TERMIUM Plus®
The Government of Canada’s terminology and linguistic data bank.
EARLIER HISTORY [8 records]
Record 1 - internal organization data 2023-02-07
Record 1, English
Record 1, Subject field(s)
- International Bodies and Committees
- Foreign Trade
- Economic Co-operation and Development
Record 1, Main entry term, English
- Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
1, record 1, English, Common%20Market%20for%20Eastern%20and%20Southern%20Africa
correct
Record 1, Abbreviations, English
- COMESA 1, record 1, English, COMESA
correct
Record 1, Synonyms, English
- Preferential Trade Area 1, record 1, English, Preferential%20Trade%20Area
former designation, correct
- PTA 1, record 1, English, PTA
former designation, correct
- PTA 1, record 1, English, PTA
- Preferential Trade Area for Eastern and Southern Africa 1, record 1, English, Preferential%20Trade%20Area%20for%20Eastern%20and%20Southern%20Africa
former designation, correct
- PTA 1, record 1, English, PTA
correct
- PTA 1, record 1, English, PTA
Record 1, Textual support, English
Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 OBS
The history of COMESA began in December 1994 when it was formed to replace the Preferential Trade Area(PTA) which had existed from the earlier days of 1981.... The Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa(COMESA) comprises 21 African Member States that came together with the aim of promoting regional integration through trade and the development of natural and human resources for the mutual benefit of all people in the region. 1, record 1, English, - Common%20Market%20for%20Eastern%20and%20Southern%20Africa
Record 1, French
Record 1, Domaine(s)
- Organismes et comités internationaux
- Commerce extérieur
- Coopération et développement économiques
Record 1, Main entry term, French
- Marché commun de l'Afrique orientale et australe
1, record 1, French, March%C3%A9%20commun%20de%20l%27Afrique%20orientale%20et%20australe
correct, masculine noun
Record 1, Abbreviations, French
- COMESA 1, record 1, French, COMESA
correct, masculine noun
Record 1, Synonyms, French
- Zone d'échanges préférentiels 1, record 1, French, Zone%20d%27%C3%A9changes%20pr%C3%A9f%C3%A9rentiels
former designation, correct, feminine noun
- ZEP 1, record 1, French, ZEP
former designation, correct, feminine noun
- ZEP 1, record 1, French, ZEP
- Zone des échanges préférentielle pour l'Afrique orientale et australe 1, record 1, French, Zone%20des%20%C3%A9changes%20pr%C3%A9f%C3%A9rentielle%20pour%20l%27Afrique%20orientale%20et%20australe
former designation, correct, feminine noun
- ZEP 1, record 1, French, ZEP
former designation, correct, feminine noun
- ZEP 1, record 1, French, ZEP
Record 1, Textual support, French
Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 OBS
Le Marché commun de l'Afrique orientale et australe (COMESA) est composé de 21 États membres qui se sont réunis dans le but de promouvoir l'intégration régionale par le commerce et le développement des ressources naturelles et humaines pour le bénéfice mutuel de tous les habitants de la région. 1, record 1, French, - March%C3%A9%20commun%20de%20l%27Afrique%20orientale%20et%20australe
Record number: 1, Textual support number: 2 OBS
COMESA : acronyme qui provient de l'anglais «Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa». 2, record 1, French, - March%C3%A9%20commun%20de%20l%27Afrique%20orientale%20et%20australe
Record 1, Spanish
Record 1, Campo(s) temático(s)
- Organismos y comités internacionales
- Comercio exterior
- Cooperación y desarrollo económicos
Record 1, Main entry term, Spanish
- Mercado Común del África Oriental y Austral
1, record 1, Spanish, Mercado%20Com%C3%BAn%20del%20%C3%81frica%20Oriental%20y%20Austral
correct, masculine noun
Record 1, Abbreviations, Spanish
- COMESA 1, record 1, Spanish, COMESA
correct, masculine noun
Record 1, Synonyms, Spanish
Record 1, Textual support, Spanish
Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 OBS
COMESA: por sus siglas en inglés "Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa". 2, record 1, Spanish, - Mercado%20Com%C3%BAn%20del%20%C3%81frica%20Oriental%20y%20Austral
Record 2 - internal organization data 2018-01-23
Record 2, English
Record 2, Subject field(s)
- Titles of Documents and Works
- Archaeology
- Non-Canadian Laws and Legal Documents
Record 2, Main entry term, English
- Law Code of Hammurabi
1, record 2, English, Law%20Code%20of%20Hammurabi
correct
Record 2, Abbreviations, English
Record 2, Synonyms, English
Record 2, Textual support, English
Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS
The Law Code of Hammurabi is the emblem of the Mesopotamian civilization. This high basalt stele erected by the king of Babylon in the 18th century BC [before Christ] is a work of art, history and literature, and the most complete legal compendium of Antiquity, dating back to earlier than the Biblical laws. 2, record 2, English, - Law%20Code%20of%20Hammurabi
Record 2, Key term(s)
- Hammurabi’s Code of Laws
- Hammurabi’s Code
- Code of Hammurabi
Record 2, French
Record 2, Domaine(s)
- Titres de documents et d'œuvres
- Archéologie
- Lois et documents juridiques non canadiens
Record 2, Main entry term, French
- Code de Hammurabi
1, record 2, French, Code%20de%20Hammurabi
correct, masculine noun
Record 2, Abbreviations, French
Record 2, Synonyms, French
Record 2, Textual support, French
Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS
Le Code de Hammurabi est l'emblème de la civilisation mésopotamienne. La haute stèle de basalte érigée par le roi de Babylone au XVIIIe siècle av. J.-C. [avant Jésus Christ] est une œuvre d'art, un ouvrage historique et littéraire et le recueil juridique le plus complet de l'Antiquité, antérieur aux lois bibliques. 1, record 2, French, - Code%20de%20Hammurabi
Record 2, Key term(s)
- Code d'Hammurabi
Record 2, Spanish
Record 2, Textual support, Spanish
Record 3 - internal organization data 2017-01-30
Record 3, English
Record 3, Subject field(s)
- Economic Doctrines, Systems and Policies
- Economic Co-operation and Development
Record 3, Main entry term, English
- human economy
1, record 3, English, human%20economy
correct
Record 3, Abbreviations, English
Record 3, Synonyms, English
Record 3, Textual support, English
Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT
The economy exists entirely within society, because all parts of the human economy require interaction among people. However, society is much more than just the economy. Friends and families, music and art, religion and ethics are important elements of society, but are not primarily based on exchanging goods and services. Society, in turn, exists entirely within the environment. Our basic requirements--air, food and water--come from the environment, as do the energy and raw materials for housing, transportation and the products we depend on. Finally, the environment surrounds society. At an earlier point in human history, the environment largely determined the shape of society. Today the opposite is true : human activity is reshaping the environment at an ever-increasing rate. The parts of the environment unaffected by human activity are getting smaller all the time. 2, record 3, English, - human%20economy
Record 3, French
Record 3, Domaine(s)
- Doctrines, systèmes et politiques économiques
- Coopération et développement économiques
Record 3, Main entry term, French
- économie humaine
1, record 3, French, %C3%A9conomie%20humaine
correct, feminine noun
Record 3, Abbreviations, French
Record 3, Synonyms, French
- économie de l'humain 2, record 3, French, %C3%A9conomie%20de%20l%27humain
correct, feminine noun
Record 3, Textual support, French
Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT
L'économie humaine dépend étroitement du fonctionnement de la nature. Celle-ci est le vrai producteur qui parvient, grâce à des processus physiologiques, à créer «l'ordre» par la capture et l'exploitation de l'énergie solaire. À leur tour, les sociétés humaines exploitent les produits de la nature (ressources alimentaires, fibres naturelles, bois d'œuvre, énergies-stock) et leur ajoutent de la «valeur» tout en causant une entropie (désordre) à l'environnement et en produisant des déchets qui ne sont pas biodégradables. 3, record 3, French, - %C3%A9conomie%20humaine
Record number: 3, Textual support number: 2 CONT
L'économie humaine est l'économie d'un être humain complet (dont l'individu maximisateur de valeurs marchandes sous contrainte n'est qu'une caricature), d'un être humain qui inscrit son action dans le temps (et donc l'histoire), sur un territoire, dans un environnement familial, social, culturel et politique; l'économie d'une personne animée par des valeurs et qui ne résout pas tout par le calcul ou l'échange, mais aussi par l'habitude, le don, la coopération, les règles morales, les conventions sociales, le droit, les institutions politiques, etc. [...] L'économie humaine est donc une économie historique, politique, sociale, et écologique. 4, record 3, French, - %C3%A9conomie%20humaine
Record 3, Spanish
Record 3, Textual support, Spanish
Record 4 - internal organization data 2001-06-19
Record 4, English
Record 4, Subject field(s)
- National History
- Grain Growing
Record 4, Main entry term, English
- Selkirk Settlers
1, record 4, English, Selkirk%20Settlers
correct, plural
Record 4, Abbreviations, English
Record 4, Synonyms, English
Record 4, Textual support, English
Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT
Wheat was introduced into Western Canada in 1812 by the Selkirk Settlers who settled in the Red River Valley of Manitoba. There were many difficult years in the early history of wheat production. On a number of occasions almost entire crops were destroyed by grasshoppers, rust epidemics and frost. With the introduction of earlier maturing and more disease resistant varieties, the industry progressed in keeping with growth of population. The first wheat exported from Manitoba was 23 tonnes of Red Fife seed to Ontario in 1876. 1, record 4, English, - Selkirk%20Settlers
Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS
Mostly used in the plural. 1, record 4, English, - Selkirk%20Settlers
Record 4, French
Record 4, Domaine(s)
- Histoires nationales
- Culture des céréales
Record 4, Main entry term, French
- colons de Lord Selkirk
1, record 4, French, colons%20de%20Lord%20Selkirk
correct, masculine noun, plural
Record 4, Abbreviations, French
Record 4, Synonyms, French
Record 4, Textual support, French
Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT
Le blé a été introduit dans l'Ouest canadien en 1812 par les colons de Lord Selkirk venus s'installer dans la vallée de la Rivière Rouge, au Manitoba. De nombreuses difficultés marquèrent les premières années; à plusieurs reprises, des récoltes presque entières ont été détruites par les sauterelles, les épidémies de rouille et le gel. Grâce à l'introduction de variétés plus hâtives et plus résistantes aux maladies, la production de blé s'est développée parallèlement à l'accroissement de la population. La première exportation de cette céréale, 23 tonnes de semence Red Fife destinées à l'Ontario, date de 1876. 1, record 4, French, - colons%20de%20Lord%20Selkirk
Record 4, Spanish
Record 4, Textual support, Spanish
Record 5 - internal organization data 1996-04-04
Record 5, English
Record 5, Subject field(s)
- Military (General)
Record 5, Main entry term, English
- attilator 1, record 5, English, attilator
Record 5, Abbreviations, English
Record 5, Synonyms, English
- atilator 2, record 5, English, atilator
Record 5, Textual support, English
Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS
The term "attilator" has not been found in current dictionaries but comes from the English term "atil" or "atyl" which means to equip, arm completely. These terms appeared in The Oxford English Dictionary, second edition, 1989, vol. 1, p. 748. 2, record 5, English, - attilator
Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT
One of the earlier notations in British history in the maintenance of arms was during the reign of Henry II to the Assize of Arms of 1181 which attempted to lay down scales of arms and equipment. A century later, in 1289, Edward I appointed an Attilator. 1, record 5, English, - attilator
Record 5, French
Record 5, Domaine(s)
- Militaire (Généralités)
Record 5, Main entry term, French
- atillier
1, record 5, French, atillier
correct, masculine noun
Record 5, Abbreviations, French
Record 5, Synonyms, French
Record 5, Textual support, French
Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS
Le terme «atillier» provient de l'ancien français et d'un dictionnaire de langue anglaise. 2, record 5, French, - atillier
Record 5, Spanish
Record 5, Textual support, Spanish
Record 6 - internal organization data 1996-03-19
Record 6, English
Record 6, Subject field(s)
- Various Military Titles
Record 6, Main entry term, English
- Master General of Ordnance
1, record 6, English, Master%20General%20of%20Ordnance
correct
Record 6, Abbreviations, English
Record 6, Synonyms, English
Record 6, Textual support, English
Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT
One of the earlier notations in British history in the maintenance of arms was during the reign of Henry II to the Assize of Arms of 1181 which attempted to lay down scales of arms and equipment. A century later in 1289, Edward I appointed an Attilator. In 1417, with the introduction of "engines of war" such as slings, battering rams, etc, this name was changed to Master General of the Ordnance. 1, record 6, English, - Master%20General%20of%20Ordnance
Record 6, French
Record 6, Domaine(s)
- Appellations militaires diverses
Record 6, Main entry term, French
- Maître général du matériel de guerre
1, record 6, French, Ma%C3%AEtre%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral%20du%20mat%C3%A9riel%20de%20guerre
correct, masculine noun
Record 6, Abbreviations, French
Record 6, Synonyms, French
Record 6, Textual support, French
Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS
Terme historique. 2, record 6, French, - Ma%C3%AEtre%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral%20du%20mat%C3%A9riel%20de%20guerre
Record 6, Spanish
Record 6, Textual support, Spanish
Record 7 - internal organization data 1993-10-19
Record 7, English
Record 7, Subject field(s)
- Acoustics (Physics)
Record 7, Main entry term, English
- deterministic vibration
1, record 7, English, deterministic%20vibration
correct
Record 7, Abbreviations, English
Record 7, Synonyms, English
Record 7, Textual support, English
Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF
A vibration the instantaneous value of which at a certain time can be predicted from knowledge of its time history at an earlier time. 1, record 7, English, - deterministic%20vibration
Record 7, French
Record 7, Domaine(s)
- Acoustique (Physique)
Record 7, Main entry term, French
- vibration déterministe
1, record 7, French, vibration%20d%C3%A9terministe
correct, feminine noun
Record 7, Abbreviations, French
Record 7, Synonyms, French
Record 7, Textual support, French
Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF
Vibration dont on peut prévoir la valeur instantanée à un moment précis en connaissant sa variation temporelle un moment auparavant. 1, record 7, French, - vibration%20d%C3%A9terministe
Record 7, Spanish
Record 7, Textual support, Spanish
Record 8 - internal organization data 1976-06-19
Record 8, English
Record 8, Subject field(s)
- History
Record 8, Main entry term, English
- earlier history 1, record 8, English, earlier%20history
Record 8, Abbreviations, English
Record 8, Synonyms, English
Record 8, French
Record 8, Domaine(s)
- Histoire
Record 8, Main entry term, French
- revue rétrospective 1, record 8, French, revue%20r%C3%A9trospective
Record 8, Abbreviations, French
Record 8, Synonyms, French
Record 8, Textual support, French
Record 8, Spanish
Record 8, Textual support, Spanish
Copyright notice for the TERMIUM Plus® data bank
© Public Services and Procurement Canada, 2025
TERMIUM Plus®, the Government of Canada's terminology and linguistic data bank
A product of the Translation Bureau
Features
Language Portal of Canada

Access a collection of Canadian resources on all aspects of English and French, including quizzes.
Writing tools

The Language Portal’s writing tools have a new look! Easy to consult, they give you access to a wealth of information that will help you write better in English and French.
Glossaries and vocabularies

Access Translation Bureau glossaries and vocabularies.
- Date Modified: