TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The world’s first laboratory-grown beef burger was flipped out of a petri dish and into a frying pan on Monday, with food tasters declaring it tasted "close to meat." Grown in vitro from cattle stem cells at a cost of 250,000 euros ($332,000), the burger was cooked and eaten in front of television cameras to gain the greatest media coverage for the culmination of a five-year science experiment. Resembling a standard circular-shaped red meat patty, it was created by knitting together 20,000 strands of laboratory-grown protein, combined with other ingredients normally used in burgers, such as salt, breadcrumbs and egg powder. Red beet juice and saffron were added to give it color.  1, record 1, English, - laboratory%2Dgrown%20beef%20burger

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The first laboratory-produced meat patty (cultured beef burger) presented in London on August 5, 2013, by Dr. Mark Post, a physiologist from Maastricht University in the Netherlands, was dubbed the "Frankenburger." The professor and his colleagues produced the meat-like substance by cultivating muscle tissue from cow stem cells in fetal serum and other growth-promoting materials (vitamines, amino acids, growth hormones, sugar, etc.). The laboratory-grown meat at this stage of development is prohibitively expensive, but might one day become a substitute for "real" meat. The product needs to be enhanced to improve its texture, taste and appearance. Some scientists predict that cultured meat might be commercially available within a decade. Others say that it will be possible to grow it in one’s own kitchen within 20 years.  13, record 1, English, - laboratory%2Dgrown%20beef%20burger

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 2 OBS

The development of meat substitutes is praised on ethical grounds by animal rights or welfare activists since these products have the potential to greatly reduce the inhumane raising and slaughtering of animals raised for meat. Environmentalists, economists and scientists support these products since they might one day be a cost-effective means of meeting world demands for meat, while greatly reducing greenhouse gas emissions and waste, as well as the use of water, farmland and animal feed that make intensive animal farming unsustainable. On the other hand, natural food advocates have serious doubts concerning ingredients needed to grow and enhance these products, and the long term safety of their consumption; and meat industry proponents argue that the technology still requires stem cell donors(the cells from a single donor cannot replicate indefinitely) and that the product remains a far cry from "real" meat. Only time will tell if these products will, in a perhaps not so distant future, entirely replace, or only supplement, the meat industry.  13, record 1, English, - laboratory%2Dgrown%20beef%20burger

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 3 OBS

cultured beef hamburger: A "hamburger" is a minced beef patty. Terms such as "cultured beef hamburger" could therefore be considered pleonastic. The term "burger" is the shortened form of "hamburger." While burgers are traditionally made of beef, non-beef burgers have become popular, and modifiers such as "veggie," "tuna," "chicken," "nut," and "soya" are used to describe them. Given this relatively new reality, the use of seemingly pleonastic terms such as "cultured beef burger" may be justified.  13, record 1, English, - laboratory%2Dgrown%20beef%20burger

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 4 OBS

The combination of terms such as "hamburger," "cultured," "laboratory," "in vitro" and their short forms to create neologisms designating this product yields an impressive number of synonyms. This will remain the case as long as terminology used to describe this relatively new concept is not well established.  13, record 1, English, - laboratory%2Dgrown%20beef%20burger

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 5 OBS

synthetic hamburger; artificial hamburger: The terms "synthetic meat" and "artificial meat" designate products that imitate meat but that are not necessarily laboratory-grown from animal cells. Hence, the use of qualifiers such as "synthetic" and "artificial" might lead to confuse a cultured hamburger with, for example, a soy-based burger.  13, record 1, English, - laboratory%2Dgrown%20beef%20burger

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 6 OBS

Terms such as "Frankenburger" that do not include the modifier "beef" might very well be used some day to designate similar laboratory-grown products made from animal cells other than beef.  13, record 1, English, - laboratory%2Dgrown%20beef%20burger

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Cet hamburger synthétique, surnommé le «Frankenburger», a été élaboré dans le laboratoire de l'université de Maastricht en trois mois à [partir] de cellules souches de bœuf. En septembre 2011, un expert en physiologie de cette université, Mark Post, avait annoncé son projet de développer avec son équipe une viande de synthèse. [...] Les 20 000 fibres de muscles ont été cultivées en laboratoire, pressées ensemble, colorées avec du jus de betterave et assaisonnées de safran afin de donner une couleur rouge au «Frankenburger» qui aurait eu un aspect naturel gris sans ces modifications.  15, record 1, French, - hamburger%20in%20vitro

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Il s'agit du premier hamburger créé en laboratoire et présenté à Londres le 5 août 2013 pour dégustation. Ce steak haché de viande synthétique a été confectionné à partir de cellules souches de vache cultivées dans un milieu contenant des acides aminées, des vitamines, du sérum fœtal et des hormones de croissance. On y a ajouté de la chapelure, du sel, de la poudre d'œuf ainsi que du jus de betterave et du safran pour la couleur. Certains scientifiques disent que ce type de produit pourrait être cultivé à la maison d'ici vingt ans. C'est une solution envisageable pour diminuer les émissions de gaz à effet de serre attribuables aux animaux d'élevage tout en répondant à la demande mondiale en viande bovine qui risque de doubler d'ici 2050.  16, record 1, French, - hamburger%20in%20vitro

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 2 OBS

steak in vitro; steak cultivé en laboratoire à partir de cellules souches; steak de viande artificielle : Ce nouveau produit ayant davantage l'apparence et la consistance de viande hachée que de bifteck, ces termes sont employés pour évoquer l'idée de «steak haché» tel que lorsqu'on parle de «steak tartare».  16, record 1, French, - hamburger%20in%20vitro

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 3 OBS

La terminologie n'est pas bien établie pour désigner ce concept, comme en témoigne le nombre de termes utilisés. La combinaison de termes tels que burger, hamburger, steak, cellules souches, cultivé, laboratoire et in vitro, se décline à l'infini, et on compte, parmi les synonymes utilisés, de nombreuses locutions plus ou moins longues.  16, record 1, French, - hamburger%20in%20vitro

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 4 OBS

steak de viande artificielle; hamburger synthétique; hamburger artificiel : Étant donné l'emploi des termes «viande synthétique» et «viande artificielle» pour désigner des produits imitant la viande qui ne sont pas nécessairement cultivés en laboratoire à partir de cellules animales, il y a, sans contexte, risque de confusion avec des imitations à base de soja, par exemple.  16, record 1, French, - hamburger%20in%20vitro

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 5 OBS

burger de cellules souches : Le produit est fabriqué à partir de cellules souches, mais le produit fini est constitué de cellules de muscles plutôt que de cellules souches. (Les cellules souches se transforment en myocytes ou cellules musculaires qui forment des fibres musculaires.)  16, record 1, French, - hamburger%20in%20vitro

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Transgenic mouse studies have made it possible to define which distant enhancers are necessary for the expression pattern of each of the genes, and to define a new intronic activator that is sufficient for the late expression of a reporter gene. Future experiments will make it possible to define the factors that bind to and are responsible for the activity of this new regulator.  2, record 2, English, - reporter%20gene

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Gène qui code une protéine détectable in situ et qui, utilisé comme transgène, sert à marquer des cellules dont on veut suivre le devenir, à confirmer l'expression d'un autre transgène ou à évaluer la puissance d'un promoteur.  2, record 2, French, - g%C3%A8ne%20rapporteur

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Des études faites avec des souris transgéniques ont permis de définir les activateurs nécessaires à l'expression correcte de chacun des transcrits, et de définir un nouvel activateur intronique suffisant pour l'expression tardive d'un gène rapporteur. Des expériences en cours permettront de définir les facteurs qui se lient et qui sont responsables de l'activité de ce nouvel élément régulateur.  3, record 2, French, - g%C3%A8ne%20rapporteur

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

gène rapporteur : terme et définition publiés au Journal officiel de la République française le 14 juin 2017.  4, record 2, French, - g%C3%A8ne%20rapporteur

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... stories about the past or future are not really of far distant or imaginary time frames at all...  1, record 3, English, - time%20frame

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The Next Generation Space Telescope will be constructed using advanced optical technology that produces extremely light weight mirrors. Such mirrors are required for this and future telescopes. Mirrors must become larger to collect light from fainter, more distant objects. Since the cost of launching satellites is a strong function of their weight lighter mirrors mean smaller launch costs. Currently, there are several mirror studies being conducted by NASA and industry partners.  2, record 4, English, - lightweight%20optics

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

OBAN-one of the advanced instrument onboard-will also contribute to testing onboard autonomous navigation and pave the way for future spacecraft able to guide themselves along pre-defined paths towards distant destination. For all the ESA spacecraft controllers and engineers, the challenge will consist not only in bringing the satellite to destination but also to prepare for the new navigation techniques...  2, record 5, English, - onboard%20autonomous%20navigation

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[...] la caméra AMIE sera utilisée pour valider l'algorithme de navigation autonome de bord (OBAN) qui établit une corrélation entre les données provenant de détecteurs et celles provenant de suiveurs stellaires, afin de fournir des données de navigation.  2, record 5, French, - navigation%20autonome%20de%20bord

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In the more distant future, extremely cold antiprotons should make it possible to produce and study antihydrogen, the antimatter atom formed by a positron in orbit around an antiproton.(Positrons, or antielectrons, are produced naturally in the radioactive decay of atomic nuclei.)  1, record 6, English, - antihydrogen

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L'antihydrogène est un atome constitué entièrement d'antiparticules : alors que l'hydrogène ordinaire se compose d'un proton positif et d'un électron négatif en orbite autour de ce proton, l'atome d'antihydrogène possède en son centre un «antiproton» négatif lié à un «positon» positif.  2, record 6, French, - antihydrog%C3%A8ne

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

El átomo de antimateria formado por un positrón que rota en torno a un antiprotón.  1, record 6, Spanish, - antihidr%C3%B3geno

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Los positrones, o antielectrones, se producen de modo natural en la desintegración radiactiva de núcleos atómicos.  1, record 6, Spanish, - antihidr%C3%B3geno

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish