TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

... a soil/duff drought index [developed by Keetch and Byram (1968]) that ranges from 0 (no drought) to 800 (extreme drought) and is based on soil capacity of 8 inches of water. Factors in the index are maximum daily temperature, daily precipitation, antecedent precipitation, and annual precipitation.  4, record 1, English, - Keetch%2DByram%20drought%20index

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The Keetch Byram Drought Index (KBDI) provides a daily measure of soil dryness, which, in turn, gives an indication of water stress in plants. The KBDI represents the net effect of precipitation and evapotranspiration in producing cumulative moisture deficiency in deep duff or upper soil layers. The KBDI has a range from 0 (no drought or soil moisture deficiency, i.e. soil at field capacity) to 2000 (extreme drought, maximum soil moisture deficiency possible). The index can be viewed as the amount of rain needed to bring the soil back to saturation, with one mm of rain reducing the index by 10 points. The 0-2000 point scale is divided into three drought classes: 0-999 = Low; 1000-1499 = Moderate; 1500 - 2000 = High. The KBDI is simple to calculate as it uses only two, daily weather observations - maximum temperature and 24-hour rainfall. The system functions in a book-keeping fashion where estimates of daily evapo-transpiration and measurements of precipitation increase or decrease the value of yesterdays index. The KBDI by itself is not a Fire Danger Rating System as it gives no indicate of the ease of ignition of the vegetation, or of the rate of fire spread, fire intensity and difficulty of control. It does however serve as a useful measure of drought occurrence.  7, record 1, English, - Keetch%2DByram%20drought%20index

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Keetch-Byram Drought Index(KBDI) :... 0-200 : Soil moisture and large class fuel moistures are high and do not contribute much to fire intensity. Typical of spring dormant season following winter precipitation. 200-400 : Typical of late spring, early growing season. Lower litter and duff layers are drying and beginning to contribute to fire intensity. 400-600 : Typical of late summer, early fall. Lower litter and duff layers actively contribute to fire intensity and will burn actively. 600-800 : Often associated with more severe drought with increased wildfire occurrence. Intense, deep burning fires with significant downwind spotting can be expected. Live fuels can also be expected to burn actively at these levels.  9, record 1, English, - Keetch%2DByram%20drought%20index

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 3 CONT

... the Palmer Drought Index (PDI) and the Keetch-Byram Drought Index (KBDI) ... were [both] developed by John Keetch and George Byram, and originally were developed as aids for agriculture. The ... KBDI is used extensively in the eastern states and also in some parts of the west.  10, record 1, English, - Keetch%2DByram%20drought%20index

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 OBS

In the metric system the value of the index is usually assumed to range from 0 to 200 mm (even though 800 points actually corresponds to 204 mm).  3, record 1, English, - Keetch%2DByram%20drought%20index

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Keetch-Byram Drought Index [is] a commonly-used drought index adapted for fire management applications ...  11, record 1, English, - Keetch%2DByram%20drought%20index

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 3 OBS

"Duff" is ... an important term in the fire weather program of the US Forest Service, used to describe the partially decayed organic matter on the forest floor which can become highly combustible during drought periods and contribute to the longevity and spread of forest fires. ... the Keetch-Byram Drought Index is sometimes referred to as the soil/duff drought index because it is a measure of how dry the soil and duff layers are.  6, record 1, English, - Keetch%2DByram%20drought%20index

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 OBS

On écrirait mieux «sècheresse».  2, record 1, French, - indice%20de%20s%C3%A9cheresse%20Keetch%2DByram

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 2 OBS

sècheresse : Cette graphie, puisée des Rectifications de l'orthographe recommandées par le Conseil supérieur de la langue française, est attestée dans le Petit Robert (2006).  3, record 1, French, - indice%20de%20s%C3%A9cheresse%20Keetch%2DByram

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Ash behavior (fusion characteristics) with respect to clinkering tendency must be satisfactory for the type of firing equipment and furnace design used.  4, record 2, English, - clinkering

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 2 CONT

As the mixture [of raw materials] moves down the cylinder [of the rotary kiln], it progresses through four stages of transformation. Initially, any free water in the powder is lost by evaporation. Next, decomposition occurs from the loss of bound water and carbon dioxide. This is called calcination. The third stage is called clinkering. During this stage, the calcium silicates are formed. The final stage is the cooling stage.  5, record 2, English, - clinkering

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 3 CONT

The slurry is fed into huge rotary kilns fired with coal or natural gas. In the early stages of heating, the moisture is driven off. The dry powder then reaches the burning zone and partial fusion or clinkering occurs at a temperature of around 1, 500 degrees Celsius.  3, record 2, English, - clinkering

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

clinkering: term used at Natural Resources Canada - Earth Sciences Sector.  6, record 2, English, - clinkering

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Réaction par laquelle les aluminates, portés à 1 550 °C, fondent et se combinent à la silice et à la chaux pour constituer les silicates qui sortent des fours sous forme de clinker.  4, record 2, French, - clink%C3%A9risation

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Clinker-portland . - Ce clinker est un produit renfermant en majeure partie des silicates de calcium, obtenu par cuisson partielle (clinkérisation) d'un mélange dosé et homogénéisé de matières constituées principalement de chaux, de silice et, en proportions moindres, d'alumine et d'oxyde de fer.  3, record 2, French, - clink%C3%A9risation

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

clinkérisation : terme en usage à Ressources naturelles Canada - Secteur des sciences de la Terre.  5, record 2, French, - clink%C3%A9risation

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A type of biomass combustion burner in which a pile of fuel burns on the grates.  2, record 3, English, - pile%20burner

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Primary combustion air comes from above the grates, not below.  2, record 3, English, - pile%20burner

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The boilers are fed wood fuel from the main fuel bin located adjacent to the boiler house. The boilers are the "pile burner" type, which burn wood in a large pile on the floor of a refractory lined furnace box. Combustion efficiency with this type of boiler is generally low but pile burners are simple and therefore relatively inexpensive. Low combustion efficiency also means that emissions such as particulates and carbon monoxide are relatively high. One notable advantage to these systems is that high moisture content fuels can be burned as well as "dirty" fuels containing debris.  3, record 3, English, - pile%20burner

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Pile burner : Boilers incorporating a pile burning design find applications where the anticipated wood fuel has a high(up to 65%) relative moisture content, as is found in whole green tree chips, bark, and green mill residue. Grates serve to support the fuel, and underfire air flowing up through the grates provides oxygen for combustion, cools the grates, promotes turbulence in the fuel bed, and dries the fuel. The most common form of pile burning is the Dutch oven, which was used almost exclusively during the early part of the century(Guinn and Turner 1990).  4, record 3, English, - pile%20burner

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le combustible de bois sec est mélangé à de la sciure de bois vert afin de produire un mélange de combustible qui convienne aux brûleurs de biomasse [...]  1, record 3, French, - br%C3%BBleur%20de%20biomasse

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Controlled burning early in the dry season before the leaves and undergrowth are completely dry or before the leaves are shed, as an insurance against severer fire damage later on.  2, record 4, English, - early%20burning

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

According to Terminology of Forest Science, Technology Practice and Products, "early burning" is used in the Commonwealth.  3, record 4, English, - early%20burning

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish