TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Epistemic uncertainty arises from a lack of knowledge or information. By definition, it is reducible, as adding more training data enables the model to capture underlying patterns or relationships[, ] resulting [in] a more accurate representation of the system.  2, record 1, English, - epistemic%20uncertainty

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L'incertitude épistémique est causée par un manque d'informations ou de connaissances [en ce qui concerne] un domaine. [Elle] peut généralement être réduite [par l'ajout] de données, si celles-ci couvrent mieux le domaine étudié.  2, record 1, French, - incertitude%20%C3%A9pist%C3%A9mique

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

To overcome the [limitations] of vision models in open-set conditions, the community has proposed techniques for epistemic uncertainty estimation. Epistemic uncertainty [is] the uncertainty experienced by a model when it has a lack of knowledge...  2, record 2, English, - epistemic%20uncertainty%20estimation

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

What is dynamic epistemic logic(DEL) ? It is a framework within logical theory that combines epistemic logic, which deals with knowledge and beliefs, with dynamic logic, which focuses on the effects of actions on knowledge.  3, record 3, English, - dynamic%20epistemic%20logic

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

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Qu'est-ce que la logique épistémique dynamique? Il s'agit d'un cadre au sein de la théorie logique qui combine la logique épistémique, qui traite des connaissances et des croyances, avec la logique dynamique, qui se concentre sur les effets des actions sur les connaissances.  2, record 3, French, - logique%20%C3%A9pist%C3%A9mique%20dynamique

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Once conceived as a single formal system, epistemic logic has become a general formal approach to the study of the structure of knowledge, its limits and possibilities, and its static and dynamic properties.  2, record 4, English, - epistemic%20logic

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Système logique permettant de raisonner sur la connaissance.  2, record 4, French, - logique%20%C3%A9pist%C3%A9mique

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[The module of an Intelligent Tutoring System] that models the student’s understanding of the domain.  2, record 5, English, - student%20model%20module

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Student Model Module. The task of this building block is to construct a student model which represents student’s knowledge. It is essentially an inductive inference which induces a model from observed data. In ITS [Intelligent Tutoring Systems], the model should be an executable program described in a knowledge representation language and the data are student’s answers to the problems.  1, record 5, English, - student%20model%20module

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 2 CONT

The Student Module analyzes the student's answers, diagnosis the misconceptions and keeps track of the information on the student's mastery of the knowledge. The student modeler of XTRA-TE is aimed at both behavioral diagnosis and epistemic diagnosis. At the behavioral level, the student receives direct feedback from the system. The student's response is checked against the domain knowledge for correctness.  2, record 5, English, - student%20model%20module

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 3 CONT

To assist the student module in the task of diagnosis, [the expert module] can operate in a single-step mode showing the result of application of the best rule, or all rules, to a given problem.  2, record 5, English, - student%20model%20module

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Module d'un système EIAO dont la tâche consiste à diagnostiquer les failles de raisonnement et à élaborer ou mettre à jour un modèle apprenant représentant les connaissances de l'apprenant à partir des réponses qu'il donne à des problèmes.  2, record 5, French, - module%20de%20diagnostic%20cognitif

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Applusix a une architecture classique de Tuteur Intelligent. Les différents modules sont : l'expert [...]; le module pédagogique [...]; le module de diagnostic cognitif qui met à jour le profil de l'élève; l'interface [...]  1, record 5, French, - module%20de%20diagnostic%20cognitif

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Le module de diagnostic cognitif a pour but de modifier le profil de l'élève à partir des informations enregistrées pendant les interactions. Ces informations sont principalement : demandes (ou non) de détail dans les calculs (interaction observation); choix d'une expression et d'une transformation (interaction résolution); choix d'une transformation applicable (interaction pilotage). [...] elles sont exploitées pour mettre à jour le profil de l'élève.  1, record 5, French, - module%20de%20diagnostic%20cognitif

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

... an oppressive system(stemming from non-suicidal perspectives) functioning at the normative, discursive, medical, legal, social, political, economic, and epistemic levels in which suicidal people experience multiple forms of injustice and violence.  2, record 6, English, - suicidism

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Currently, suicidality is inadequately engaged with in suicide prevention methods. The key focus is on preventing people from dying, rather than validating suicidal ideation as a legitimate experience. ... in this refusal to validate suicidality, suicidal people are subjected to suicidism – a term ... coined to describe the oppression suicidal people face which silences them and views their desire to die as illegitimate.  3, record 6, English, - suicidism

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[...] système d'oppression (construit à partir des perspectives non suicidaires) aux plans normatif, discursif, médical, légal, social, politique, économique et épistémique, dans lequel les personnes suicidaires vivent de multiples formes d'injustice et de violence [...]  2, record 6, French, - suicidisme

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le suicidisme, qui domine en santé et services sociaux, manifeste une perception foncièrement négative des personnes suicidaires, de leur discours et de leur vision de la mort, lesquels sont d'emblée jugés irrecevables, irrationnels et infondés. En tant que système qui dévalue les perceptions, les actions et les discours des personnes ayant des idées suicidaires, le suicidisme invalide les paroles et les expériences de ces personnes, nuisant paradoxalement et fort probablement [...] à la prévention du suicide, à l'accueil de leur souffrance et à la crédibilité accordée à leur vécu expérientiel.  3, record 6, French, - suicidisme

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Belief operators play an important role in epistemic analyses of games. For any event, a belief operator determines the set of states where this event is(in some precise sense) believed.  2, record 9, English, - belief%20operator

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[...] la logique doxastique [...] interprète l'opérateur modal comme un opérateur de croyance [...] offrant un formalisme pour représenter [...] les croyances [et raisonner à leur sujet].  1, record 9, French, - op%C3%A9rateur%20de%20croyance

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Notions such as knowledge and belief.  1, record 11, English, - epistemic%20notion

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

Record 12,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

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Record 15,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The practice of biodiversity inventory is characterized by its being static in the sense that it is blind, by nature, to changes in biodiversity. Inventories may now be considered of limited interest for biodiversity knowledge because changes in biodiversity are currently a major epistemic challenge, either with respect to conservation or in order to assess the effects of climate change.  2, record 15, English, - biodiversity%20inventory

Record 15,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L'inventaire de la biodiversité est un état des lieux de l'ensemble de la faune et de la flore : les insectes et les plantes sont répertoriés dans la commune de Leforest dans le cadre de l'atlas de la biodiversité communale [...]  2, record 15, French, - inventaire%20de%20la%20biodiversit%C3%A9

Record 15,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 16,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 CONT

He... created an algorithm for designing optimal experiments that could provide the strongest evidence yet that the quantum state is an ontic state(a state of reality) and not an epistemic state(a state of knowledge).  3, record 16, English, - knowledge%20state

Record 16,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Il [...] a mis au point un algorithme pour concevoir des expériences optimales qui pourraient à l'heure actuelle démontrer que l'état quantique est un état ontique (un état de réalité) et non un état épistémique (un état de connaissance).  3, record 16, French, - %C3%A9tat%20%C3%A9pist%C3%A9mique

Record 16,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 17,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 CONT

George C. Knee... created an algorithm for designing optimal experiments that could provide the strongest evidence yet that the quantum state is an ontic state(a state of reality) and not an epistemic state(a state of knowledge).  2, record 17, English, - ontic%20state

Record 17,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 CONT

George C. Knee [...] a mis au point un algorithme pour concevoir des expériences optimales qui pourraient à l'heure actuelle démontrer que l'état quantique est un état ontique (un état de réalité) et non un état épistémique (un état de connaissance).  2, record 17, French, - %C3%A9tat%20ontique

Record 17,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 18,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Related to knowledge.  2, record 18, English, - epistemic

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 OBS

See epistemic categories, epistemic dimensions, epistemic level.  3, record 18, English, - epistemic

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Compare to "epistemological".  2, record 18, English, - epistemic

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 CONT

An external mapping can be derived from an internal(via a presentational mapping) or directly from the knowledge or epistemic source. Both internal and external mappings can have varying degrees of epistemic fidelity, that is, they can reflect the epistemic source a little or a lot.  4, record 18, English, - epistemic

Record 18,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Relatif à la connaissance et à la croyance.  2, record 18, French, - %C3%A9pist%C3%A9mique

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 CONT

logique épistémique, mode épistémique.  2, record 18, French, - %C3%A9pist%C3%A9mique

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 OBS

épistémè : ensemble des connaissances réglées (conception du monde, science, philosophie, etc) propres à un groupe social, à une époque.  3, record 18, French, - %C3%A9pist%C3%A9mique

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Les modalités épistémiques «connu comme vrai», «inconnu comme faux» et "«incertain» sont distinctes des modalités aléthiques et des modalités déontiques.  2, record 18, French, - %C3%A9pist%C3%A9mique

Record 18,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 19,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Noise in the data can be attributed to factors at various levels. At the behavioral level, noise is generated by local inconsistencies.... At the epistemic level, noise originates from the fact that the student's knowledge state goes through ongoing modifications, which render earlier diagnostic results obsolete because of learning-or because of unlearning... These effects can be very subtle because the correctedness of knowledge is likely to generate interferences that cause instruction and practice to have unpredictable ramifications.  2, record 19, English, - noisy%20data

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 2 CONT

... a variety of learning tasks have been tested, including some involving noisy data.  3, record 19, English, - noisy%20data

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 3 CONT

Many researchers have assumed that no noise is present (i.e., all instances are correctly classified).  3, record 19, English, - noisy%20data

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 4 CONT

How to make valid diagnostic judgements in spite of "noisy" data obtained through a tutor....  4, record 19, English, - noisy%20data

Record 19,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Non-information à éliminer.  4, record 19, French, - donn%C3%A9es%20bruit%C3%A9es

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Dans les mémoires distribuées comme les réseaux de neurones on peut, à partir d'une donnée bruitée, faire émerger la carte d'activation neuronale de la donnée sans bruit.  2, record 19, French, - donn%C3%A9es%20bruit%C3%A9es

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Les progiciels d'application offrent généralement des fonctions très utiles ... Cependant, règle générale, la complexité des manipulations pour l'élève introduit un bruit informatique qui nuit aux objectifs pédagogiques.  5, record 19, French, - donn%C3%A9es%20bruit%C3%A9es

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 OBS

données bruitées : terme normalisé par l'AFNOR.  4, record 19, French, - donn%C3%A9es%20bruit%C3%A9es

Record 19,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 20,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A model of the student’s current state. This is the system’s current understanding of the history, capabilities, knowledge, goals and motivation of the student it is teaching.  6, record 20, English, - student%20model

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 2 DEF

That part of a teaching program which provides it with information about the student using it.  7, record 20, English, - student%20model

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 CONT

We generally think of a student model as an evolving description of what the student knows about the subject domain. [...] This dynamic process is based on various sources of evidence and ways to reason about the evidence, involving considerations like measures of a priori difficulty, structural relationships in the knowledge base, and common sense reasoning.  5, record 20, English, - student%20model

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Another student-controlled means of sharing status information is through the student profile. At the start of a tutorial session the student specifies whether he wishes to be told about conclusions being made by the expert program ... in the course of the dialogue. He can request nothing, ask for full information, or simply request a "hint," ... The components of the profile are: Student Sophistication ... Failure or Success of D-rules ... Rule Conclusions ... Final Goal Conclusions ... Lesson Plan ... Debugging....  8, record 20, English, - student%20model

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 OBS

It can be descriptive or simulative, or a combination of the two. Each of its submodels-behavioral, epistemic, and individual-plays a distinct role in the continuity of the communication process.  8, record 20, English, - student%20model

Record 20,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Composante d'un tuteur intelligent réunissant l'ensemble des informations sur l'élève.  3, record 20, French, - mod%C3%A8le%20de%20l%27%C3%A9tudiant

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le modèle de l'apprenant : il reflète les connaissances que possède le système sur l'apprenant; il contient en particulier : les connaissances statiques acquises par l'apprenant (base d'objets et de relations), les connaissances dynamiques (règles de comportement des objets), et les connaissances propres à l'apprenant (évaluation de l'apprenant).  2, record 20, French, - mod%C3%A8le%20de%20l%27%C3%A9tudiant

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Le modèle étudiant représente l'histor ique des connaissances de l'apprenant en terme de décisions prises au fur et à mesure d'erreurs commises, de fausses conceptions. Le modèle de l'apprenant évolue constamment et représente la partie dynamique du système à partir de laquelle nous pouvons bâtir une interactivité plus adaptée aux processus d'apprentissage de l'étudiant.  2, record 20, French, - mod%C3%A8le%20de%20l%27%C3%A9tudiant

Record 20,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 21,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Issue in July 1993 by the Canadian Advisory Council on the Status of Women.  1, record 21, English, - Evidence%20of%20Recent%20Complaint%20and%20Reform%20of%20Canadian%20Sexual%20Assault%20Law%20%3A%20still%20searching%20for%20epistemic%20equality%3F

Record 21,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Publié en juillet 1993 par le Conseil consultatif canadien sur la situation de la femme.  1, record 21, French, - La%20preuve%20de%20la%20plainte%20spontan%C3%A9e%20et%20la%20refonte%20des%20dispositions%20sur%20les%20agressions%20sexuelles%20au%20Canada%20%3A%20%C3%A0%20quand%20l%27%C3%A9galit%C3%A9%20%C3%A9pist%C3%A9mique%3F

Record 21,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 22,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A level of diagnosis concerned with the individual whose behavior and knowledge are of interest to the behavioral and epistemic diagnosis. It supports the view of the student, not only as a recipient of communicable knowledge, but as an agent with an identity of his own, engaged in an active learning process. Collecting information about this agent's individual characteristics can be a productive diagnostic activity. Individual diagnosis remains an area for further research.  1, record 22, English, - individual%20diagnosis

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Individual diagnosis requires a specialized, largely domain-independent vocabulary, which the field still needs to investigate.  1, record 22, English, - individual%20diagnosis

Record 22,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Diagnostic effectué par un individu (l'apprenant) en considérant son état de connaissance (état épistémique).  2, record 22, French, - autodiagnostic

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Les principales facettes de ce type de diagnostic sont d'ordre : architectural (simulation de l'état épistémique par l'architecture cognitive du didacticiel), didactique (inclusion d'un modèle d'apprentissage dans le modèle de l'apprenant), stéréotypique (construction d'un profil de l'apprenant au moyen de traits de caractère et de préférences stéréotypiques), motivationnel (inclusion de paramètres tels, niveau d'intérêt, fatigue, etc.), situationnel (interventions extérieures qui peuvent modifier la performance de l'apprenant), intentionnel (attitude et opinions de l'apprenant vis-à-vis de l'interaction pédagogique), autoréférentiel (modèle individuel) et réciproque (modèle du système construit par l'étudiant).  2, record 22, French, - autodiagnostic

Record 22,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 23,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Identification of the decisions or operators responsible for the success or failure of achieving a goal.  2, record 23, English, - credit%2Fblame%20assignment

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 2 DEF

In epistemic diagnosis, the task of discovering which knowledge, correct or incorrect, has been used to produce behavior, and which relevant knowledge has been overlooked. This requires the availability of a modeling language and some form of differential modeling, whereby the knowledge used by the student can be compared to that which the expert would have used. The methods used in credit/blame assignment are : model tracing, structural consistency and longitudinal consistency.  3, record 23, English, - credit%2Fblame%20assignment

Record 23,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Repérage des décisions ou des opérateurs déterminant le succès ou l'échec quant à l'atteinte d'un but.  1, record 23, French, - attribution%20de%20cr%C3%A9dit%2Fbl%C3%A2me

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Voir attribution du mérite, attribution du blâme.  1, record 23, French, - attribution%20de%20cr%C3%A9dit%2Fbl%C3%A2me

Record 23,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 24,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The goal of having an implemented process model of expertise is an interesting constraint for the definition of the subject matter. For a model to be operational, knowledge cannot be merely enunciated and explained : it must be put to work. Thus, all the knowledge critical to the target behavior has to be captured in the model of expertise, including the knowledge required for appropriately using knowledge. The fact that this model must be able to solve the same problems the student will eventually learn to solve ensures that, at some level of epistemic fidelity, it is complete.  3, record 24, English, - process%20model

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 2 CONT

In the representation of the subject matter, process models have been used to simulate two types of processes: 1) to model the phenomena the student has to understand, such as electronic circuits in SOPHIE and rainfall in WHY, 2) to model parts of the actual reasoning process the student learns to perform (ACTP tutors).  3, record 24, English, - process%20model

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 3 CONT

... the ideal component of the process model contains plans that describe how more complex tasks can be accomplished using a sequence of simpler tasks and commands, and have been implemented as a hierarchy of frames.  4, record 24, English, - process%20model

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 4 CONT

... a process model of the student’s decision making....  4, record 24, English, - process%20model

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Compare to mental state and mental models. See knowledge state.  5, record 24, English, - process%20model

Record 24,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Voir modélisation de processus, modèle quantitatif et modèle qualitatif.  1, record 24, French, - mod%C3%A8le%20de%20processus

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Record 25,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 DEF

In epistemic diagnosis by direct assignment of credit or blame, a modeling method for extracting information from behavior that follows observable behavior.  1, record 25, English, - model%20tracing

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The idea behind model tracing is to create a close correspondence between units of the internal model and single steps of observable behavior. The required tuning of granularity can affect the design of the interface as well as that of the internal model. In ACT theory, knowledge compilation transforms declarative knowledge into a rule format that is directly usable for performance. As a consequence, compiled problem-solving knowledge, though it is a form of knowledge, maps directly onto behavior, unlike a concept or a principle, which must be interpreted before it can manifest itself in behavior. Thus knowledge compilation is really the core principle of the model-tracing paradigm. It can summarize claims of reasoning of arbitrary complexity as more coarsely grained rules. Model tracing is, in this sense, at the border between behavioral and epistemic diagnosis.  1, record 25, English, - model%20tracing

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 2 CONT

The model-tracing method operates in the context of intelligent tutoring systems which monitor students’ problem-solving activity. In that context, the diagnostic component need not compute the student’s solution path, because it can observe what the student does, step by step.  2, record 25, English, - model%20tracing

Record 25,  Textual support,  French

Record 25,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 26,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 CONT

As a communication medium, the interface needs to facilitate interpretation of the system's behavior so that the student is able to reconstruct the model of expertise at the epistemic level.  1, record 26, English, - communication%20medium

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Record 26,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 27,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The evolution of the SOPHIE project can be viewed as a search for the right ingredients of "cognitive fidelity" in modeling expert reasoning. SOPHIE-I abandons the automata of the METEOROLOGY tutor to take advantage of mathematically based computational formalisms, which place the emphasis on physically faithful simulations. In an effort to gain cognitive fidelity, SOPHIE-III moves away from the structurally isomorphic representations of quantitative simulations to concentrate on mental models, but in some sense it goes too far and becomes too specialized to a given form of reasoning in the context of a specific task.  3, record 27, English, - cognitive%20fidelity

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Both internal and external representational mappings can have varying degrees of epistemic fidelity, that is, they can reflect the epistemic source a little or a lot.  2, record 27, English, - cognitive%20fidelity

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 3 CONT

An expert system is cognitively faithful if its own internal solutions correspond to the solutions a human would produce. MATHPERT solves math problems in the way we teach students to do, rather than using high-powered algorithms. Cognitive fidelity must be designed for from the beginning, as the demand for cognitive fidelity complicates the construction of an expert system considerably.  4, record 27, English, - cognitive%20fidelity

Record 27,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Voir modélisation cognitive.  2, record 27, French, - fid%C3%A9lit%C3%A9%20cognitive

Record 27,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 28,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 28, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Diagnosis at the epistemic level. It distinguishes three phases in the inference of a knowledge state : direct assignment of credit and blame(determining which knowledge elements have been directly involved in the available account of behavior), structural consistency(broadcasting of repercussions of this direct recognition on the rest of the knowledge state), and longitudinal consistency(updating of the existing student model according to new information).  1, record 28, English, - epistemic%20diagnosis

Record 28,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 28, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Le comportement inféré lors du diagnostic inférentiel peut servir de point de départ dans le diagnostique épistémique des données sur le comportement et l'attribution directe du crédit ou du blâme. Ce sont le traçage de modèles, la reconstruction procédurale ou non procédurale, et la reconnaissance d'objectifs pédagogiques en tant qu'éléments du curriculum.  1, record 28, French, - diagnostic%20%C3%A9pist%C3%A9mique

Record 28,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 29,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 29, Textual support number: 1 DEF

In pedagogical diagnosis, variations in student's performance which are independent of the student's knowledge. At the behavioral level, such inconsistencies are slips, inattention or luck. At the epistemic level, noise originates from the fact that the student's knowledge state goes through ongoing modifications which render earlier diagnostic results obsolete because of learning or because of unlearning(e. g. forgetting or getting confused).  1, record 29, English, - interference

Record 29,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 29, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Problème du diagnostic pédagogique causé par l'interconnectivité des connaissances et l'apparition de ramifications imprévisibles : d'une part l'acquisition de connaissances peut créer des confusions dans le préacquis, d'autre part elle peut éclaircir et structurer les connaissances préacquises.  1, record 29, French, - bruit

Record 29,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 30,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 30, Textual support number: 1 DEF

In intermediate phase of epistemic diagnosis, between credit/blame assignment and longitudinal consistency. It increases the leverage of direct assignment of credit and blame by asserting correlations between the likelihoods of various pieces of knowledge being mastered. These correlations can be arbitrary when using consistency rules à la UMFE or they can follow the genetic organisation of a set of rules(e. g. WUSOR-III). The advantage of these extensionally defined networks is that they can be designed in the absence of epistemological structure and of a model of conceptual interactions, that is, for compiled knowledge.  1, record 30, English, - structural%20consistency

Record 30,  Textual support,  French

Record 30,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 31,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 DEF

In epistemic diagnosis, a method of credit/blame assignment which requires the inference of unobservable behavior and which can form the basis for epistemic inferences. Some machine-learning techniques are used to transform diagnostic reconstructions of behavior into a diagnostic description of knowledge.  1, record 31, English, - reconstruction

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Once a plausible reconstructive interpretation has been reached, the diagnostic process can try to discover the ramifications of this interpretation for the formation of a partial knowledge state. When epistemic elements, such as subprocedures, rules, planning method, or concepts, participate in the reconstructed solution path, they can be primed as if they had been observed.  1, record 31, English, - reconstruction

Record 31,  Textual support,  French

Record 31,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 32,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 32, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The third and last phase of epistemic diagnosis where the updating of the knowledge state takes place as a continuous series of observations from which new diagnostic information is integrated into the existing student model. This includes the recognition of patterns that manifest themselves over time. The updating methods use scalar attributes, such as numerical weights, associated with individual elements of the knowledge state. These weights are updated by some statistical or pseudostatistical computations as knowledge manifests itself in behavior. Some diagnostic updating methods are very similar to what is called in AI "truth maintenance" or "belief revision"(Doyle 1979, de Kecer 1986).  1, record 32, English, - longitudinal%20consistency

Record number: 32, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Diagnostic updating methods which combine theories of learning and belief revision in a form of "reasoning about learning" still belong to the future (Halpern 1986).  1, record 32, English, - longitudinal%20consistency

Record 32,  Textual support,  French

Record 32,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 33,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 33, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Wenger presents the notions of internal vs. external representational mappings and of a presentational mapping between internal and external. An internal mapping refers to the knowledge used for information processing to solve problems in the domain, such as process models. An external mapping refers to the information presented to a student, such as the reification of a process model. An external mapping can be derived from an internal(via a presentational mapping) or directly from the knowledge or epistemic source.  1, record 33, English, - representational%20mapping

Record 33,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 33, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Comparer à mappage de présentation.  1, record 33, French, - mappage%20de%20repr%C3%A9sentation

Record 33,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 34,  Textual support,  French

Record 34,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 35,  Textual support,  English

Record 35,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 35, Textual support number: 1 OBS

epistemic behavior: Berlyne (1960) a désigné ainsi l'ensemble des comportements de connaissance, distinguant l'"epistemic observation" (...) l'"epistemic thinking", pensée créatrice de connaissance, et l'"epistemic consultation" (...)  2, record 35, French, - pens%C3%A9e%20%C3%A9pist%C3%A9mique

Record 35,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 36,  Textual support,  English

Record 36,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 36, Textual support number: 1 OBS

epistemic behavior: Berlyne (1960) a désigné ainsi l'ensemble des comportements de connaissance (...)  3, record 36, French, - comportement%20de%20connaissance

Record 36,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 37,  Textual support,  English

Record 37,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 37, Textual support number: 1 OBS

epistemic behavior: Berlyne (1960) a désigné ainsi l'ensemble des comportements de connaissance, distinguant l'"epistemic observation", depuis celle qui correspond à une curiosité malveillante jusqu'à l'expérimentation scientifique, l'"epistemic thinking" (...) et l'"epistemic consultation" (...)  2, record 37, French, - observation%20%C3%A9pist%C3%A9mique

Record 37,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 38,  Textual support,  English

Record 38,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 38, Textual support number: 1 OBS

epistemic behavior: Berlyne (1960) a désigné ainsi l'ensemble des comportements de connaissance, distinguant l'"epistemic observation" (...) L'"epistemic thinking" (...) et l'"epistemic consultation", acquisition de connaissance grâce à des renseignements oraux ou écrits.  2, record 38, French, - consultation%20%C3%A9pist%C3%A9mique

Record 38,  Textual support,  Spanish