, - rayonnement%20de%20courtes%20longueurs%20d%27onde

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Radiación con una longitud de onda comprendida entre 0,3 y 4 µm aproximadamente.  1, record 10, Spanish, - radiaci%C3%B3n%20de%20ondas%20cortas

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A device utilizing properties assumed by metals at near absolute zero temperature so that large current changes can be obtained from relatively small magnetic-field changes.  2, record 11, English, - cryotron

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Dispositif utilisant les propriétés de supra-conductibilité de certains métaux à très basse température.  1, record 11, French, - cryotron

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Dispositivo que utiliza las propiedades que toman ciertos metales al estar sometidos a temperaturas cercanas al cero absoluto, de modo que pueden obtenerse grandes cambios eléctricos mediante cambios relativamente pequeños en campos magnéticos.  1, record 11, Spanish, - criotr%C3%B3n

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A constant occurring in practically all statistical formula... and represented by the letter k. If the temperature T is measured from absolute zero, the quantity kT has the dimension of an energy and is usually called the thermal energy. The value of this constant may be determined from the ideal gas law.  3, record 12, English, - Boltzmann%20constant

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Almost any relation derived on the basis of the partition function or the Bose-Einstein, Fermi-Dirac, or Boltzmann distribution contains the Boltzmann constant. See Avogadro’s number.  3, record 12, English, - Boltzmann%20constant

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

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Constante fondamentale de la mécanique statistique, reliant l'échelle des températures aux unités d'énergie. On la désigne habituellement par la lettre k ou kB. Elle est égale à 1,3806 x 10 à la puissance (-16) erg par degré Kelvin, ou 0,00008617 électron-volt par degré Kelvin. (Weinberg : Les trois premières minutes de l'univers, Paris, Seuil, 1978, page 184).  2, record 12, French, - constante%20de%20Boltzmann

Record 12,  Textual support,  Spanish

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Cociente entre la constante de los gases ideales y el número de Avogadro.  1, record 12, Spanish, - constante%20de%20Boltzmann

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Liquid helium existing as a superfluid below the transition point of approximately 2.2°K at 1 atmosphere and having extremely low viscosity and extremely high thermal conductivity.  1, record 13, English, - helium%20II

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Superfluid Helium What Is It? As the temperature of helium gas is lowered to approximately 5. 2°K, a phase transition to ordinary liquid helium(He I) takes place. The latter is unremarkable and its behavior is identical to any other liquid. As temperature is lowered further(at moderate pressures) helium does not solidify. Rather, it undergoes a phase change to a second liquid phase He II at temperature of about 2. 17°K.... the He II phase persists all the way to absolute zero.... The He II phase is referred to as superfluid helium because of its remarkable properties, including the ability to flow through microscopic passages [holes as small as 10^-7 centimeters in diameter] with no apparent friction; the quantization of vortices; and the ability to support four wave modes : first sound which is analogous to sound in ordinary gases and liquids, second sound which carries temperature and entropy perturbations with virtually no pressure variations, third sound which are waves on thin films, and fourth sound which are acoustic-like waves in the "superfluid" component of He II.  5, record 13, English, - helium%20II

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Superfluid Helium (He II, Superfluidity). Superfluid or Helium II technology has been developed quite successfully in the past decades in both aerospace and magnet cooling systems. ... Other strange properties of superfluid include the Rollin film, mechanocaloric effect and fountain effect.  6, record 13, English, - helium%20II

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

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On désigne par Hélium II, l'hélium en dessous de T_lambda. L'hélium superfluide a la propriété bien connue d'avoir une viscosité nulle (il peut traverser de très fins capillaires sans frottement; il a la capacité de pouvoir remonter le long des parois, etc.).  2, record 13, French, - h%C3%A9lium%20II

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En refroidissant sous la pression atmosphérique de l'hélium ordinaire [...], on constate qu'il se liquéfie à 4,2 K. Le liquide ainsi produit (hélium I) n'a rien de particulier, sa viscosité est faible, mais il se comporte comme tous les liquides usuels. En refroidissant ce liquide au-dessous de 2,17 K, on voit apparaître une phase liquide aux propriétés exceptionnelles (hélium II) souvent désignée sous le nom d'hélium superfluide en raison de sa viscosité pratiquement nulle. L'hélium II est également caractérisé par une résistivité thermique pratiquement nulle, on dit que c'est un supraconducteur thermique.  6, record 13, French, - h%C3%A9lium%20II

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Record 14,  Textual support,  English

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... liquid helium [is a] gas extracted from selected natural gas wells. ... [It is] used for: Studies of low temperature material properties. -Superconducting magnets. -Superconducting sensors (i.e. SQUIDS).  3, record 14, English, - liquid%20helium

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The temperature of liquid helium is normally 4 K, that is, four degrees above absolute zero.  2, record 14, English, - liquid%20helium

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Liquid helium exists below 4.2K and is used to cool superconductors below their transition temperatures.  4, record 14, English, - liquid%20helium

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A remarkable transition occurs in the properties of liquid helium at the temperature 2.17 K, called the "lambda point" for helium. Part of the liquid becomes a "superfluid", a zero viscosity fluid which will move rapidly through any pore in the apparatus.  5, record 14, English, - liquid%20helium

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LHe: The symbol for liquid helium.  2, record 14, English, - liquid%20helium

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L'hélium liquide (-270 °C) est reçu directement liquéfié. Ce gaz a la température d'ébullition la plus basse. Son absence de viscosité à très basse température est remarquable. Il est très peu réactif : il est utilisé pour pressuriser les ergols liquides en haut des réservoirs et pour commander certaines vannes.  2, record 14, French, - h%C3%A9lium%20liquide

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When the temperature sinks on a cold winter's day water vapour becomes water and water becomes ice. These so-called phase transitions and the changed states of matter can be roughly described and understood with classical physics. What happens when the temperature falls is that the random heat movement in gases, liquids and solid bodies ceases. But the situation becomes entirely different when the temperature sinks further and approaches absolute zero,-273. 15°C. In samples of liquid helium what is termed superfluidity occurs, a phenomenon that cannot be understood in terms of classical physics. When a liquid becomes superfluid its atoms suddenly lose all their randomness and move in a coordinated manner in each movement. This causes the liquid to lack all inner friction : It can overflow a cup, flow out through very small holes, and exhibits a whole series of other non-classical effects. Fundamental understanding of the properties of such a liquid requires an advanced form of quantum physics, and these very cold liquids are therefore termed quantum liquids...  2, record 15, English, - quantum%20liquid

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The energy remaining at the absolute zero of temperature. For any system it corresponds to the quantum state of lowest energy, i. e. it is the energy of the ground state, equal to one half quantum of energy.  3, record 16, English, - zero%2Dpoint%20energy

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Énergie résiduelle d'un système au zéro absolu.  2, record 16, French, - %C3%A9nergie%20au%20z%C3%A9ro%20absolu

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The noise generated by any resistor at a temperature above absolute zero.  1, record 17, English, - Johnson%20noise

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Le bruit de Johnson [est dû] à l'agitation thermique des électrons dans les parties résistives des composants [...]  2, record 17, French, - bruit%20thermique

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Record 18,  Textual support,  English

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see "absolute zero temperature"  1, record 18, English, - immediate%20level%20empty%20at%20absolute%20zero

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