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DISTANCE EFFECT [38 records]

Filter results by subject field Alphabetical list of terms

Filter results by subject field

Alphabetical list of terms

Record 1 2026-03-30

English

Subject field(s)
  • Acoustics (Physics)
  • Ultrasonography
DEF

The area within the body through which ultrasound energy, emitted by a transducer, has spread.

CONT

Ultrasound waves have a self-focusing effect, which refers to the natural narrowing of the ultrasound beam at a certain travel distance in the ultrasonic field.

French

Domaine(s)
  • Acoustique (Physique)
  • Ultrasonographie
DEF

Zone dans le corps où l'énergie ultrasonore émise par un transducteur s'est propagée.

Spanish

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Record 2 2021-01-04

English

Subject field(s)
  • Radio Waves
  • Radio Transmission and Reception
CONT

[One] option is to use line of sight transmission equipment. This type of equipment has a high transmission distance and little to no latency or interference, largely because it's designed for a point-to-point, line of sight transmission.... line of sight equipment only provides good performance when there's nothing in the way of the devices to effect the transfer.... Lose the line of sight and this equipment will still perform, albeit with a far lower range than the amount [one] can expect with a direct line of sight between the two devices.

French

Domaine(s)
  • Ondes radioélectriques
  • Émission et réception radio

Spanish

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Record 3 2020-10-29

English

Subject field(s)
  • River and Sea Navigation
  • Hydrology and Hydrography
CONT

Bank effect refers to the tendency of the stern of a ship to swing toward the near bank when operating in a river or constricted waterway. … This phenomenon depends on many parameters, such as bank shape, water depth, ship-bank distance, ship properties, ship speed and propeller action. A reliable estimation of bank effects is important for determining the limiting conditions in which a ship can safely navigate a waterway.

French

Domaine(s)
  • Navigation fluviale et maritime
  • Hydrologie et hydrographie
CONT

L'effet de bande désigne la tendance de la poupe d'un navire à se diriger vers la rive la plus près lorsque le navire se déplace sur une rivière ou dans une voie navigable restreinte. L'écoulement asymétrique autour du navire induit par la proximité des rives entraîne une différence de pression (principe de Bernoulli) entre le côté bâbord et le côté tribord. Par conséquent, le navire sera soumis à une force latérale principalement dirigée vers la rive la plus près, ainsi qu'à un mouvement de lacet poussant l'étrave vers le centre de la voie navigable.

Spanish

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Record 4 2017-05-12

English

Subject field(s)
  • Visual Disorders
  • Non-Lethal Weapons
  • Emergency Management
CONT

The hydraulic needle effect is an important factor to consider when employing OC [oleoresin capsicum]. This is the consequence of the OC particulates penetrating the soft tissue of the eye. This is due to the correlation between the distance and the amount of pressure(size of the canister) in which it is delivered. Concerns have been raised about the possibility of soft tissue injury, prolonged irritation or possibly infection. Because of the possibility of the hydraulic needle effect, minimum safe distances have been established for each delivery system.

French

Domaine(s)
  • Troubles de la vision
  • Armes non meurtrières
  • Gestion des urgences
CONT

L'effet d'aiguille hydraulique survient lorsque des particules solides, se déplaçant à une vitesse rapide, pénètrent plusieurs couches des tissus mous de l'œil. L'utilisation de pulvérisateurs manuels à l'OC [oléorésine de Capsicum], [...] qui émettent un jet liquide sous pression, peut causer des dommages à ces tissus ou une infection oculaire. Pour réduire les risques d'effet d'aiguille hydraulique, le fabricant a établi des distances minimales sécuritaires recommandées pour tous les pulvérisateurs à main.

Spanish

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Record 5 2017-04-27

English

Subject field(s)
  • Plastic Arts
DEF

This consists in completely reconstructing the missing parts, perfectly matching form and colour, but in fine separate stripes or hatching, which blend into a coherent effect when seen from a normal viewing distance.

French

Domaine(s)
  • Arts plastiques
DEF

État de restauration visible de près et imperceptible à distance, consistant en la juxtaposition de couleurs pures par petits traits fins. C'est l'œil qui opère le mélange.

Spanish

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Record 6 2017-04-26

English

Subject field(s)
  • Painting (Arts)
DEF

Close placement of small strokes or dots of separate colors on a painting surface, so that when the picture is viewed from beyond a certain distance they create the effect of mixed colors of considerable brilliance.

CONT

This optical mixture would, he believed, produce clearer and more vibrant colour than could be obtained by mixture on the palette.

French

Domaine(s)
  • Peinture (Arts)
DEF

Celui qui se fait non sur la palette ou la toile, mais dans l'œil du spectateur percevant ensemble les sensations produites par des taches de couleurs différentes juxtaposées sur la toile.

CONT

Alors qu'en liant deux teintes sur la palette on tend vers le gris (mélange chimique), les couleurs s'exaltent au contraire dans l'œil quand on les dispose séparément sur la toile (mélange optique).

Spanish

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Record 7 2015-04-24

English

Subject field(s)
  • Atomic Physics
DEF

The reduction of a radiation quantity due to the effect of the distance between the point of interest and the source(e. g. the inverse-square law for a point source), and excluding the effect of any matter present.

OBS

geometric attenuation: term and definition standardized by ISO.

French

Domaine(s)
  • Physique atomique
DEF

Réduction d'une grandeur de rayonnement due à l'effet de la distance entre le point considéré et la source (par exemple : loi de l'inverse du carré de la distance pour une source ponctuelle), à l'exclusion des effets dus à la matière présente.

OBS

atténuation géométrique : terme et définition normalisés par l'ISO.

Spanish

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Record 8 2012-10-15

English

Subject field(s)
  • Braking Systems (Motor Vehicles and Bicycles)
DEF

An electronic system that interprets the braking behaviour of the driver and initiates the full braking effect when it identifies an emergency situation, thereby reducing the braking distance substantially.

OBS

brake-assist system; BAS: term and abbreviation extracted from the "Motor Vehicles/Véhicules automobiles, Lexique anglais-français" glossary (1999) with the permission of the United Nations Office at Geneva.

OBS

dynamic brake control: term used mainly by BMW.

French

Domaine(s)
  • Freins (Véhicules automobiles et bicyclettes)
DEF

[Sur un véhicule équipé de l'ABS (système de freinage antiblocage),] système amplifiant la force de freinage en cas d'arrêt d'urgence.

OBS

Ce système augmente la puissance de freinage quand le conducteur n'appuie pas assez fort sur la pédale en début de freinage d'urgence. Pour cela, le mouvement du pied sur sa pédale est analysé par deux capteurs, l'un sur la pédale, l'autre au niveau du maître-cylindre du circuit de freinage. Si le mouvement est rapide mais la pression pas assez forte, l'électronique prend le relais en agissant sur le maître-cylindre pour envoyer dans le circuit de freinage la pression maximale et déclencher l'ABS immédiatement. L'action du BAS ne dure que quelques dixièmes de seconde, si le conducteur relâche la pression sur la pédale, il n'intervient plus.

OBS

assistance au freinage d'urgence; AFU : terme et abréviation publiés au Journal officiel de la République française le 5 avril 2006.

OBS

intensificateur de freinage : terme tiré du lexique «Motor Vehicles/Véhicules automobiles, Lexique anglais-français» (1999) avec l'autorisation de l'Office des Nations Unies à Genève.

Spanish

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Record 9 2012-02-16

English

Subject field(s)
  • Atomic Physics
  • Meteorology
DEF

Radiation consisting of subatomic particles, such as electrons, protons, deuterons, and neutrons, as distinguished from electromagnetic radiation.

CONT

The word radiation is commonly used in several distinct although related senses.-First, it is a term for the process by which energy is transferred and is able to exert an effect at a distance without the need for any physical connection between source and receiver. In this broad sense, radiation includes energy transfer both by electromagnetic waves(as in the case of gamma rays, ultra-violet rays or radio waves) and by energetic particles(such as alpha or beta particles emitted from nuclei in the process of radioactive decay). The more precise terms "electromagnetic radiation" and "particulate radiation" differentiate between these two phenomena.

French

Domaine(s)
  • Physique atomique
  • Météorologie
DEF

Rayonnement considéré comme formé essentiellement par des particules telles que électrons, protons, neutrons, noyaux.

CONT

«rayonnement» : Transport d'énergie et de quantité de mouvement dans le vide ou dans un milieu matériel. On distingue les rayonnements ondulatoires qui ne s'accompagnent pas de transport de matière (ondes élastiques et électromagnétiques) et les rayonnements corpusculaires dans lesquels se propagent des particules douées de masse.

OBS

Normalement, la distinction à faire entre «radiation» et «rayonnement» est la suivante : «radiation» se rapporte à une émission d'énergie, tandis que «rayonnement» se rapporte à son transport, à sa propagation. Le Grand dictionnaire encyclopédique Larousse, cependant, les distingue autrement.

OBS

Les deux mots «radiation» et «rayonnement» ne représentent pas des notions complètement distinctes; le premier est employé de préférence lorsque l'on considère essentiellement l'aspect corpusculaire, le second désignant surtout l'aspect ondulatoire électromagnétique. Les radiations corpusculaires sont constituées par le mouvement de particules (électrons, protons, neutrons, noyaux) animées de vitesses qui peuvent être très grandes, mais toujours inférieures à la vitesse de la lumière dans le vide.

Spanish

Campo(s) temático(s)
  • Física atómica
  • Meteorología
DEF

Radiación formada por partículas, diferente de la radiación electromagnética.

Save record 9

Record 10 2012-01-09

English

Subject field(s)
  • Electromagnetic Radiation
CONT

Stationary nuclear Overhauser effect. NMR [nuclear magnetic resonance] spectroscopy based on the nuclear Overhauser effect(NOE) between dipolar coupled nuclei is one of the most commonly used techniques to determine the spatial structure of proteins. Generally speaking the NOE describes the transfer of spin polarization from one spin population to another. The magnitude of the NOE highly depends on the distance between the dipolar coupled spins such that it can be used to determine interatomar distances within molecules.

French

Domaine(s)
  • Rayonnements électromagnétiques

Spanish

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Record 11 2011-10-28

English

Subject field(s)
  • Electromagnetic Radiation
  • Electrical Engineering
  • Radiological Physics (Theory and Application)
  • Weapon Systems
DEF

Radiation made up of oscillating electric and magnetic fields and propagated with the speed of light.

CONT

The word radiation is commonly used in several distinct although related senses. First, it is a term for the process by which energy is transferred and is able to exert an effect at a distance without the need for any physical connection between source and receiver. In this broad sense, radiation includes energy transfer both by electromagnetic waves(as in the case of gamma rays, ultra-violet rays or radio waves) and by energetic particles(such as alpha or beta particles emitted from nuclei in the process of radioactive decay). The more precise terms "electromagnetic radiation" and "particulate radiation" differentiate between these two phenomena.

CONT

Electromagnetic radiation differs from other forms, such as alpha radiation, beta radiation and neutron radiation in that photons have zero charge and zero mass.

OBS

Includes gamma radiation, X-rays, ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation, and radar and radio waves.

French

Domaine(s)
  • Rayonnements électromagnétiques
  • Électrotechnique
  • Physique radiologique et applications
  • Systèmes d'armes
DEF

Rayonnement caractérisé par des ondes électromagnétiques, ou éventuellement par des photons associés.

CONT

La gamme des longueurs d'onde des rayonnements électromagnétiques est très étendue depuis les rayons cosmiques jusqu'aux ondes hertziennes en passant par les rayons gamma, les rayons X, la lumière ultraviolette, le visible et l'infrarouge.

OBS

Les deux mots «radiation» et «rayonnement» ne représentent pas des notions complètement distinctes; le premier est employé de préférence lorsque l'on considère essentiellement l'aspect corpusculaire, le second désignant surtout l'aspect ondulatoire électromagnétique.

Spanish

Campo(s) temático(s)
  • Radiación electromagnética
  • Electrotecnia
  • Física radiológica (Teoría y aplicación)
  • Sistemas de armas
Save record 11

Record 12 2011-04-05

English

Subject field(s)
  • Road Traffic
  • Road Safety
DEF

The narrowing of a street at an intersection, mid-block or a segment of a street in order to reduce width of the traveled-way by construction of a wider sidewalk or landscape strip.

CONT

Chokers... The effect is typically reduced vehicle speeds. They are most effective when used in a series. These devices impose minimal inconvenience to local traffic and pedestrians have a reduced and safer crossing distance.

French

Domaine(s)
  • Circulation routière
  • Sécurité routière
DEF

Rétrécissement d'une voie de circulation sur une petite distance.

Spanish

Campo(s) temático(s)
  • Tránsito vial
  • Seguridad vial
DEF

Tramo de carretera en el que la demanda de tráfico sobrepasa su capacidad.

OBS

cuello de botella; tapón: Términos y definición propuestos por la Asociación Mundial de la Carretera.

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Record 13 2010-12-14

English

Subject field(s)
  • Electromagnetic Radiation
  • Atmospheric Physics
DEF

Equality between streams of radiation into and out of the atmosphere or a particular system.

CONT

The mean surface temperature for the entire world, 14°C is almost 40°C higher than the mean temperature required for radiative equilibrium of a black body at the earth's mean distance from the sun. It is essential, in understanding the concept of the greenhouse effect, to note that the important additional warming is due to the counter-radiation from the atmosphere.

French

Domaine(s)
  • Rayonnements électromagnétiques
  • Physique de l'atmosphère
DEF

Équilibre entre des flux de rayonnement vers l'intérieur ou vers l'extérieur de l'atmosphère ou d'un système déterminé.

CONT

La température de surface moyenne de la planète serait, de 18 °C. Cette valeur représente en effet la température de l'équilibre radiatif de la planète : en résumé, la température pour laquelle l'intensité du flux de rayonnement infrarouge émis par la Terre compenserait exactement l'absorption de rayonnement solaire.

Spanish

Campo(s) temático(s)
  • Radiación electromagnética
  • Física de la atmósfera
DEF

Equilibrio entre los flujos de radiación hacia el interior o el exterior de la atmósfera o de un sistema dado.

Save record 13

Record 14 2008-05-23

English

Subject field(s)
  • Electronic Devices
  • Photoelectricity and Electron Optics
  • Telecommunications Switching
CONT

Different to a photodiode, the photocurrent produced by a light energy(photons) falling on its surface is amplified by the phototransistor effect. Because of this, a photocell that incorporates a phototransistor mounted at a distance from the sensor electronics is much less prone to electrical interference(which can cause spurious switching) than one that incorporates a photodiode.

French

Domaine(s)
  • Dispositifs électroniques
  • Photo-électricité et optique électronique
  • Commutation (Télécommunications)
DEF

[électronique] Commutation involontaire de circuits due à la charge statique d'un satellite.

Spanish

Campo(s) temático(s)
  • Dispositivos electrónicos
  • Fotoelectricidad y óptica electrónica
  • Conmutación (Telecomunicaciones)
Save record 14

Record 15 2007-06-14

English

Subject field(s)
  • Econometrics
  • Foreign Trade
CONT

Distance is still an important source of trade costs and continues to have an irrevocable impact on the patterns of international trade ... various factors ... can explain the importance of geographical proximity for bilateral trade. First, transport costs and costs of timeliness increase with distance. Moreover, psychic distance increases as well. Because of cultural unfamiliarity and information costs, traders have less knowledge of distant markets.

CONT

If transportation costs are the main source of distance effects on trade and wages, we can expect that in some service sectors, distance effects may indeed be eliminated with globalization.

CONT

There is no shortage of estimates of the effect of distance on trade flows. A huge number of papers have examined the determinants of bilateral trade flows and they almost invariably control for distance. Despite the abundance of such studies, assessments of the distance effect tend to be anecdotal.

French

Domaine(s)
  • Économétrie
  • Commerce extérieur
CONT

Si les coûts de transport sont la source principale des effets de distance sur le commerce et les salaires, alors nous pouvons nous attendre à ce que les effets de distance, dans certains secteurs des services, soient éliminés par la mondialisation.

Spanish

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Record 16 2007-03-28

English

Subject field(s)
  • Atmospheric Physics
DEF

Generally, the effect of any lake in modifying the weather about its shore and for some distance downwind.

OBS

In the United States ... More specifically, lake effect often refers to the generation of sometimes spectacular snowfall amounts to the lee of the Great Lakes as cold air passes over the lake surface, extracting heat and moisture, resulting in cloud formation and snowfall downwind of the lake shore.

French

Domaine(s)
  • Physique de l'atmosphère
DEF

Effet d'un lac sur ses rives au point de vue temps et climat.

Spanish

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Record 17 2007-01-31

English

Subject field(s)
  • Radar, Radio Guidance and Goniometry
  • Remote Sensing
DEF

[An application that] performs a radiometric balancing on synthetic aperture radar data to compensate for non-uniform illumination in the range direction due to the antenna pattern.

CONT

Antenna pattern correction. The brightness of the image is affected by the antenna gain variation where the near range will receive maximum power while the far range will receive minimum power. This effect produces an image that varies in intensity(tone) along the range direction across the image. The antenna pattern effect is expressed as the energy returned to the radar and decreases dramatically as the range distance increases. Antenna pattern correction is applied to produce a uniform average brightness across the imaged swath.

French

Domaine(s)
  • Radar, radioguidage et radiogoniométrie
  • Télédétection
DEF

Application qui exécute un équilibrage radiométrique des données d'un radar à synthèse d'ouverture pour compenser l'éclairement non uniforme dans la direction de portée causé par le diagramme d'antenne.

CONT

Application des corrections radiométriques suivantes, si nécessaire: correction du diagramme d'antenne; correction de la chute de gain en distance radiale [...]

Spanish

Campo(s) temático(s)
  • Guía radárica, radioguía y radiogoniometría
  • Teledetección
Save record 17

Record 18 2005-05-26

English

Subject field(s)
  • Climatology
  • Meteorological Forecasting, Data Measurement and Analysis
  • Electromagnetic Radiation
DEF

Amount of sunlight received by the Earth or an object during the summer.

CONT

Eccentricity is a measure of the circularity of the Earth's orbit around the sun. This varies from almost circular to more elliptical. The end effect is to change the distance of the sun to the earth in winter and summer(on average, the distance must remain constant). Today, the orbit is nearly circular, so that the northern hemisphere receives about the same amount of radiation in winter as in summer. In the past the orbit was more elliptical, so that there was a greater difference in summer insolation between the hemispheres. Overall, the variations in insolation are small.

CONT

Low summer insolation is the critical factor that cools the climate enough to allow snow and ice to persist from one winter to the next. ... If summer insolation is strong, more radiation is absorbed at Earth’s surface at high latitudes. This warming accelerates ablation, melts more snow and ice, thus either prevents glaciation or shrinks existing ice sheets, and vice versa for low summer insolation.

French

Domaine(s)
  • Climatologie
  • Prévisions météorologiques et mesure et analyse des données
  • Rayonnements électromagnétiques
DEF

Quantité d'ensoleillement que reçoit la Terre ou un objet durant la saison estivale.

CONT

Lorsque l'obliquité dépasse les 35° (comparé à la valeur moyenne de 25°), l'insolation estivale devient trop forte pour maintenir la stabilité de la calotte du pôle nord provoquant un rapide transfert atmosphérique de glace vers la région équatoriale élevée du plateau Tharsis (Arsia, Pavonis, Ascraeus et Olympus Mons).

CONT

L'ensoleillement est un facteur déterminant de la formation de l'ozone. Le nombre d'heures d'insolation estivale est nettement plus faible en 2004 qu'en 2003. En conséquence, les concentrations d'ozone de juin, juillet et août sont en baisse par rapport à l'été précédent.

Spanish

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Record 19 2004-07-30

English

Subject field(s)
  • Computer Graphics
DEF

A computer graphic technique for representing the effect of aerial perspective or distance.

French

Domaine(s)
  • Infographie

Spanish

Campo(s) temático(s)
  • Gráficos de computadora
DEF

Técnica utilizada para destacar la apariencia de tercera dimensión de un sujeto en dos dimensiones.

Save record 19

Record 20 2004-06-10

English

Subject field(s)
  • Anthropology
DEF

The Aztec word for a spear throwing stick device.

OBS

This projectile propulsion device preceded the bow and arrow. In general, a wooden or bone stick or board with a hand grip at one end and a spur or hook at the other end. The atlatl is used as an extension of the arm in throwing a spear or dart. The spear shaft is socketed and fits into the spur or hook of the Atlatl. Essentially the Atlatl lengthens the length of the spear thrower's arm and with loaded, spring-like, motion can provide the benefit of greater force and distance over that of the hand thrown spear. It is hypothesized that sometimes a stone weight(s)(a. k. a. : Bannerstone, Birdstone, Boatstone) was attached to the Atlatl to provide better balance or to load the device with a spring or bending effect or to diminish the "whoosh" noise created during the throwing process.

French

Domaine(s)
  • Anthropologie
CONT

L'atlatl a servi pendant très longtemps à lancer les javelots des chasseurs ou des guerriers. Encore maintenant, ce propulseur mécanique reste utilisé par les chasseurs de l'Alaska et d'Australie. Les hommes installent une extrémité de leur lance dans la planche juste avant de l'envoyer, pour multiplier leur force et donc la vitesse de la lance dans l'air. Grâce à l'atlatl, les lances atteignent des vitesses de 100 km/h sur une distance de 200 mètres.

Spanish

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Record 21 2004-03-18

English

Subject field(s)
  • Orbital Stations
CONT

Shake, Rattle & Roll Poster. Shake :... The International Space Station undergoes oscillations. If it is given a slight push, such as a bump from the Shuttle while undergoing a docking procedure, the ISS [International Space Station] vibrates with a to-and-fro shaking motion. Student Activity : Docking the Shuttle to an oscillating Space Station is a bit like trying to toss a ball into a swaying bucket from a distance. The trajectory of the ball must be perfect(the launch speed, angle and direction) and synchronized exactly with the motion of the oscillating bucket. Try it. Student Challenge : Clamp one end of a 30 cm steel ruler to the edge of a table so that it sticks straight out. Bend the free end of the ruler downward a few centimetres and release it. Observe what happens. Attach a heavy mass(approximately 200 grams), such as a large blob of putty or Plasticine, to the free end of the ruler. Again, depress the free end of the ruler a few centimetres and release it. Observe what happens. Try doubling the mass or changing the length of the free part of the ruler. Observe what happens to the motion of the ruler as the mass or length changes. Design an experiment to quantitatively measure the effect you have observed. Relate your findings to the oscillating behaviour of the International Space Station as it grows in mass and length.

French

Domaine(s)
  • Stations orbitales
CONT

Affiche «Rock'n'roll spatial». Vibrations : [...] La Station spatiale internationale oscille. Si elle subit une légère poussée, comme suite à un choc causé par la navette pendant les procédures d'amarrage, l'ISS vibre dans un mouvement de va-et-vient. Activité de l'élève : Amarrer la navette à une station spatiale oscillante est un peu comme essayer de lancer une balle dans un seau en mouvement. La trajectoire de la balle doit être parfaite (vitesse, angle et direction de lancement) et en synchronisme précis avec les mouvements du seau oscillant. Faites l'expérience. Défi : Fixez solidement une règle d'acier de 30 cm à l'extrémité d'une table de manière à ce qu'un bon bout de la règle dépasse de la table. Pliez l'extrémité de la règle vers le bas (quelques centimètres) et relâchez-la. Observez ce qui se passe. Fixez un poids (environ 200 grammes de mastic ou de pâte à modeler) au bout de l'extrémité libre de la règle. Une fois de plus, pliez le bout de la règle vers le bas et relâchez-la à nouveau. Observez ce qui se passe. Reprenez l'exercice en doublant le poids de la pâte ou en modifiant la longueur de la partie libre de la règle. Observez ce qui se passe au niveau du mouvement de la règle en fonction du changement de masse et de longueur. Élaborez une expérience qui permettra de mesurer quantitativement l'effet observé. Associez les résultats obtenus au comportement oscillatoire de la Station spatiale internationale à mesure que sa masse et sa longueur augmentent.

Spanish

Save record 21

Record 22 2003-03-17

English

Subject field(s)
  • Urban Development
  • Real Estate
CONT

At present... the formation of urban land rent is no longer due to the presence of a large central town. On the contrary, the rents are now determined by the position with respect to areas destined for particular uses or to smaller urban areas. It is shown... that the distance from the nearest commercial and/or industrial area influences the selling price. In particular, for plots without buildings the highest values are in the immediate vicinity(Lit 8 148/m² at less than 2 km), while they gradually decrease as the distance increases, almost halving at distances of more than 6 km. The same can be said for distance from the nearest village. The plots furthest away cost almost Lit 18 million/haless than those in the immediate vicinity.... Vicinity to a dump has a greater effect than that of poor access. It is clear that being close to dumps almost totally eliminates the building suitability of the land, at least from an urban residential point of view. This allows the effect of the urban land rent on agricultural land in metropolitan areas to be estimated. If the value of a 2 ha plot of land, sited near an industrial or commercial area and with good access, is estimated with model C to be about Lit 77 million/ha, the value of a plot of the same size situated 9km away, near a dump and accessible by a dirt track or across the end of a field, would be about Lit 28 million/ha.

French

Domaine(s)
  • Développement urbain
  • Immobilier
DEF

Accroissement continu de valeur dont bénéficie le sol dans les villes.

CONT

Qu'est-ce que la rente foncière urbaine ? [...] à mesure que se bâtissaient des maisons et des quartiers nouveaux, chaque parcelle subsistante acquérait une valeur croissante. Les espaces sur lesquels des maisons s'élevaient d'année en année représentaient plus de richesse. Les propriétaires de vieilles maisons, en des quartiers plus ou moins centraux, par le seul fait de l'accroissement et du peuplement de la ville, et sans dépense ni travail de leur part, voyaient leur bien chaque année grandir. En tous pays, dans les grandes villes, le même phénomène s'est produit.

Spanish

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Record 23 2002-11-13

English

Subject field(s)
  • Astrophysics and Cosmography
  • Plasma Physics
CONT

Collisionless shock structure and its effect on electron acceleration.... Many plasmas may be considered to be collisionless in the sense that Coulomb interactions are so rare that it is the global fields in the plasma that govern the dynamics. The mean free path in the solar wind near the Earth, for example, is of the order of the Earth-Sun distance. Shocks in collisionless plasmas are observed to be a source of highly energetic electrons. These electrons are seen in locations as diverse as the Earth's bow shock and supernova shocks.

French

Domaine(s)
  • Astrophysique et cosmographie
  • Physique des plasmas

Spanish

Save record 23

Record 24 2002-11-13

English

Subject field(s)
  • Atomic Physics
  • Plasma Physics
CONT

The usual description of the scattering of radiation is based on the assumption of scattering by individual particles. However, this concept breaks down if the medium becomes ’continuous’, that is if the distance between the scattering particles becomes less than the wavelength of the radiation(analogous to the specular reflection from a surface). The usual effects of scattering(i. e. spatial redistribution of radiation) disappear in this case as the scattering phase function becomes sharply peaked into the forward direction. Density gradients of the medium will then result in a quasi-refraction effect(the refraction of light in the earth's atmosphere is likely to be of this type).

French

Domaine(s)
  • Physique atomique
  • Physique des plasmas

Spanish

Save record 24

Record 25 2002-03-15

English

Subject field(s)
  • CBRNE Weapons
  • Atomic Physics
DEF

A mathematical relationship which permits the effects of a nuclear explosion of given energy yield to be determined as a function of distance from the explosion(or from ground zero) provided the corresponding effect is known as a function of distance for a reference explosion, e. g., of 1-kiloton energy yield.

OBS

scaling law: term and definition standardized by NATO.

French

Domaine(s)
  • Armes CBRNE
  • Physique atomique
DEF

Relation mathématique permettant de déterminer les effets d'une explosion nucléaire d'une puissance donnée en fonction de la distance au point d'explosion (ou du point zéro) à condition que l'on connaisse la valeur de ces effets en fonction de la distance pour une explosion de référence (par exemple : 1 kilotonne).

OBS

loi des distances : terme et définition normalisés par l'OTAN.

Spanish

Campo(s) temático(s)
  • Armas QBRNE
  • Física atómica
DEF

Relación matemática que permite determinar los efectos de una explosión nuclear de una energía dada en función de la distancia al punto de explosión (o punto cero) suponiendo que se conocen los efectos, en función de la distancia, de una explosión de referencia (por ejemplo: de 1 kilotón de energía).

Save record 25

Record 26 2001-11-23

English

Subject field(s)
  • Soil Science
  • Hydrology and Hydrography
CONT

The water travels down with a velocity, v(v=ksin). There is no rain r evaporation from time 0 to t. Thus, the moisture content at x and t... is the same as the moisture content(let's say location xA at time 0) at a distance x-xA uphill from x.... The moisture content at location xA is dependent on the rainfall with rate I prior to time 0 and is determined by moisture content at the top of the slope, 0, plus the amount of rainfall that fell during the time needed to travel from the top to xA.... By imposing dK/d to be constant, we effectively ignore the slow drainage as decreases and, thus, enhance the gravity effect artificially compensating for the fact that we ignored possible macropore flow.

French

Domaine(s)
  • Science du sol
  • Hydrologie et hydrographie
CONT

[...] la vitesse d'infiltration résulte de deux effets : - l'effet de succion, prédominant en début d'infiltration et décroissant rapidement à mesure que la profondeur du sol humecté augmente; - l'effet de la pesanteur pratiquement seul à intervenir au bout d'un certain temps quand la profondeur humectée est suffisamment grande.

Spanish

Save record 26

Record 27 2001-06-26

English

Subject field(s)
  • Place Names (Canada)
  • Road Networks
CONT

K. Kulbisky informed County Council that he had received a letter dated November 14, 2000 requesting that the County erect Correction Line signs on Highway 36, on the north and south sides of the Correction Line.

OBS

Correction Lines.... the meridians are converging lines that meet at the poles. Like the meridians, the range lines also converge as the run north from the 49th parallel. As a result, the top or northern border of any town ship must measure slightly less in distance than its base or southern border.... This, of course, was a situation that the surveyors wanted to avoid, since the whole intent of the grid system was to create parcels of land of approximately the same size. To reduce distortion caused by the converging range lines, the surveyors used the following method. The second township line north of the 49th parallel and every fourth township line thereafter were established as correction line. At each correction line, the range line is displaced a certain distance. This jog, as it is called, in effect increases the area of the townships north of each correction line, thereby compensating somewhat for the convergence. The jogs in the range lines west of any meridian are accumulative. That is, if you follow a correction line west from any meridian, you will find that the jogs you first encounter are very small. The jogs increase as you move west from range line to range line.

French

Domaine(s)
  • Toponymes (Canada)
  • Réseaux routiers
CONT

Correction Line, au sud des sections 1 et 2-47-24-W4, de la grande route 2A à la route secondaire 814 [...]

Spanish

Save record 27

Record 28 2000-05-10

English

Subject field(s)
  • Aircraft Piloting and Navigation
CONT

The rate(s) of closing. This factor takes into account the speed with which the amount of clear airspace between any two aircraft is decreasing. Its effect is directly proportional to the length of time over which it operates, i. e., to the distance between reporting points.(att.).

OBS

closing speed: term officially approved by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).

Key term(s)
  • rate of closure

French

Domaine(s)
  • Pilotage et navigation aérienne
CONT

Les vitesses de rapprochement. Ce facteur fait intervenir la vitesse de décroissance de l'espace aérien libre entre deux aéronefs. Son effet est directement proportionnel à sa durée d'application, c'est-à-dire à la distance entre points de compte rendu. (sup.).

OBS

vitesse de rapprochement : terme uniformisé par l'Organisation de l'aviation civile internationale (OACI).

Spanish

Campo(s) temático(s)
  • Pilotaje y navegación aérea
OBS

Prevención de colisiones.

OBS

velocidad de acercamiento : término aceptado oficialmente por la Organización de Aviación Civil Internacional (OACI).

Save record 28

Record 29 1998-12-14

English

Subject field(s)
  • Photography
DEF

A long focal-length lens with a narrow angle of vision that magnifies the size of objects from a distance.

CONT

A telephoto is a long-focus lens incorporating some light diverging elements at the camera end. These have the effect of making the lens-image distance less than the focal length would otherwise require. The telephoto is therefore shorter than a lens of conventional design, although it has the same focal length. Both give images of identical size.

French

Domaine(s)
  • Photographie
DEF

Objectif dont d'angle de champ est réduit par rapport à l'angle de l'objectif normal.

CONT

Grâce à sa construction particulière, un téléobjectif offre une longue focale pour un tirage relativement faible. Sa formule optique est (...) un élément convergent à l'avant, un élément divergent à l'arrière. Pour une distance focale identique, un téléobjectif est moins protubérant, est moins éloigné du film qu'une longue focale ordinaire. Principe du téléobjectif - L'élément divergent donne de AB (image du sujet normalement formée par l'élément convergent) une image grossie A'B'.

Spanish

Save record 29

Record 30 1997-09-26

English

Subject field(s)
  • Chemistry
OBS

[The field effect is] an experimentally observable effect(on reaction rates, etc.) of intramolecular coulombic interaction between the centre of interest and a remote pole or dipole, by direct action through space rather than through bonds. The magnitude of the field effect(or direct effect) is dependent on the intensity, orientation, and shortest distance between the centre of interest and the remote pole or dipole. An approach to its calculation was described by Kirkwood and Westheimer(1938).

Key term(s)
  • field effect magnitude

French

Domaine(s)
  • Chimie
OBS

[L'effet de champ est observable] expérimentalement (sur les vitesses de réaction, par exemple) et [...] résulte d'une interaction coulombique intramoléculaire, à travers l'espace plutôt qu'à travers les liaisons, entre un foyer donné d'une molécule et une charge ou un dipôle. L'amplitude de l'effet de champ, appelé également «effet direct», est fonction de l'intensité, de l'orientation et de la distance la plus courte entre le foyer et la charge ou le dipôle. Kirkwood et Westheimer (1938) ont décrit une méthode de calcul approché de cet effet.

Spanish

Save record 30

Record 31 1996-06-27

English

Subject field(s)
  • Hydrology and Hydrography
DEF

Distance from the axis of a pumped or recharged well at which the effect of the well on the piezometric or the phreatic surface is no longer perceptible.

French

Domaine(s)
  • Hydrologie et hydrographie
DEF

Distance comptée depuis l'axe d'un puits de pompage ou de recharge à partir de laquelle les effets du puits sur la surface piézométrique ou sur celle de la nappe cessent d'être perceptibles.

Spanish

Campo(s) temático(s)
  • Hidrología e hidrografía
DEF

Distancia desde el eje de un pozo de bombeo o de recarga, a la cual los efectos del pozo en la superficie piezométrica o freática dejan de ser perceptibles.

Save record 31

Record 32 1995-04-21

English

Subject field(s)
  • Missiles and Rockets
OBS

... the BGM-71F Tow 2B, which carries twin... explosively-formed penetrator warheads. Like a shaped charge, this type of warhead is based upon a combination of explosives and metal. They use the Miznay Schardin effect to create a slug of metal capable of travelling a long distance along a stable flight path at a speed of around 2000 metres per second.

French

Domaine(s)
  • Missiles et roquettes

Spanish

Save record 32

Record 33 1993-09-10

English

Subject field(s)
  • Chemistry
  • Atomic Physics
  • Radiation Protection
CONT

... for alpha-emitting material to have an effect on higher animals, it must be ingested(swallowed, inhaled or deliberately injected). Beta-emitting material must be ingested or come in direct contact with the surface of the body. Only gamma-emitting material can cause harm from a distance....

French

Domaine(s)
  • Chimie
  • Physique atomique
  • Radioprotection
OBS

Voir aussi «émetteur gamma».

Spanish

Save record 33

Record 34 1993-09-10

English

Subject field(s)
  • Atomic Physics
  • Chemistry
  • Radiation Protection
CONT

Alpha particles are positively charged, comparatively heavy particles made up of two protons and two neutrons. Because of their size, alpha particles have little penetrating power and can be stopped by a sheet of paper or a layer or two of skin. However, if an alpha-emitting substance is inhaled or swallowed, it can do more damage than other radiation because of the mass and charge of the alpha particles.

CONT

... for alpha-emitting material to have an effect on higher animals, it must be ingested(swallowed, inhaled or deliberately injected). Beta-emitting material must be ingested or come in direct contact with the surface of the body. Only gamma-emitting material can cause harm from a distance....

French

Domaine(s)
  • Physique atomique
  • Chimie
  • Radioprotection
OBS

Voir aussi «émetteur (de particules) alpha».

Spanish

Save record 34

Record 35 1992-05-29

English

Subject field(s)
  • Landscape Architecture
  • Illumination Engineering
CONT

If spotlights are used for flower-bed illumination, they are most effective when mounted some distance away from the plants--possibly in a nearby tree. If they are too close, a patchy lighting effect will be the result, and the heat from the lamps may damage the plants.

French

Domaine(s)
  • Architecture paysagère
  • Éclairagisme
CONT

L'éclairage des massifs de fleurs. Plaçons les points lumineux à 30 ou 40 cm au-dessus des fleurs à éclairer. Ces réflecteurs en forme de parapluie, montés sur une tige fine, sont mobiles. Retenons surtout ceux munis d'une lampe à incandescence qui ne dénature pas le coloris des fleurs.

CONT

[...] des appareils à éclairage directif laissant dans l'ombre l'environnement ou ne modifiant pas l'éclairage spécifique des massifs. Les massifs s'illuminent par des lampadaires type champignons plantés dans le massif ou par des projecteurs genre spots posés sur pergolas, dans les arbres [...] L'idéal est d'utiliser des lampes à incandescence sans filtre.

Spanish

Save record 35

Record 36 1986-06-02

English

Subject field(s)
  • Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics (Physics)
DEF

A method of calculating pressures and velocities in a curving stream of water in cases where friction, impact, or eddy losses do not exercise a controlling effect. It consists of drawing a system of streamlines so spaced that the rate of flow is the same between each pair of lines, and a system of normal lines so spaced that the distance between the normal lines equals the distance between the streamlines.

French

Domaine(s)
  • Mécanique des fluides et hydraulique (Physique)
DEF

Méthode graphique d'évaluation de la répartition des pressions et des vitesses dans un écoulement où les effets de la turbulence sont négligeables.

Spanish

Save record 36

Record 37 1985-10-24

English

Subject field(s)
  • Photography
CONT

The simplest way is to add a positive supplementary lens or "close-up attachment" in front of the camera lens. This has the effect of shortening the focal length of the camera lens. As focal length decreases, so does the minimum focusing distance. Therefore, the lens can be brought nearer the subject and the image will be proportionately larger.

French

Domaine(s)
  • Photographie

Spanish

Save record 37

Record 38 1977-11-03

English

Subject field(s)
  • Gravity (Physics)
  • Geophysics
OBS

In the graphical approach [to separation of gravity anomalies], the regional effect must be estimated from plotted profile or contour maps of observed gravity; regional contours are interpolated more or less arbitrarily, being superimposed over the original gravity field.(...) Where the contours at a distance from a local anomaly are quite regular, it is possible to take out the regional trend by drawing lines which connect the undisturbed contours outside the area within which the anomaly is confined(...). Where the smoothed contours cross contours of observed gravity, the differences between the two, which have discrete values at each intersection, are marked and themselves contoured. The resulting map gives residual gravity.

French

Domaine(s)
  • Pesanteur (Physique)
  • Géophysique
OBS

Essentiellement graphique, cette méthode consiste à examiner l'allure d'ensemble des lignes de contour d'iso-intensité et à tracer les courbes lisses qui ne tiennent pas compte des perturbations locales définissant ainsi l'anomalie régionale (...)

Spanish

Save record 38

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