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Record 1,  Textual support,  English

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In a Kolmogorov turbulence model, large-scale turbulent motion transfers kinetic energy to smaller and smaller turbulent scale sizes until it dissipates. This is known as the turbulent energy cascade...  3, record 1, English, - turbulent%20energy%20cascade

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

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La majeure partie de l'énergie cinétique de l'écoulement turbulent est contenue dans les structures à grande échelle. L'énergie passe en cascade de ces structures à l'échelle macroscopique aux structures à l'échelle microscopique par un mécanisme inertiel. Ce processus est connu sous le nom de cascade d'énergie turbulente.  2, record 1, French, - cascade%20d%27%C3%A9nergie%20turbulente

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

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A quantum cascade laser is a fundamentally different type of semiconductor laser in which energy is extracted step by step from electrons passing through a series of quantum wells in a semiconductor structure.  3, record 2, English, - quantum%20cascade%20laser

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

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Un laser à cascade quantique est composé d'une région active (ou milieu à gain), d'un guide d'ondes qui permet de confiner le maximum de lumière dans la région active et d'une cavité optique qui induit une contre-réaction optique.  2, record 2, French, - laser%20%C3%A0%20cascade%20quantique

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

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Radiation characteristics. Electromagnetic Cascade. The electron and positron beams at SLAC [campus](up to 50 GeV) are extremely relativistic(the beam energy now is about 100, 000 times the electron rest energy), so when an electron interacts in a target material, an electromagnetic cascade develops.  1, record 3, English, - electromagnetic%20cascade

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

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Les particules chargées apparaissent suite aux processus d'interaction nucléaire ou atomique : particules alpha et bêta des processus radioactifs, électron de recul de l'effet Compton ou paire électron-positron issue de la matérialisation des gamma. Ces phénomènes donnent naissance à ce que l'on appelle la cascade électromagnétique qui est une sorte de propagation en arborescence d'électrons, de positrons et de gamma.  1, record 3, French, - cascade%20%C3%A9lectromagn%C3%A9tique

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Record 4,  Textual support,  English

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When an ionizing particle enters the device, it collides with gas atoms and strikes electrons from their orbit around the nucleus of the gas atoms. In addition, an ionizing particle striking the outside of the tube can also knock electrons off the metal casing. In either case, these free electrons then are attracted to the positively charged central wire, gaining energy by the attraction. As they approach the wire they knock electrons off other atoms, creating an avalanche or cascade effect which results in a pulse of current large enough to be detected. A "quenching gas" is usually added to the filler gas so that these avalanches will dissipate over time and not continue indefinitely, which would cause inaccuracy or electronic failure.  1, record 4, English, - quenching%20gas

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

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Un des constituants du mélange gazeux de remplissage d'un tube compteur de Geiger-Müller dont le rôle est de provoquer l'auto-extinction de la décharge [...]  1, record 4, French, - gaz%20de%20coupage

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[...] ce sont en général des vapeurs organiques.  1, record 4, French, - gaz%20de%20coupage

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Record 5,  Textual support,  English

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If there is no state of intermediate energy through which more rapid cascade-desexcitation-is possible that state will be in relation to gamma-ray emission.  2, record 5, English, - de%2Dexcitation

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

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On appelle «isomère nucléaire» un noyau à l'état excité qui, au lieu de retomber à l'état fondamental presque instantanément, a une probabilité de -désexcitation- faible.  2, record 5, French, - d%C3%A9sexcitation

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Record 6,  Textual support,  English

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Progressive transfer of kinetic energy from systems of larger scale to those of smaller scale, ending in its dissipation by friction.  2, record 6, English, - energy%20cascade

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... many weather phenomena occur on the ’mesoscale’... Mesoscale is believed to play an important role in transferring energy from the large scale down to the small scales.... Energy Cascade. As we go down scales, we see finer and finer structures. Many of these structures are due to certain types of instabilities that inherently limit the size and duration of the phenomena. Also, there exist exchanges of energy, heat, moisture and momentum among all scales. Example : A thunderstorm feeds off convective instabilities... created by e. g., synoptic-scale cyclones.... The thunderstorm in turn can produce tornadoes... Strong winds in the tornado creates turbulent eddies which then dissipate and eventually turn the kinetic energy into heat. Convective activities can also feed back into the large scale and enhancing synoptic scale cyclones. Most of the energy transfer in the atmosphere is downscale-starting from differential heating with latitude and land-sea contrast on the planetary scales.(Energy in the atmosphere can also transfer upscale). We call the energy transfer among scales energy cascade.  3, record 6, English, - energy%20cascade

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

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Transfert d'énergie cinétique à des systèmes d'échelle progressivement plus réduite, se terminant en dissipation par frottement.  1, record 6, French, - cascade%20d%27%C3%A9nergie

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

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Transferencia progresiva de energía cinética de sistemas en gran escala a otros en menor escala, que termina en la disipación de la energía por fricción.  1, record 6, Spanish, - cascada%20de%20la%20energ%C3%ADa

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

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The utilization of energy, otherwise wasted, in the performance of work matched to the characteristics of the energy.  3, record 7, English, - energy%20cascade

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Beyond the understanding of the transition to turbulence... the problem remains of the nature of developed turbulence characterized by an energy cascade from large scale coherent structures where energy is injected to small-scale intermittent structures where it is dissipated(Kolmogorov, 1941). Though a global picture is still lacking, we may hope to gain a deeper insight into this problem by combining recent advances in the theory of space-time chaos with our understanding of dissipative dynamical systems, the first being perhaps more adapted to small scales and the second more relevant for the description of the large scales.  1, record 8, English, - developed%20turbulence

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

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Au-delà d'une compréhension de la transition [...] subsiste le problème de la nature de la turbulence développée caractérisée par une cascade d'énergie des structures cohérentes à grande échelle où l'énergie est injectée vers les structures intermittentes à petite échelle où elle est dissipée (Kolmogorov, 1941).) Bien qu'une image globale soit encore absente, nous pouvons espérer gagner quelques idées sur ce problème en combinant les résultats récents de la théorie du chaos spatio-temporel à ceux un peu plus anciens de la théorie des systèmes dynamiques déterministes, sélectionnant ce qui peut être plus adapté aux différentes échelles, petites et grandes.  2, record 8, French, - turbulence%20d%C3%A9velopp%C3%A9e

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

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One can almost see a Richardsonian cascade at work. A finite pinch of energy spreads a square ink blob around. Then the original eddy splits into smaller scale eddies, the effects of which are more local. The initial energy cascades down to ever smaller typical sizes, eventually contributing nothing but slight fuzziness to the outline of the final ink blob, just as in the following diagram from Corrsin 1959b.  1, record 9, English, - Richardsonian%20cascade

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

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Le caractère fractal de la cascade d'énergie semble actuellement le principal obstacle à une théorie déductive de la turbulence.  1, record 9, French, - cascade%20de%20Richardson

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish