TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A subsurface zone containing water under pressure less than that of the atmosphere, including water held by capillarity, and containing air or gases generally under atmospheric pressure.  1, record 1, English, - zone%20of%20aeration

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 OBS

This zone is limited above by the land surface and below by the surface of the zone of saturation, i. e. the water table. The zone is subdivided into the belt of soil water, the intermediate belt, and the capillary fringe.  1, record 1, English, - zone%20of%20aeration

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Partie de la lithosphère où les interstices des roches et les pores du sol sont remplis en partie par de l'air et en partie par de l'eau.  5, record 1, French, - zone%20d%27a%C3%A9ration

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[Une zone vadose] normalement sèche ou à écoulement libre, de percolation temporaire, où prédomine la descente verticale des eaux après les pluies.  3, record 1, French, - zone%20d%27a%C3%A9ration

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Zona situada entre la superficie del agua (zona saturada) y la superficie del terreno, en la cual una parte de la porosidad del terreno se encuentra rellena de agua y otra parte de aire.  1, record 1, Spanish, - zona%20vadosa

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Water [in layers] that adheres to and forms a film on the surfaces of soil and rock particles in the zone of aeration.  4, record 2, English, - pellicular%20water

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Classically, moisture in the unsaturated zone is broken into three components : gravity, pellicular, and hygroscopic waters. Gravity water is the moisture in a soil that can be drained by gravitational forces; pellicular water is the moisture in a soil thatcannot be drained by gravity forces, but can be lost by evaporation...  6, record 2, English, - pellicular%20water

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Couche d'eau entourant les particules du sol et dont l'épaisseur varie de 1 ou 2 à 100 ou plus de couches moléculaires.  3, record 2, French, - eau%20pelliculaire

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Avec de l'eau pure et une paroi bien propre, «mouillée», l'angle de raccordement est nul, et l'eau monte le long de la surface de la paroi en une très mince couche «d'eau pelliculaire».  4, record 2, French, - eau%20pelliculaire

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

On la considère généralement comme l'eau qui demeure après le drainage, car on ne peut pas l'identifier en sol saturé.  3, record 2, French, - eau%20pelliculaire

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Agua retenida en el suelo por atracción molecular, formando una película en las paredes de la roca o en las partículas del suelo.  2, record 2, Spanish, - agua%20pelicular

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Air sparging is the process of injecting air directly into groundwater. Air sparging remediates groundwater by volatilizing contaminants and enhancing biodegradation. It is akin to blowing bubbles from a straw into a bowl of water. As the bubbles rise, the contaminants are removed from the groundwater by physical contact with the air(i. e., stripping) and are carried up into the unsaturated zone(i. e., soil). As the contaminants move into the soil, a soil vapor extraction system is usually used to remove vapors.  2, record 3, English, - air%20sparging

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Air sparging is an in situ technology ...  3, record 3, English, - air%20sparging

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Barbotage. En vertu de cette méthode, on introduit de l'air dans les eaux souterraines par le biais d'un réseau de puits d'injection. Ce faisant, on crée dans la subsurface un système de strippage à l'air qui, par volatilisation, sépare les contaminants de l'eau souterraine. Pour que les composés volatils soient captés, il faut que le barbotage coïncide avec l'extraction des vapeurs du sol.  1, record 3, French, - barbotage

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Le barbotage est une méthode de décontamination in situ.  2, record 3, French, - barbotage

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The soil immediately surrounding the root system of a plant.  4, record 4, English, - rhizosphere

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The soil-plant system is one of the most important components in agricultural and natural ecosystems. Nutrient dynamics in soil-plant systems not only reflect the pattern of nutrient flow but also influence food production and quality, and the contaminant pathways in agricultural and natural ecosystems. In soil-plant systems, interaction between nutrients occur when the supply of one nutrient affects the movement, absorption, or utilization of an nutrient within the soil, soil-root interface (rhizosphere), or plant. There are several mechanisms of nutrient interaction in soil-plany systems.  3, record 4, English, - rhizosphere

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The zone of rooting medium in which the environment for microbial activity in general is influenced by any root growing in it, distinguishing it from the "bulk" or "non-rhizosphere" soil, which is influenced by growing roots only by the withdrawal of water and nutrients.  5, record 4, English, - rhizosphere

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Partie du sol pénétrée par les racines des plantes, très riche en micro-organismes et en substances biologiques.  4, record 4, French, - rhizosph%C3%A8re

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L'horizon du sol dans lequel se développent les racines des plantes est la zone racinaire.  2, record 4, French, - rhizosph%C3%A8re

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Étude structurale et fonctionnelle de la rhizosphère : description du système racinaire et de l'interface sol-racine, mécanismes physicochimiques et biophysiques impliqués, interactions microorganismes-racines.  3, record 4, French, - rhizosph%C3%A8re

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

La rhizosphère de chaque espèce végétale a une flore spécifique (bactéries, champignons).  4, record 4, French, - rhizosph%C3%A8re

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Parte del suelo ocupada por raíces.  2, record 4, Spanish, - rizosfera

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Biosparging is an in-situ remediation technology that uses indigenous microorganisms to biodegrade organic constituents in the saturated zone. In biosparging, air(or oxygen) and nutrients(if needed) are injected into the saturated zone to increase the biological activity of the indigenous microorganisms. Biosparging can be used to reduce concentrations of petroleum constituents that are dissolved in groundwater, adsorbed to soil below the water table, and within the capillary fringe.  1, record 5, English, - biosparging

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[...] le biobarbotage s'applique à la contamination de l'eau souterraine ou des sols situés sous la nappe phréatique.  1, record 5, French, - biobarbotage

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Water in the capillary fringe.  2, record 6, English, - capillary%20fringe%20water

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

capillary fringe : That zone of soil immediately above the water table that acts like a sponge sucking water up from the underlying water table and retaining this water somewhat tenaciously.  4, record 6, English, - capillary%20fringe%20water

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 2 OBS

... Meinzer(1939) divided the zone of aeration into three parts and proposed a series of terms of Greek origin to apply to the contained water. For all of the water in the zone of aeration he proposed the term "kremastic water. "He proposed "rhizic water" for the water in the soil zone, "anastatic water" for the water in the capillary fringe, and "argic water" for the water in the intermediate zone.... Meinzer's adaptations from the Greek for waters in the zone of aeration have never caught on, and few ground-water geologists normally use them.  3, record 6, English, - capillary%20fringe%20water

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

frange capillaire : Couche de sol essentiellement saturé juste au-dessus de la nappe phréatique.  3, record 6, French, - eau%20de%20la%20frange%20capillaire

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Meinzer [...] a donné des noms spéciaux à l'eau contenue dans ces zones : [...] eau anastatique à l'eau de la zone capillaire [...]  2, record 6, French, - eau%20de%20la%20frange%20capillaire

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Water occurring in the unsatured zone (vadose zone) between the land surface and the water table.  6, record 7, English, - vadose%20water

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 OBS

... Meinzer(1939) divided the zone of aeration into three parts and proposed a series of terms of Greek origin to apply to the contained water. For all of the water in the zone of aeration he proposed the term "kremastic water. "He proposed "rhizic water" for the water in the soil zone, "anastatic water" for the water in the capillary fringe, and "argic water" for the water in the intermediate zone.... Meinzer's adaptations from the Greek for waters in the zone of aeration have never caught on, and few ground-water geologists normally use them.  7, record 7, English, - vadose%20water

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Toute eau qui se manifeste dans la zone non saturée.  3, record 7, French, - eau%20vadose

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Cualquier agua que aparece en la zona no saturada.  1, record 7, Spanish, - agua%20vadosa

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Water in the intermediate belt is called intermediate vadose water.  1, record 8, English, - intermediate%20vadose%20water

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

... Meinzer(1939) divided the zone of aeration into three parts and proposed a series of terms of Greek origin to apply to the contained water. For all of the water in the zone of aeration he proposed the term "kremastic water. "He proposed "rhizic water" for the water in the soil zone, "anastatic water" for the water in the capillary fringe, and "argic water" for the water in the intermediate zone.... Meinzer's adaptations from the Greek for waters in the zone of aeration have never caught on, and few ground-water geologists normally use them.  2, record 8, English, - intermediate%20vadose%20water

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Meinzer [...] a donné des noms spéciaux à l'eau contenue dans ces zones : [...] eau argique à l'eau de la zone intermédiaire [...]  2, record 8, French, - eau%20de%20la%20zone%20interm%C3%A9diaire

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Vacuum extraction. With this technology, a vacuum is applied to a series of extraction wells to create air flow through the vadose zone(the zone just above the water table). As the air moves through the soil, it strips volatile contaminants from soil and pore water.  1, record 9, English, - extraction%20well

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Extraction sous vide. Cette technologie applique un vide par une série de puits d'extraction pour créer un débit d'air dans la zone vadose des sols, zone située au-dessus de la nappe phréatique. L'air se déplace à travers le sol et entraîne les contaminants volatils présents dans le sol et l'eau interstitielle.  1, record 9, French, - puits%20d%27extraction

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Vacuum extraction. With this technology, a vacuum is applied to a series of extraction wells to create air flow through the vadose zone(the zone just above the water table). As the air moves through the soil, it strips volatile contaminants from soil and pore water.  1, record 10, English, - vacuum%20extraction

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Extraction sous vide. Cette technologie applique un vide par une série de puits d'extraction pour créer un débit d'air dans la zone vadose des sols, zone située au-dessus de la nappe phréatique. L'air se déplace à travers le sol et entraîne les contaminants volatils présents dans le sol et l'eau interstitielle.  1, record 10, French, - extraction%20sous%20vide

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[The] rising of the water level or piezometric surface in and around a pumped well after stoppage of pumping [or the] rising movement of the water table or the piezometric surface caused by recharge following upon a period of depletion.  4, record 11, English, - recovery

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... groundwater pumping will continue to be conducted in an environmentally conservative manner as was done during the 1990-91 and 1991-92 runoff years until there has been a substantial recovery in soil moisture and water table conditions in areas of Types B, C, and D vegetation that have been affected by groundwater pumping. The Standing Committee will establish annual pumping programs based on an evaluation of current conditions, including soil moisture level, water table depth, degree of water table recovery, soil type, vegetation conditions, the results of studies pertaining to vegetation recovery, and compliance with the goals of the Agreement.  5, record 11, English, - recovery

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 2 CONT

The plant communities that we monitor require periodic connection to the groundwater for long-term survival and recovery from drought. Unfortunately, the on/off status often is not an accurate indicator of whether groundwater is reaching the plant root zone, but the rise of water above the water table due to capillarity is detected easily by the monitoring. Using the soil water and groundwater data, we determine which monitoring sites are connected with the water table and which still need water table recovery.  6, record 11, English, - recovery

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 PHR

Recovery cycle.  7, record 11, English, - recovery

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Mouvement ascendant du niveau de l'eau ou de la surface piézométrique à l'intérieur et autour du puits après un arrêt du pompage [ou en raison d'une] réalimentation faisant suite à une période d'épuisement.  2, record 11, French, - remont%C3%A9e%20du%20niveau

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Elevación del nivel de agua o de la superficie piezométrica en y alrededor de un pozo de bombeo, después de cesar el bombeo [o] movimiento ascendente del nivel freático o de la superficie piezométrica causado por la recarga que sigue a un período de agotamiento.  2, record 11, Spanish, - recuperaci%C3%B3n

Record 12,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The rainfall, expressed in depth over a given area, that passes below the zone of soil water through the unsaturated zone and ultimately reaches the saturated zone.  1, record 12, English, - infiltration%20volume

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

It is distinguished from infiltration rate.  1, record 12, English, - infiltration%20volume

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Quantité d'eau infiltrée depuis la surface du sol, traversant la zone non saturée et parvenant effectivement à la zone saturée, exprimée en débit par unité de surface, ou lame d'eau par unité de temps.  1, record 12, French, - infiltration%20efficace

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

C'est le flux d'infiltration traversant la surface libre d'une nappe, à distinguer de la hauteur d'infiltration qui se réfère à la surface du sol.  1, record 12, French, - infiltration%20efficace

Record 12,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 13,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Water percolating into a site by natural means or through ponding.  1, record 13, English, - retention%20water

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The distinction between infiltration and percolation is that the latter is the movement of water or moisture within the soil through the saturated zone.  3, record 13, English, - retention%20water

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Not to be confused with "detention water" (see record).  4, record 13, English, - retention%20water

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Eaux qui rejoignent une nappe à travers le sol.  1, record 13, French, - eaux%20d%27infiltration

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Termes habituellement utilisés au pluriel.  2, record 13, French, - eaux%20d%27infiltration

Record 13,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 14,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Plants lose water to the atmosphere whenever stomata are open. Thus, plants have to give up water to obtain carbon for photosynthesis. This transfer of water to the atmosphere through plants is called transpiration.  1, record 14, English, - transfer%20of%20water%20through%20plants

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Water transfer from soil through plants to the atmosphere.... The basic assumption is that the driving force for water transport, from the soil through the plant to the atmosphere, is the gradient in energy level of the water over this pathway. In the soil, this energy level is expressed by the water potential of the soil in the root zone.  2, record 14, English, - transfer%20of%20water%20through%20plants

Record 14,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Transfert à travers les plantes. Il est provoqué par la transpiration qui entraîne une absorption au niveau des racines et un prélèvement sur les réserves de la plante; ce prélèvement est nul en début de journée, puis il devient positif en cours de journée; en fin de journée et surtout la nuit, il est négatif, c'est-à-dire qu'il y a reconstitution des réserves de la plante.  4, record 14, French, - transfert%20%C3%A0%20travers%20les%20plantes

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Dynamique de l'eau dans le sol. A. Diffusion de l'eau à l'état de vapeur [...] B. Transfert de l'eau liquide en sol saturé. [...] C. Transfert de l'eau liquide en sol non saturé [...] D. Généralisation au transfert sol-feuille [...]  2, record 14, French, - transfert%20%C3%A0%20travers%20les%20plantes

Record 14,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 15,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The ratio of the water actually consumed by crops on an irrigated area to the amount of water diverted from the source onto the area.  2, record 15, English, - irrigation%20efficiency

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 CONT

"Irrigation efficiency" means the measurement of the amount of water beneficially used divided by the amount of water applied. Irrigation efficiency is a product of distribution efficiency (DE) - based upon characteristics of the various types of sprinklers/emitters, and application efficiency (AE) - based upon characteristics of the various types of irrigation system controls such as moisture sensors, etc.  3, record 15, English, - irrigation%20efficiency

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Beneficial uses include satisfying the soil water deficit and any leaching requirement to remove salts from the root zone.  4, record 15, English, - irrigation%20efficiency

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 2 OBS

The ratio [is] expressed as a percent.  4, record 15, English, - irrigation%20efficiency

Record 15,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Rapport de la quantité d'eau réellement absorbée par les plantes cultivées sur une surface irriguée à la quantité d'eau dérivée de la source d'alimentation pour l'irrigation de cette même surface.  2, record 15, French, - efficience%20d%27irrigation

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L'efficience d'irrigation devait passer de 40 à 60%.  1, record 15, French, - efficience%20d%27irrigation

Record 15,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 16,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The thermal climate of the soil and how it interacts with water transfer especially : specific information will be given on the movement of heat and moisture through the unsaturated zone(the top several metres of the soil).  1, record 16, English, - thermal%20climate%20of%20the%20soil

Record 16,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La température et l'humidité étant les seuls paramètres climatiques à considérer ici, le pédoclimat peut alors être caractérisé par les profils thermiques et hydriques et leur évolution dans le temps. 1. Le climat thermique du sol [...] 2. Climat hydrique du sol.  1, record 16, French, - climat%20thermique%20du%20sol

Record 16,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 17,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The upper subdivision of the zone of aeration limited above by the land surface and below by the intermediate belt.  3, record 17, English, - belt%20of%20soil%20water

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The zone of aeration has been divided, by [Meinzer] with respect to the occurrence and circulation of its water into three belts-the belt of soil water, the intermediate belt, and the capillary fringe. The belt of soil water consists of soil and other materials that lie near enough to the surface to discharge water into the atmosphere in perceptible quantities by the transpiration of plants or by evaporation from the soil.  6, record 17, English, - belt%20of%20soil%20water

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 OBS

This zone contains plant roots and water available for plant growth.  3, record 17, English, - belt%20of%20soil%20water

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 2 OBS

[The soilwater zone is the] upper portion of the zone of aeration containing soil water;...  4, record 17, English, - belt%20of%20soil%20water

Record 17,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Partie de la lithosphère immédiatement au dessous de la surface du sol d'où l'eau passe dans l'atmosphère en quantités appréciables par évapo-transpiration.  3, record 17, French, - zone%20d%27%C3%A9vaporation

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La «zone d'évaporation», zone au voisinage du sol, d'où l'eau peut retourner à l'atmosphère, soit par évaporation directe, soit par absorption par les plantes. C'est le belt of soil water, ou zone d'eau du sol de Meinzer.  4, record 17, French, - zone%20d%27%C3%A9vaporation

Record 17,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 18,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A method used to place irrigation water near plants’ roots through pipes or tubes. This reduces water evaporation and runoff, but may not be cost effective for all crops.  6, record 18, English, - micro%2Dirrigation

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Low-pressure/low-volume irrigation [uses] irrigation systems that apply water directly, or very near to the soil surface, either above the ground or into the air, in discrete drops, continuous drops, small streams, mist, or sprays. These include drip systems, spray systems, jet systems, and bubbler systems.  4, record 18, English, - micro%2Dirrigation

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Actually drip irrigation -- where water seeps from tubing or drip emitters -- is only one type of micro-irrigation. Other forms include bubblers, micro-sprinklers (which rotate), and micro-sprayers (which are stationary).  1, record 18, English, - micro%2Dirrigation

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Low-pressure/low-volume irrigation. Also referred to as Micro or Trickle Irrigation.  4, record 18, English, - micro%2Dirrigation

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 3 OBS

The terms "drip", "trickle" and "spray" irrigation, common in many quarters in the last 15 years, have been supplanted by the term "micro irrigation", recently adopted by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers. Micro irrigation includes all methods of frequent water application, in small flow rates, on or below the soil surface. Ideally, the volume of water is applied directly to the root zone in quantities that approach the consumptive use of the plants.  7, record 18, English, - micro%2Dirrigation

Record 18,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Méthode d'irrigation de cultures en ligne, dont l'objectif est de maintenir, à une humidité proche de la capacité au champ, une fraction du volume du sol utilisable, au moyen d'apports d'eau faibles mais continus ou fréquents, localisés au voisinage du pied des plantes. La diffusion de l'eau dans le sol ne se fait pas seulement de façon verticale, mais également latérale.  1, record 18, French, - micro%2Dirrigation

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Cette technique utilise un réseau de distribution à la parcelle fixe et sous pression. [...] Elle comprend divers systèmes : - la micro-irrigation par goutte à goutte, avec localisation de l'eau par points, - la micro-irrigation par rampe perforée débitant dans une rigole d'infiltration, avec localisation de l'eau par lignes, - la micro-irrigation par mini-diffuseurs avec localisation de l'eau par petites surfaces, - la micro-irrigation par gaines perforées avec localisation de l'eau par bandes étroites.  1, record 18, French, - micro%2Dirrigation

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Un réseau de micro-irrigation comprend de l'amont vers l'aval : - un point d'eau, - une installation de tête avec régulation de pression, injection d'engrais et filtration, - une canalisation principale alimentant un ou plusieurs postes, - dans chaque poste un porte-rampes qui alimente des rampes de distribution.  1, record 18, French, - micro%2Dirrigation

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 2 OBS

En raison de la réduction des débits unitaires utilisés, par rapport à ceux qui sont mis en service par les autres méthodes d'irrigation, on utilise le terme équivalent de micro-irrigation.  1, record 18, French, - micro%2Dirrigation

Record 18,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 19,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Water transfers from the root zone to the atmosphere depend both on biological and physical controls. Plants limit their water losses in unfavorable environmental conditions determined by soil moisture in the root zone, atmospheric water vapour deficit, solar radiation, air temperature and carbon-dioxide concentration.  1, record 19, English, - atmospheric%20water%20vapour%20deficit

Record 19,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Équivalent fourni par M. Veyrat, Scientifique centrale.  1, record 19, French, - d%C3%A9ficit%20atmosph%C3%A9rique%20en%20vapeur%20d%27eau

Record 19,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 20,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The montane ecosystems : The information was compiled after a visit to several mountains in Africa.... The Montane Zones [are] Nival zone, 4300 m, Alpine zone, 3500 m, Health zone, 3000 m, Hagenia/Hypericum zone, 2800 m, Bamboo zone, 2400 m, Forest(Savannah) grassland. Characteristics : The soils are distinctly acidic. The humus in the soil is determined by the moistness of the mountain. The moister the mountain the more the humus. Where the soil water is close to the surface, there is more vegetation.... Plants are adapted to high radiation levels and low temperatures. During sunny weather the solar radiation is intense and may cause strong surface heating on the plants. It is a very fragile ecosystem whereby plants take a long time to grow because of the low temperatures and poor soils.... Another characteristic of the montane ecosystem is thin air. As one rises along the altitude, the air becomes less dense.... Montane ecosystems are high rainfall areas.... Low temperature as altitude increases is another characteristic of montane ecosystem.  1, record 20, English, - montane%20ecosystem

Record 20,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L'ICIMOD, International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, a été fondé en 1983 pour promouvoir le développement d'un écosystème montagnard sain économiquement et écologiquement parlant et pour améliorer les niveaux de vie des populations montagnardes de la région du Hind Kush (HKH), dans l'Himalaya.  2, record 20, French, - %C3%A9cosyst%C3%A8me%20montagnard

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 OBS

écosystème : unité écologique de base englobant tous les éléments d'un milieu donné ainsi que les relations des organismes animaux et végétaux entre eux et avec les autres éléments du milieu considéré (par exemple, écosystème aquatique, écosystème montagnard, etc.).  3, record 20, French, - %C3%A9cosyst%C3%A8me%20montagnard

Record 20,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 21,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Irrigation by means of underground open joint tile, perforated pipes, or open ditch to maintain the water table at a desired distance below the ground surface.  4, record 21, English, - subsurface%20irrigation

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Water is applied to crops by surface, subsurface, sprinkler, and drip irrigation ... Subirrigation. This type of irrigation is accomplished by raising the water table to the root zone of the crop or by carrying moisture to the root zone by perforated underground pipe.  5, record 21, English, - subsurface%20irrigation

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Subirrigation(seepage) systems are based on establishment and maintenance of the high water table just beneath the crop root zone. Due to the capillary action the water migrates upward providing necessary moisture for the crop. For this system to function, the top layer of soil must have high hydraulic conductivity typical for sand or muck. The existence of natural high water table or restrictive layer(clay, rock, etc.) below the root zone is necessary to allow for the buildup and regulation of the irrigation water table throughout the season. Raising the water table in addition to providing for the evapotranspirational demand of the crop, requires large quantities of water which must also be available for seepage irrigation.  6, record 21, English, - subsurface%20irrigation

Record 21,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Méthode d'irrigation qui consiste, par des barrages temporaires placés sur les fossés d'assainissement d'un périmètre, à maintenir la nappe phréatique au niveau souhaité pour qu'elle puisse alimenter les cultures de ce périmètre par simple remontée capillaire.  3, record 21, French, - irrigation%20souterraine

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[...] l'irrigation souterraine [...] apporte l'eau très près des racines, évite à cette eau une évaporation prématurée, permet un arrosage «propre» des seuls endroits voulus, n'occasionne pas le mouillage de la partie aérienne des végétaux.  4, record 21, French, - irrigation%20souterraine

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Irrigation souterraine. L'eau est amenée dans des fossés ouverts ou des canalisations jusqu'à ce que la nappe phréatique soit assez remontée pour humecter le sol.  5, record 21, French, - irrigation%20souterraine

Record 21,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 22,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Polyacrylamide(PAM) is a man-made compound that when added to irrigation water in very small amounts can dramatically reduce soil erosion in row crops.... PAM and Surge Irrigation. Higher soil infiltration rates may increase leaching below the root zone due to PAM application. In turn, surge irrigation can help to reduce excessive soil infiltration. Therefore, PAM applications can be combined with surge irrigation to both reduce vertical infiltration and soil erosion substantially.  1, record 22, English, - vertical%20infiltration

Record 22,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Irrigation de surface : [...] L'irrigation par submersion se pratique en terrain plat dans des bassins, entourés de diguettes, que l'on remplit sur une hauteur correspondant à la dose d'arrosage. L'eau pénètre dans le sol par infiltration verticale. Le riz est la culture type ainsi irriguée, bien que sur la majeure partie du cycle végétatif l'arrosage ne soit pas discontinu mais permanent. Ce n'est que peu avant la récolte que les rizières sont mises à sec [...]  1, record 22, French, - infiltration%20verticale

Record 22,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 23,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... because arid zone soils are vulnerable to both wind and water erosion, soil fixation and conservation are important.  3, record 23, English, - soil%20fixation

Record 23,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Opération tendant à conserver les caractéristiques physico-chimiques d'un sol; en particulier de le protéger, par des équipements ou des cultures, contre l'érosion, principalement éolienne.  2, record 23, French, - fixation%20du%20sol

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 2 DEF

Immobilisation naturelle ou artificielle d'un sol mouvant ou sujet à l'érosion, par des travaux de clayonnage, de fascinage ou par une couverture végétale.  3, record 23, French, - fixation%20du%20sol

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Fixation du sol par banquettes de lutte contre l'érosion près de Zaghouan (Tunisie).  2, record 23, French, - fixation%20du%20sol

Record 23,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 24,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Capillary water ringing the contact points of adjacent rock or soil particles in the zone of aeration.  3, record 24, English, - pendular%20water

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Similarly pendular water or hanging water remains suspended from the points of contact of soil particles.  2, record 24, English, - pendular%20water

Record 24,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Eau qui se trouve aux points de contact des grains du sol, dans les angles sous forme de ménisques.  3, record 24, French, - eau%20pendulaire

Record 24,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 25,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 DEF

In irrigation : the losses made up of seepage and evaporation from canals and ditches, water wasted from the canal system, excess water drained from land surfaces, and water lost from the soil by deep percolation below the root zone.  1, record 25, English, - water%20loss

Record 25,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Dans l'irrigation, pertes dues aux fuites par des fissures dans un système de canaux, par évaporation de la surface libre de canaux ou de fossés, par le drainage d'eau excédentaire et par la percolation profonde au-dessous de la zone des racines.  1, record 25, French, - pertes%20en%20eau

Record 25,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 DEF

En riegos, pérdidas debidas a la filtración y evaporación en canales y acequias, agua consumida en el sistema de canales, agua excedente drenada de superficies del terreno, y agua perdida en el suelo por percolación profunda bajo la zona radicular.  1, record 25, Spanish, - p%C3%A9rdidas%20de%20agua

Record 26,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Fraction of the water entering the soil that must pass through the root zone in order to prevent soil salinity from exceeding a specified value. Leaching requirement is used primarily under steady state or long-time average conditions.  1, record 26, English, - leaching%20requirement

Record 26,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Quantité d'eau d'infiltration qui doit traverser la zone des racines pour maintenir la concentration en sels dissous en dessous d'un certain seuil. Cette notion est utile principalement dans des conditions d'état permanent ou pour des conditions moyennes sur une longue durée.  1, record 26, French, - besoin%20en%20lessivage

Record 26,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Porción del agua que entra en el suelo que debe pasar a través de la zona de raíces para evitar que la salinidad del suelo exceda un valor determinado. La demanda de lixivación se usa principalmente en condiciones permanentes o medias a largo plazo.  1, record 26, Spanish, - demanda%20de%20lixivaci%C3%B3n

Record 27,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 OBS

An area from which all or almost all the soil and soil material have been removed by wind erosion. It is usually a barren, shallow depression that has a flat or irregular floor consisting of a rather resistant layer or an accumulation of pebbles or both, or a wet zone immediately above a water table. The land is usually unfit for crop production. It is a miscellaneous land type.  1, record 27, English, - blown%2Dout%20land

Record 27,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Terrain dénudé de la totalité ou presque de son sol et de ses matériaux d'origine, par l'érosion éolienne. Il forme généralement une dépression peu profonde, nue, de surface plane ou irrégulière formée d'une couche assez résistante ou d'une accumulation de cailloux, ou des deux, ou d'une zone humide recouvrant la nappe phréatique. Ces terrains sont généralement impropres à la culture. Type de terrains divers.  1, record 27, French, - terrain%20de%20d%C3%A9flation

Record 27,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 28,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 28, Textual support number: 1 OBS

This zone [of a soil] is an ever-lengthening unsaturated zone of fairly uniform water content.  1, record 28, English, - zone%20of%20transmission

Record 28,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 28, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Cette zone [de sol] non saturée et de dimension variable, possède une teneur en eau pratiquement uniforme.  1, record 28, French, - zone%20de%20transmission

Record 28,  Textual support,  Spanish