TERMIUM Plus^®

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nuclear reactor : An apparatus or structure in which a controlled nuclear chain reaction releases energy.  4, record 1, English, - nuclear%20reactor%20physicist

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Record 2,  Textual support,  English

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One significant knowledge gap necessary for assessing ecosystem-wide impacts of restoration in... estuaries is a characterization of baseline lower trophic levels. These lower tropic levels are the lowest part of the food web where organisms such as plant-like phytoplankton serve as food to animals such as zooplankton in the water column. Other organisms of lower trophic levels include plant-like microphytobenthos and marine worms living within the sediments. These organisms form an important part of the estuary ecosystem [and] provide energy at the base of the food chain [that] support the growth of larger predators at the top[, ] such as speckled trout or red fish[. These] organisms also help to break down debris, put oxygen back into sediments, and can provide a biological window into the health of an estuary.  1, record 2, English, - lower%20trophic%20level

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Trophic levels refer to a level or position in a food chain or food web. It is one of the oldest concepts in ecology that seeks to explain the energy relations between different organisms.... the bottom trophic level is known as the primary producers. These are usually plants like phytoplankton, algae, and seaweed. They can make their own food(usually photosynthesizing sugars from the sun), and do not need to consume other plants or animals. They are typically the most abundant organisms found in the ecosystem.  1, record 3, English, - primary%20producer

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Les niveaux trophiques désignent un niveau ou une position dans une chaîne alimentaire ou un réseau alimentaire. C'est l'un des plus anciens concepts de l'écologie qui cherche à expliquer les relations énergétiques entre les différents organismes. [...] le niveau trophique inférieur est connu sous le nom de producteurs primaires. Il s'agit généralement de plantes comme le phytoplancton, les algues et les algues marines. Ils peuvent fabriquer leur propre nourriture (généralement en photosynthétisant les sucres du soleil) et n'ont pas besoin de consommer d'autres plantes ou animaux. Ce sont généralement les organismes les plus abondants de l'écosystème.  1, record 3, French, - producteur%20primaire

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[A] thermonuclear bomb, also called hydrogen bomb, or H-bomb, [is a] weapon whose enormous explosive power results from an uncontrolled self-sustaining chain reaction in which isotopes of hydrogen combine under extremely high temperatures to form helium in a process known as nuclear fusion. The high temperatures that are required for the reaction are produced by the detonation of an atomic bomb. A thermonuclear bomb differs fundamentally from an atomic bomb in that it utilizes the energy released when two light atomic nuclei combine, or fuse, to form a heavier nucleus.  4, record 4, English, - hydrogen%20bomb

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[...] la bombe thermonucléaire ou à hydrogène, utilise un autre type de réaction nucléaire [que celui utilisé par une bombe atomique]. En fait, c'est le processus inverse de la bombe atomique, soit la fusion d'atomes plus légers, dans la plupart des cas, des atomes d'hydrogène. [...] pour provoquer cette fusion, il faut beaucoup d'énergie. On utilise alors une bombe atomique comme détonateur.  3, record 4, French, - bombe%20%C3%A0%20hydrog%C3%A8ne

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Hand hoists are chain operated. There are four types : spur geared, worm geared, differential, and pull-lift or lever... Worm-gear hoists transform about 1/3-l/2 the input energy to useful work. Offsetting this low efficiency is the locking characteristic of the worm drive. The load cannot turn the mechanism; consequently the load is at all times restrained from running away.  1, record 5, English, - worm%2Dgear%20hoist

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

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Les palans à bras. Ils sont de plusieurs sortes. [...] Les palans à vis [...] comprennent une vis sans fin, calée sur un arbre actionné par une noix sur laquelle passe la chaîne de manœuvre. [...] Ces palans sont irréversibles, mais leur faible rendement (0,5) ne permet pas de les utiliser pour des charges supérieures à 5 t. Les [...] palans à vis sont de plus en plus abandonnés au bénéfice des palans à engrenages.  3, record 5, French, - palan%20%C3%A0%20vis

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Record 6,  Textual support,  English

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The Maritimes Energy Association is an independent, not-for-profit organization representing businesses that provide goods and services to the energy industry in eastern Canada – offshore and onshore, renewable and non-renewable, domestic and export markets. [Its] membership primarily consists of local businesses that are part of the supply chain and employ thousands of people, injecting millions of dollars into our regional economy.  4, record 6, English, - The%20Maritimes%20Energy%20Association

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The mandate of the Association is to support the maximization of Atlantic Canadian participation in the supply of both goods and services to meet the needs of the energy industry. Its purpose is to identify, promote and support the development of opportunities for member companies. It accomplishes this through its member activities and services, industry advocacy and policy research.  4, record 6, English, - The%20Maritimes%20Energy%20Association

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Since energy metabolism in plants is on a diurnal cycle, CF1 is regulated so that in the dark, it is inactive. In the dark, the electron transport chain ceases to function and the proton gradient goes to zero.  1, record 7, English, - proton%20gradient

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La pompe H+ présente sur la membrane plasmique des végétaux est capable de transporter les protons contre le sens du gradient de concentration et contre le sens du gradient électrique. En expulsant les protons de la cellule la pompe crée un gradient de protons qui peut être utilisé par de différents symports ou antiports secondairement activés. Ainsi les matières nutritives peuvent être importées dans la cellule.  2, record 7, French, - gradient%20de%20protons

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gradient de protons : terme extrait du «Glossaire de l’agriculture» et reproduit avec l’autorisation de l’Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques.  3, record 7, French, - gradient%20de%20protons

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Record 8,  Textual support,  English

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The sprocket in a chain drive system that receives energy from the driver sprocket via a chain.  2, record 8, English, - countershaft%20gear

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counterdriven gear; countershaft gear: terms officially approved by the Lexicon Project Committee (New Brunswick).  3, record 8, English, - countershaft%20gear

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pignon entraîné : terme uniformisé par le Comité du projet de lexiques (Nouveau-Brunswick).  2, record 8, French, - pignon%20entra%C3%AEn%C3%A9

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A wheel with a flat, round, or grooved rim that rotates on a shaft and carries a flat belt, V-belt, rope, or chain to transmit motion and energy.  2, record 10, English, - pulley

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Pulleys are made up of one or more sheaves mounted in a frame, usually with an attaching swivel hook, eye, or similar device at one or both ends.  3, record 10, English, - pulley

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pulley: term standardized by the British Standards Institution (BSI) and ISO.  4, record 10, English, - pulley

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Roue portée par un axe et dont la jante est aménagée pour recevoir un lien flexible: câble, cordage, courroie, chaîne, etc.  2, record 10, French, - poulie

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Corps en bois ou en métal dans lequel sont pratiquées une ou plusieurs mortaises pour recevoir autant de réas qui tournent autour d'un essieu passant à cet effet par le milieu du corps et des réas.  3, record 10, French, - poulie

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poulie : terme normalisé par l'AFNOR et l'ISO.  4, record 10, French, - poulie

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Index calculated as the ratio of the value to the volume in chain 1997 dollars of consumption excluding the following items: food and non-alcoholic beverages, alcoholic beverages bought in stores, electricity, natural gas, other fuels, and motor fuels and lubricants.  1, record 11, English, - chain%20price%20index%20for%20consumption%20excluding%20food%20and%20energy

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

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[Indice correspondant] au ratio de la valeur au volume (en dollars enchaînés de1997) de la consommation à l'exception des composantes suivantes : les aliments et les boissons non alcoolisées, les boissons alcoolisées achetées en magasin, l'électricité, le gaz naturel, les autres carburants, et les carburants et lubrifiants automobiles.  1, record 11, French, - indice%20des%20prix%20en%20cha%C3%AEne%20de%20la%20consommation%20hors%20alimentation%20et%20%C3%A9nergie

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[An animal] in the food chain that consumes herbivores, i.e. carnivores.  4, record 12, English, - second%2Dorder%20consumer

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Herbage is said to belong to the class known as producers, which transform solar energy and carbon dioxide into sugars via photosynthesis. The remaining links are consumers. Consumers are ordered first, second, and so on. Thus a three-stage food chain would be grass consumed by cattle consumed by man, i. e. producer, first-order consumer, second-order consumer.  1, record 12, English, - second%2Dorder%20consumer

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A carnivore is a second-order consumer.  5, record 12, English, - second%2Dorder%20consumer

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Compare with "carnivore".  5, record 12, English, - second%2Dorder%20consumer

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

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Organisme qui se nourrit de consommateurs primaires.  5, record 12, French, - consommateur%20de%20second%20ordre

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La biocénose a une organisation définie en niveaux trophiques; les plantes vertes y sont les producteurs autotrophes, les animaux, les consommateurs hétérotrophes, que l'on peut classer en consommateur de premier ordre (carnivores, phytophoges), de second ordre (carnivores mangeant des herbivores), de troisième ordre (carnivores mangeant des carnivores), etc [...]; il se forme ainsi des chaînes trophiques, où le problème est de savoir qui mange qui [...]  3, record 12, French, - consommateur%20de%20second%20ordre

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Organismo heterótrofo que se alimenta de consumidores primarios.  2, record 12, Spanish, - consumidor%20secundario

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Triggered conformational changes... are the motions of groups of atoms(i. e. individual side-chains) or whole sections of a protein(i. e. loops of chain, domains of secondary and tertiary structure, or subunit), which occur as a response to a specific stimulus. The distance moved can be as much as 10 [angstrom unit] or more. The time scale can be estimated by studies of the rate of binding or turnover reactions. The energy for triggered conformational change comes from specific interactions, such as electrostatic attractions or hydrogen bonding interactions. The best-known example of a triggered conformational change is the transition in tertiary structure that occurs when ligands bind to the iron atoms of hemoglobin.  1, record 13, English, - triggered%20conformational%20change

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The types of substances whose binding can trigger a specific conformational change include substrates (dihydroxyacetone phosphate in triose phosphate isomerase), coenzymes (NAD binding to lactate dehydrogenase), allosteric effectors (CTP and ATP in aspartic transcarbamylase), inhibitors (statine-containing polypeptide inhibitors of acid proteases) and even protons (the Bohr effect in hemoglobin; pH-dependent conformational changes in adenylate kinase).  1, record 13, English, - triggered%20conformational%20change

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

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Modification de la conformation des protéines provoquée par la fixation de ligands à leur surface. Parmi ces ligands, notons les substrats, activateurs, inhibiteurs et coenzymes.  2, record 13, French, - changement%20de%20conformation%20prot%C3%A9ique%20induit

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proton-proton chain. An energy-releasing nuclear reaction chain which is believed to be of major importance in energy production in hydrogen-rich stars.  1, record 14, English, - reaction%20chain

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Légende des figures donnant les chaînes de réactions et de décroissance.  1, record 14, French, - cha%C3%AEne%20de%20r%C3%A9actions

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We present a new Monte Carlo lattice model to study the folding of two-dimensional heteropolymer chains. Previous lattice model studies of two-dimensional chains have been performed on square grids using predefined "move sets" of allowed moves. The motion of the polymer chain in these models is thus highly constrained. To add greater flexibility, we use a triangular lattice and allow the chain to choose its own moves. Physically unrealistic moves are prevented by including kinetic energy effects in the Metropolis algorithm. From the results, we can characterize all of the possible one-and two-monomer moves and sort them according to relative importance. Greater flexibility in the lattice model produces several significant and interesting physical consequences.  1, record 15, English, - Monte%20Carlo%20lattice%20model

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Aperçu sur les méthodes de modélisation [...] Monte Carlo sur réseau : la diffusion des atomes par mécanisme lacunaire est décrite par des sauts atomiques discrets plutôt que par des trajectoires continues comme dans le cas de la dynamique moléculaire. Les fréquences des sauts des atomes sont déterminées par des calculs ab initio ou par la dynamique moléculaire. Cette simulation est relativement lente et ne prend pas en compte les déplacements collectifs.  1, record 15, French, - Monte%20Carlo%20sur%20r%C3%A9seau

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ZEEP(Zero Energy Experimental Pile). In 1945, this 10-watt research reactor achieved the first controlled nuclear chain reaction outside the United States. Built at AECL' s laboratories at Chalk River, Ontario, it also provided valuable information on the characteristics of heavy-water-moderated fuel lattices for the reactors to come, including early CANDU commercial power reactors. ZEEP was retired from service in 1970.  2, record 16, English, - ZEEP%20research%20reactor

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En 1945, le réacteur de recherche ZEEP de 10 W a permis de réaliser la première réaction nucléaire en chaîne contrôlée à l'extérieur des État-Unis. Construit aux Laboratoires de Chalk River d'EACL, en Ontario, ce réacteur a aussi fourni des renseignements précieux sur les caractéristiques des réseaux de combustible modérés par eau lourde des réacteurs à venir, y compris les premiers réacteurs de puissance industriels CANDU. Le réacteur ZEEP a été mis hors service en 1970.  3, record 16, French, - r%C3%A9acteur%20de%20recherche%20ZEEP

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Record 17,  Textual support,  English

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Surface cracking due to oxidation and shrinkage stresses, which shows as repetitive mounding of an asphalt surface, resembling the hide of an alligator.  2, record 17, English, - alligatoring

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Although heat is also a factor in the deterioration of asphalt on a roof, the real source of decay is the energy carried by the ultra-violet(UV) light of the sun, combined with the ready supply of oxygen in ozone. The "links" in asphalt molecular chains are hydrogen. The molecular bond is overcome by the strong attraction of the oxygen, which pulls the hydrogen away from the asphalt molecules. This process is called photo-oxidation, and these breaks in the "aliphatic" chain results in the shrinkage cracking common to asphalt. This phenomenon is commonly called "alligatoring" in roofing parlance, a term which describes the similarity of aged asphalt surfaces to an alligator's back.  3, record 17, English, - alligatoring

Record 17,  Textual support,  French

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Durcissement et rétrécissement causés par l'oxydation des enduits bitumineux exposés, qui produisent de petits monticules entre des fissures profondes qui donnent l'aspect d'une peau de crocodile.  2, record 17, French, - crocodilage

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... it has long been known that to compress air to high pressures a staged process should be used, compressing air to first 50 bars, then to 150 bars then three hundred and so on. This technique, commonly employed by the air and gas liquefaction industries, uses a fraction of the energy used to compress the gas in one operation. The secret of the compressed air motor is simply to reverse the process-decompress the air in stages and in so doing efficiently release energy at each point in the chain.  2, record 18, English, - compressed%2Dair%20engine

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It looks as if MDI’s compressed-air engine will be one of the major discoveries of the new century. The inventor, Guy Nègre, has developed an engine capable of propelling a car up to 110 Km/h, that can cover a distance of 300 km with one tank refill and a cost of less than a cent per kilometre. Not only providing "Zero pollution" but also purifying the air.  1, record 18, English, - compressed%2Dair%20engine

Record 18,  Textual support,  French

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Le moteur à air comprimé repose sur un système chambre/piston/embiellage à trois temps entièrement retravaillé. Durant la phase de compression, l'air ambiant est comprimé à 20 bars par le piston pour se transformer en air chaud à 400ºC. Puis grâce à un procédé breveté, le piston s'arrête pour accueillir dans sa chambre de l'air comprimé à température ambiante provenant des réservoirs. C'est la phase d'injection de l'air. Enfin, la phase d'expansion injecte une nouvelle fois de l'air pour augmenter la pression et repousser le piston vers le bas.  1, record 18, French, - moteur%20%C3%A0%20air%20comprim%C3%A9

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Record 19,  Textual support,  French

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Pour caractériser les émissions d'origine énergétique, il y a lieu de rappeler que les différentes formes d'énergie utile peuvent être obtenues à partir de différentes formes d'énergie primaire et de diverses étapes de transformation [...] Dans ce but on utilise les chaînes énergétiques qui traduisent les opérations permettant de passer de l'énergie primaire à l'énergie utile [...]  1, record 19, French, - cha%C3%AEne%20%C3%A9nerg%C3%A9tique

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