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Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In his examination of the theory and practice of financial stability, Crockett concluded that the integration of international capital markets and the globalization of major financial institutions have made the maintenance of financial stability more important and more complex.  2, record 1, English, - international%20capital%20market

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

En su análisis de la teoría y la práctica de la estabilidad financiera, Crockett llegó a la conclusión de que la integración de los mercados internacionales de capital y la globalización de las principales instituciones financieras han hecho que resulte más importante y complejo mantener la estabilidad financiera.  2, record 1, Spanish, - mercado%20internacional%20de%20capitales

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

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Base and superstructure are two linked theoretical concepts developed by Karl Marx, one of sociology's founders. Base refers to the production forces, or the materials and resources, that generate the goods society needs.... Marxian theory of history largely speaks about how the economy offers a foundation to social life. He considers that economy is defined by modes of productions [that] are characterized by factors of production that include land, industry, technology, labour, and capital. The factors of production necessarily define production relations. Therefore, Marx considers that production relation is an economic relation that offers a foundation to human society.  3, record 2, English, - substructure

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The human capital theory posits that human beings can increase their productive capacity through greater education and skills training.  1, record 3, English, - human%20capital%20theory

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

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La théorie du capital humain [...] suppose [...] que les individus peuvent améliorer leur productivité par des actes volontaires d'investissement dans l'éducation ou la formation.  2, record 3, French, - th%C3%A9orie%20du%20capital%20humain

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Managerial belief that subordinates are people who like their work, are creative, and want additional responsibilities; as a result, Theory Y managers use the democratic managerial approach.  4, record 4, English, - theory%20Y

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Physical and mental effort at work is as normal as it is at rest and at play. Man will control and direct himself in order to reach shared objectives, meaning that external control and threats are not the only way of ensuring effort. Commitment to objectives goes hand in hand with the rewards obtained upon reaching them. The average person can learn not only to accept, but also to seek greater responsibility. The capacity for imagination and creativity is widely spread within the population. In the modern industrial world, the intellectual potential of the average person is only partially used.  5, record 4, English, - theory%20Y

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Theory Y : term and definition reproduced from the CAPITAL Business Dictionary with the permission of LID Editorial Empresarial.  6, record 4, English, - theory%20Y

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Théorie affirmant que l'employé est fondamentalement motivé et que le rôle de la direction se limite à créer les conditions nécessaires à l'expression de sa créativité.  2, record 4, French, - th%C3%A9orie%20Y

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[...] McGregor propose une théorie appuyée sur des hypothèses plus en rapport avec la nature des hommes et avec leurs motivations, la théorie Y. Elle se fonde sur les hypothèses suivantes : a) La direction est responsable de l'organisation des ressources de l'entreprise [...] afin de réaliser ses fins économiques [...] b) Les hommes ne sont pas, par nature, passifs, et opposés aux buts et aux objectifs de l'entreprise; c) La motivation, la faculté de se développer, l'acceptation et la recherche de responsabilités sont des caractéristiques humaines; d) L'imagination, l'ingéniosité, la créativité sont des qualités répandues; e) La première tâche de la direction est donc de créer les conditions et de mettre en œuvre les méthodes de travail qui permettent aux individus de mieux atteindre leurs fins propres tout en orientant leurs efforts vers les objectifs de l'entreprise (fusion).  3, record 4, French, - th%C3%A9orie%20Y

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Conjunto de hipótesis propuestas por McGregor por oposición a su teoría X, que considera corroboradas por los últimos estudios y que aseguran una mayor motivación de los subordinados. Las hipótesis son las siguientes: el esfuerzo físico y mental en el trabajo es tan normal como en el juego o el descanso; el hombre se autocontrolará y se autodirigirá para conseguir objetivos que comparte, por lo que el control externo y las amenazas no son la única forma de lograr esfuerzos; el compromiso con los objetivos es función de las recompensas asociadas con su logro; el hombre medio puede aprender no sólo a aceptar, sino a buscar mayor responsabilidad; la capacidad de imaginación y creatividad está ampliamente distribuida entre la población; en la vida industrial moderna el potencial intelectual del hombre medio está sólo parcialmente utilizado.  2, record 4, Spanish, - teor%C3%ADa%20Y

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

[Según] la Ortografía académica, los nombres de las teorías científicas se escriben con minúscula: modelo estándar, teoría de la gran unificación, teoría de cuerdas, teoría de la relatividad.  3, record 4, Spanish, - teor%C3%ADa%20Y

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Teoría Y: término y definición extraídos del CAPITAL Business Dictionary con la autorización de LID Editorial Empresarial.  4, record 4, Spanish, - teor%C3%ADa%20Y

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

(...) All Balance Sheets depend on valuation of Assets, which is one of the basic questions of the capital and interest theory(...)  1, record 5, English, - capital%20and%20interest%20theory

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Soixante ans plus tard, Samuelson (1965) et Fama (1965) reprennent les résultats de Bachelier et conceptualisent les fondements de la théorie de l'efficience des marchés financiers. Succinctement, on définit trois formes d'efficience de marché : l'efficience faible, l'efficience semi-forte et l'efficience forte.  1, record 6, French, - th%C3%A9orie%20de%20l%27efficience%20des%20march%C3%A9s%20financiers

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Set of hypotheses on the subject of human behaviour that, in the opinion of McGregor, characterise bad managers. These are: the average man avoids work if he can because he does not like it. The majority of people need to be controlled and threatened with punishment before they make an adequate effort. The average person prefers to be lead, avoids responsibility, is not ambitious enough and prefers security. The opposite is the Y Theory, also explained by Douglas McGregor in his book "The Human Side of Enterprise" (1960).  4, record 7, English, - theory%20X

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Douglas McGregor ... believed that much of the failure of the human relations approach as it was actually applied in industry stemmed from the fact that most managers worked on what he called "Theory X" ...  5, record 7, English, - theory%20X

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Managerial belief that subordinates dislike their work, are lazy, and need to be directed; as a result, Theory X managers use the autocratic managerial approach.  6, record 7, English, - theory%20X

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Theory X : term and definition reproduced from the CAPITAL Business Dictionary with the permission of LID Editorial Empresarial.  7, record 7, English, - theory%20X

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Théorie affirmant que l'employé est fondamentalement passif et que c'est à la direction d'orienter ses efforts.  2, record 7, French, - th%C3%A9orie%20X

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Douglas McGregor, en 1960, a proposé une analyse de deux types de direction sous le nom de «théorie X» et de «théorie Y» [...] La théorie X s'appuie sur trois hypothèses fondamentales : a) la direction est responsable de l'organisation des ressources de l'entreprise [...] afin de réaliser ses fins économiques. b) En ce qui concerne les hommes, la direction oriente leurs efforts, les motive, contrôle leurs actions, modifie leurs attitudes afin de les adapter aux besoins de l'entreprise. c) Sans cette intervention de la direction, les individus restent passifs, vis-à-vis des besoins de l'entreprise. Les employés doivent être convaincus, récompensés, punis, contraints, contrôlés, si l'on veut lutter contre leur aversion innée pour le travail.  3, record 7, French, - th%C3%A9orie%20X

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Conjunto de hipótesis sobre el comportamiento humano que, en opinión de McGregor, caracterizan a los malos directores. Son las siguientes: el hombre medio evita trabajar si puede, porque no le gusta; la mayoría de la gente debe ser controlada y amenazada con castigos para que se esfuerce adecuadamente; el hombre medio prefiere ser dirigido, evita la responsabilidad, no es demasiado ambicioso y prefiere la seguridad. Su opuesto es la teoría Y, explicadas ambas por Douglas McGregor en su obra "The Human Side of Enterprise" (1960).  2, record 7, Spanish, - teor%C3%ADa%20X

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 OBS

[Según] la Ortografía académica, los nombres de las teorías científicas se escriben con minúscula: modelo estándar, teoría de la gran unificación, teoría de cuerdas, teoría de la relatividad.  3, record 7, Spanish, - teor%C3%ADa%20X

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Teoría X: término y definición extraídos del CAPITAL Business Dictionary con la autorización de LID Editorial Empresarial.  4, record 7, Spanish, - teor%C3%ADa%20X

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Prior to("Quia Emptores") the number of subtenures had greatly increased by the process of subinfeudation. By this process a tenant, instead of alienating his land outright for a capital sum, created a new tenurial relationship between himself and another whereby the other person became his tenant of the land in return for a perpetual grant or service. The new tenant might create a further subtenure and in theory the process could go on "ad infinitum". "Quia Emptores" accomplished two important objectives. In the first place it abolished alienation by subinfeudation and secondly, it endorsed the principle of alienation by substitution.(Anger & Honsberger, 2nd ed., 1985, p. 23)  1, record 8, English, - alienation%20by%20subinfeudation

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

aliénation par sous-inféodation : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation dans le cadre du Programme national de l'administration de la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 8, French, - ali%C3%A9nation%20par%20sous%2Dinf%C3%A9odation

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Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Traditional economic theory held that growth was the result of two factors of production : labour and capital.  2, record 9, English, - neoclassical%20theory

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF

La théorie économique traditionnelle dit que la croissance est le fruit de deux facteurs de production : l'emploi et le capital.  3, record 9, French, - th%C3%A9orie%20n%C3%A9o%2Dclassique

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 OBS

néoclassique : Cette graphie, puisée des Rectifications de l'orthographe recommandées par le Conseil supérieur de la langue française, est attestée dans le Petit Robert (2004).  2, record 9, French, - th%C3%A9orie%20n%C3%A9o%2Dclassique

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Theory that proposes that the value of a currency in terms of another is determined by the relation between the purchasing power of said currencies in their respective countries. It comes from the hypothesis that the international prices of goods tend to equalise, disregarding customs duties, transport costs and differences in quality and concludes by stating that the inflation differential between two countries signals the foreseen variation in exchange rates. It is truer in the long term than in the short term when interest rates influence the differential to a greater extent.  2, record 10, English, - purchasing%20power%20parity%20theory

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 OBS

purchasing power parity theory : term and definition reproduced from the CAPITAL Business Dictionary with the permission of LID Editorial Empresarial.  3, record 10, English, - purchasing%20power%20parity%20theory

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Théorie selon laquelle le taux de change entre deux devises est déterminé par le rapport entre leurs pouvoirs d'achat dans leurs pays respectifs. Elle part de l'hypothèse qui établit que les prix internationaux des marchandises ont tendance à s'égaliser, dédaignant ainsi les douanes, les coûts de transport ou les différences de qualité. Sa conclusion affirme que le différentiel d'inflation entre deux pays montre la variation prévue dans le taux de change. Elle est plus valable à long terme qu'à court terme, lorsque le différentiel influence le plus les taux d'intérêts.  1, record 10, French, - th%C3%A9orie%20de%20la%20parit%C3%A9%20du%20pouvoir%20d%27achat

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 OBS

théorie de la parité du pouvoir d'achat : terme et définition extraits du CAPITAL Business Dictionary et reproduits avec l'autorisation de LID Editorial Empresarial.  2, record 10, French, - th%C3%A9orie%20de%20la%20parit%C3%A9%20du%20pouvoir%20d%27achat

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Teoría que propone que el valor de una divisa en términos de otra viene determinado por la relación entre los poderes adquisitivos de dichas divisas en sus respectivos países. Parte de la hipótesis de que los precios internacionales de las mercancías tienden a igualarse, despreciando por tanto aduanas, costes de transporte o diferencias de calidad. Concluye diciendo que el diferencial de inflación entre dos países señala la variación prevista en el tipo de cambio. Es más válida a largo plazo que a corto, en donde influye más el diferencial de tipos de interés.  3, record 10, Spanish, - teor%C3%ADa%20de%20la%20paridad%20del%20poder%20adquisitivo

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 OBS

teoría de la paridad del poder adquisitivo: término y definición extraídos del CAPITAL Business Dictionary con la autorización de LID Editorial Empresarial.  4, record 10, Spanish, - teor%C3%ADa%20de%20la%20paridad%20del%20poder%20adquisitivo

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Economic theory which states that investments in new capital equipment embody technical change.  1, record 11, English, - embodiment%20hypothesis

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish

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Record 12,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 13,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 OBS

"... the husband on his entry into the marriage contributed land and machinery which had a greater value... than the market value he got credit at the date of the marriage; ...Those assets... formed the capital base from which the parties were able to accumulate the large holdings they eventually acquired. For that reason the distribution of matrimonial property should be weighted in the husband’s favour."  1, record 13, English, - capital%20base%20theory

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Source(s) : Farr C. Farr, Cour suprême 3 mai 1984, juge McIntyre, page 4; [1984] 1 R.C.S. page 255.  1, record 13, French, - th%C3%A9orie%20du%20capital%20de%20d%C3%A9part

Record 13,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 14,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Until this decade, Canadian economists and officials have been content to explain regional decline and fall on the basis of the "staple theory".... According to this approach, regions rise, and draw in new population and capital, when new locally-oriented products(such as furs, wheat, pulp) gain access to the world market. These regions later decline when these raw materials are depleted, their markets disappear, or improved competing sources can sell in world markets at lower prices.  1, record 14, English, - staple%20theory

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Record 14,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 15,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Theory Z stresses that productivity gains come not so much from research, technological developments and capital substitution as from better working relationships among members in the working place.  1, record 15, English, - capital%20substitution

Record 15,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[...] l'effet de la croissance du capital brut par tête [...], en déterminant une substitution du capital au travail, a joué un rôle important dans l'accroissement de la productivité du travail. Cette substitution capital-travail [...] peut se mesurer par le ratio capital brut par tête [...]  2, record 15, French, - substitution%20capital%2Dtravail

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Record 16,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 OBS

For the Appendix are reserved certain special topics of classical capital theory and modern doctrines of income determination.  1, record 16, English, - doctrine%20of%20income%20determination

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Record 17,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Because development theory, for countries like India and the United States, is preoccupied with the concept of "balanced growth", the Neumann model is of considerable interest. It is particularly relevant to the case where an industrial sector in a poor country finds it can get an unlimited supply of laborers from the rural sector at the same wage cost in terms of subsistence; needing little land, the industrial sector can "take off" and grow at a constant Neumann-percentage rate per year, provided it can produce the capital goods needed to match the new labor or can be helped by imports from foreign lenders, aiders, or exporters.  1, record 17, English, - Neumann%20model

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Record 18,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 OBS

(...) in the field of capital theory(...) [supply-and-demand diagrams](...) become rather complicated.  1, record 18, English, - capital%20theory

Record 18,  Textual support,  French

Record 18,  Textual support,  Spanish