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Record 1,  Textual support,  English

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The flow of carbon in living matter in which carbon dioxide is fixed by photosynthesis in green plants from organic nutrients and is ultimately returned to the inorganic state by respiration and decay.  3, record 1, English, - carbon%20cycle

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The carbon cycle models the movement and storage of carbon in the biosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere. Carbon is stored in the biosphere as living organisms; in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide gas; in the lithosphere as soil organic matter, as fossil fuel deposits, and as sedimentary rock deposits; and in the oceans as dissolved carbon dioxide gas and as calcium carbonate shells in marine organisms. Processes that move carbon from one store to another include photosynthesis, respiration, oceanic diffusion, biomass combustion, fossil fuel burning, fossil fuel creation, and sedimentary rock formation.  4, record 1, English, - carbon%20cycle

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Not to be confused with "Calvin cycle, "which refers to the photosynthesis phase involving the incorporation of CO₂ into glucose by enzymatic reactions.  5, record 1, English, - carbon%20cycle

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

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Suite des sites biologiques et des transformations et combinaisons dans lesquelles se trouvent engagé le carbone quand il circule à travers les différentes parties de la biosphère, de la lithosphère et de l'hydrosphère.  4, record 1, French, - cycle%20de%20carbone

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[...] le cycle du carbone constitue le cycle biogéochimique princeps puisque le carbone constitue l'élément clef de toutes les substances biochimiques et le moteur de tous les autres cycles d'éléments biogènes.  5, record 1, French, - cycle%20de%20carbone

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

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Circulación del carbono a través de los ecosistemas. El carbono en forma de CO₂ es incorporado por las plantas verdes durante la fotosíntesis, pasando luego éstas a los herbívoros, carnívoros y saprófitos que cierran el ciclo, volviendo el CO₂ a la atmósfera.  2, record 1, Spanish, - ciclo%20del%20carbono

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Ciclo del carbono. El carbono es elemento básico en la formación de las moléculas de carbohidratos, lípidos, proteínas y ácidos nucleicos, pues todas las moléculas orgánicas están formadas por cadenas de carbonos enlazados entre sí. La reserva fundamental de carbono, en moléculas de CO₂ que los seres vivos puedan asimilar, es la atmósfera y la hidrosfera. Este gas está en la atmósfera en una concentración de más del 0,03% y cada año aproximadamente un 5% de estas reservas de CO₂, se consumen en los procesos de fotosíntesis, es decir que todo el anhídrido carbónico se renueva en la atmósfera cada 20 años.  3, record 1, Spanish, - ciclo%20del%20carbono

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[...] el director del PUMA [...] dijo que es necesario enfatizar la importancia que tienen los océanos (ocupan el 70 por ciento de la superficie del planeta) en el ciclo del carbono, en la limpieza de la atmósfera, en la economía y en el desarrollo de los países.  4, record 1, Spanish, - ciclo%20del%20carbono

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

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The photosynthetic carboxylation enzyme of green plants and purple and green bacteria. It is structurally bound in the thylakoids, but is easily solubilized during isolation. The enzyme consists of two types of subunit; the larger subunit is encoded in the nuclear genome of the plant, the smaller subunit in the plastid DNA.  2, record 2, English, - carboxydismutase

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An enzyme called RuBISCO(ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase) converts the carbon dioxide into 3-PGA. Finally the Calvin cycle takes over and turns the carbon into sugars and starch in the same way C3 plants do.  3, record 2, English, - carboxydismutase

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

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Enzyme contenue dans les chloroplastes et qui intervient dans le cycle de Calvin, catalysant l'association du CO₂ avec le ribulose diphosphate (RuDP) qui se dégrade immédiatement en acide phosphoglycérique (APG) ou phosphoglycérate.  2, record 2, French, - carboxydismutase

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

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Enzima que cataliza la fijación de Co₂ a la D-ribulosa 1,5-bifosfato, con formación de dos moléculas de ácido 3-fosfoglicérico.  1, record 2, Spanish, - carboxidismutasa

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

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Addition of a carboxyl group into a molecule.  2, record 3, English, - carboxylation

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Carbon dioxide assimilation. In C3(Calvin cycle) plants, carbon reduction starts with the carboxylation of ribulose biphosphate(Rubisco) and with a first product(phosphoglyceric acid) being reduced to a 3-carbon sugar. In C4 plants, CO₂ is assimilated into the 4-carbon oxaloacetic acid by the enzyme PEP carboxylase, decarboxylation takes place and the liberated CO₂ is refixed through the normal Calvin cycle in bundle sheath chloroplasts. Succulents have a malate-based CAM cycle.  3, record 3, English, - carboxylation

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

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Fixation dans une molécule du radical carboxyle par substitution à un atome d'hydrogène ou à un atome de métal.  2, record 3, French, - carboxylation

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La carboxylation est une réaction synthétique utile, qui se fait toujours par l'attaque d'un composé nucléophile sur l'anhydride carbonique; dans certains cas, il s'agit d'une réaction industrielle importante, comme la carboxylation de l'ammoniac, qui donne l'acide carbamique, ou celle du phénate de sodium, qui donne le salicylate de sodium.  2, record 3, French, - carboxylation

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

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Reacción química en la que un carbanión interacciona con CO₂, formándose un anión carboxilato.  1, record 3, Spanish, - carboxilaci%C3%B3n

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

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[One of the phases of photosynthesis, involving] the incorporation of CO₂ into glucose by enzymatic reactions (Source: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, 1990).  7, record 4, English, - Calvin%20cycle

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The second stage in the process of phtosynthesis is called the Calvin Cycle(it is also called the Calvin-Benson Cycle or the Carbon Fixation Cycle). In the Calvin Cycle, carbon molecules from carbon dioxide, CO₂, are fixed into the sugar glucose,(C₆H₁₂O₂)(in six repeats of the cycle). The Calvin Cycle takes place in the stroma of eucaryotic chloroplasts. The major enzyme that mediates the Calvin Cycle is Rubisco(ribulose-1-5-biphosphate carboxylase). The Calvin Cycle was first investigated in the late 1940s and early 1950s by the Nobel Prize winning chemist Melvin Calvin(1911-1997).  6, record 4, English, - Calvin%20cycle

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All photosynthetic plants take carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and convert it, through a complicated sequence of chemical reactions, into starches and sugars. In C3 plants all the cells in the mesophyll of a leaf conduct photosynthesis by the same process, a sequence of reactions called the Calvin cycle. Early in the cycle, atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated, or fixed, into a compound containing three carbon atoms.  8, record 4, English, - Calvin%20cycle

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Calvin-Benson Cycle(C3 cycle). So named because some of the important molecules in the cycle have 3 carbons in them. Requires CO₂(normally from air) ;a sugar to capture the CO₂(ribulose biphosphate, RuBP) ;catalytic enzymes and energy as ATP & NADPH(obtained from light-dependent reactions).  3, record 4, English, - Calvin%20cycle

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

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Cascade de réactions permettant, à partir de cinq trioses, de regénerer trois pentoses, nécessaires à la fixation de trois molécules de CO₂ [...]  5, record 4, French, - cycle%20de%20Calvin

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À chaque révolution de ce cycle, un triose est utilisé à la synthèse des glucides, les cinq autres sont réinvestis dans le cycle. L'énergie nécessaire à cette synthèse provient de la phase lumineuse de la photosynthèse; les réactions sont catalysées par des enzymes spécifiques.  5, record 4, French, - cycle%20de%20Calvin

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Le mécanisme le plus classique découvert par Calvin en 1949, met en jeu des molécules organiques à trois atomes de carbone, d'où le nom de cycle C3 ou métabolisme C3 qu'on lui donne généralement.  3, record 4, French, - cycle%20de%20Calvin

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La production de sucres contenant trois à sept atomes de carbone a lieu par l'intermédiaire d'un cycle de réactions biochimiques complexes appelé cycle de Calvin, en référence au biochimiste américain Melvin Calvin qui l'a élucidé, et conduit à la formation de grains d'amidon stockés dans la matrice des chloroplastes.  6, record 4, French, - cycle%20de%20Calvin

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Une des étapes de la photosynthèse.  2, record 4, French, - cycle%20de%20Calvin

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

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Ciclo metabólico que se produce en los cloroplastos de plantas verdes y bacterias autótrofas y en el que se realiza fijación de CO₂ sobre la riburosa-1,5-P, lo que permite la síntesis de hidratos de carbono.  1, record 4, Spanish, - ciclo%20de%20Calvin

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

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A molecule involved in the Calvin cycle for conversion of Co2 into D-glucose during photosynthesis.  2, record 5, English, - dihydroxyacetone%20phosphate

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish