TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The burn test is a simple, somewhat subjective test based on the knowledge of how particular fibers burn. [One should be] prepared to note the following when testing... fibers : Do the fibers melt and/or burn? Do the fibers shrink from the flame? What type of odor do the fumes have?... The burn test is normally made on a small sample of yarns which are twisted together.... This test is very helpful in determining whether a fabric is made from synthetic or natural fibers, but it is not foolproof and the characteristics observed during the burning test can be affected by several things.  6, record 1, English, - burn%20test

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Essai à la flamme pour identifier les fibres. L'essai à la flamme permet de distinguer les fibres végétales (fibres cellulosiques) des fibres animales (fibres protéiniques). En général, l'essai ne constitue pas la seule méthode d'identification utilisée, mais il sert de complément à d'autres techniques. [...] Marche à suivre. En tenant les fibres ou le petit échantillon de fil du bout des pinces, consigner les faits suivants : [les] observations visuelles de l'échantillon lorsqu'il est approché de la flamme [...]; [l']odeur des fibres qui brûlent; [et les] caractéristiques des cendres, y compris leur couleur et leur texture.  1, record 1, French, - essai%20%C3%A0%20la%20flamme

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Fabric testing plays a crucial role in gauging product quality, ensuring regulatory compliance and assessing the performance of textile materials.  2, record 2, English, - fabric%20testing

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Regarding material characterization, most work is centered around laboratory testing and adapting the many existing test methods for textiles to construction use tests.... An example [of new techniques] is Rollins work with an image analyzer to characterize fabric as to the size and shape of the openings and details of clogging or blinding of the fabrics. Crack propagation in fabrics is also being studied on a fracture mechanics basis, indicating that many tools common to other areas are being used in fabric problems.  1, record 3, English, - material%20characterization

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Lorsqu’on a effectué l’exhumation temporaire et l’autopsie [...], des échantillons de son vêtement et des textiles faisant partie du cercueil ont été prélevés à des fins d’analyse. Les objectifs de ce travail étaient de caractériser les textiles, d'évaluer leur état et de déterminer s’ils contenaient des indices relatifs à la cause du décès [...] La caractérisation des textiles a été faite à l’aide de méthodes d’analyse non-destructives, comme l’examen microscopique, l’analyse de certaines impuretés par spectroscopie des rayons X à dispersion d’énergie, le compte des fils, et la mesure du facteur de couverture du tissu.  2, record 3, French, - caract%C3%A9risation%20de%20textiles

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Taber Instruments. The need to test and measure material resistance to abrasion, stiffness and resiliency, and susceptibility to shear and scratch is a critical step in the production of flooring, textiles, carpeting, leather and vinyl goods ... For the makers of these products ... Taber Abrasers, Stiffness Testers, and Shear/Scratch Testers provide data in a matter of minutes ... Taber instruments deliver quick, exact measurements for materials research ... The Taber Abraser is available in two models ... .  1, record 4, English, - Taber%20Abraser

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 2 CONT

The density of the coating is the size and number of the cells and pores within a given area. This can often be indirectly measured by using coating weights and the number of cycles on a Taber Abrasion tester, prior to breakthrough.  2, record 4, English, - Taber%20Abraser

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 3 CONT

... The resistance to abrasion,which measures wear due to contact with an abrasive substance,is determined using the Taber abrasion tester.  3, record 4, English, - Taber%20Abraser

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 4 CONT

The Physical Testing Laboratory offers services that encompass a wide variety of standard fiber, yarn and fabric tests... Physical Testing Laboratory Equipment... Taber abrasion tester...  4, record 4, English, - Taber%20Abraser

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Abrasion et usure par frottement coulissant. La résistance à l'abrasion [...] est déterminée en utilisant l'appareil de contrôle d'abrasion de Taber.  2, record 4, French, - abrasim%C3%A8tre%20Taber

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Temporal Paul wavelet analysis for instantaneous phase extraction using shadow moiré technique is proposed. Unlike the Morlet wavelet, the Paul wavelet has less restriction on the adjustment of wavelet parameters and can provide an optimal time and frequency resolution for a particular application by selecting the proper parameters. The Paul wavelet is a complex wavelet and is suitable for processing the temporal intensity data obtained from the shadow moiré technique for the phase retrieval. The proposed method can extract the phase information related to the state of the dynamic object at every instant in temporal domain. The phase information is associated to the displacement, three-dimensional (3D) surface-profile and the instantaneous state of the dynamic object. In addition, the instantaneous frequency of vibrating object can be obtained using the scale of the wavelet ridge by direct integration without temporal and spatial phase unwrapping. Thus the phase unwrapping error can be avoided. An experiment is conducted on the central loaded beam to demonstrate the validity of the proposed technique.  3, record 5, English, - shadow%20moir%C3%A9%20technique

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The term “moiré” is... a French word referring to “an irregular wavy finish usually produced on a fabric by pressing between engraved rollers”(Webster's 1981). In optics it refers to a beat pattern produced between two gratings of approximately equal spacing. It can be seen in everyday things such as the overlapping of two window screens, the rescreening of a half-tone picture, or with a striped shirt seen on television. The use of moiré for reduced sensitivity testing was introduced by Lord Rayleigh in 1874. Lord Rayleigh looked at the moiré between two identical gratings to determine their quality even though each individual grating could not be resolved under a microscope.... Since Lord Rayleigh first noticed the phenomena of moiré fringes, moiré techniques have been used for a number of testing applications. Righi(1887) first noticed that the relative displacement of two gratings could be determined by observing the movement of the moiré fringes. The next significant advance in the use of moiré was presented by Weller and Shepherd(1948). They used moiré to measure the deformation of an object under applied stress by looking at the differences in a grating pattern before and after the applied stress. They were the first to use shadow moiré, where a grating is placed in front of a nonflat surface to determine the shape of the object behind it by using the shape of the moiré fringes.  4, record 5, English, - shadow%20moir%C3%A9%20technique

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le moiré d’ombre. Cette technique […] consiste à créer un moiré entre une grille de référence placée juste devant l’objet, et l’ombre de cette même grille projetée sur la surface étudiée. Les déformations de cette surface modifient le pas du réseau «ombre» créant ainsi le moiré. Une mesure du pas de ce moiré permet, à l’aide des équations précédentes, de remont3er aux déformations locales et de dresser la carte des hauteurs.  5, record 5, French, - technique%20du%20moir%C3%A9%20d%27ombre

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Le moiré d’ombre. Il s’agit d’un dérivé (conceptuellement, pas historiquement) de la mesure de forme par projection de frange.  6, record 5, French, - technique%20du%20moir%C3%A9%20d%27ombre

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

In fabric testing, a tensile strength test made on a strip of fabric raveled down to a specified number of threads or width of fabric, all of which are firmly held in grips wider than the test piece.  1, record 6, English, - strip%20test

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Several of the most important strength parameters include Tongue Tear, Grab Tensile, Strip Tensile and Adhesion.  2, record 6, English, - strip%20test

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Parmi les paramètres importants pour le calcul de la résistance des tissus, mentionnons la résistance à la déchirure sur languette, l'essai d'arrachement et l'essai sur bande, les essais de traction et les essais d'abrasion.  1, record 6, French, - essai%20de%20traction

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Tricolab: A true laboratory knitting machine and a very efficient, simple method for testing yarns (look, regularity, cleanness nuances, snarling...) for testing knitted fabrics (pilling, dynamometric resistance, colours resistance, recovery of elasticity).  1, record 7, English, - testing%20knitted%20fabric

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Tricolab : Une véritable machine à tricoter de laboratoire et une méthode simple d'une rare efficacité pour le contrôle des fils (aspect, régularité, propreté, nuances, vrillage...) pour les essais sur tricot (boulochage, résistance dynamométrique, résistance des coloris, reprise élastique...).  1, record 7, French, - essai%20sur%20tricot

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Yarn testing by ballistic strength tester. Measurement of twist to find out breaking strength of yarn and fabric by ballistic tester to determine twist per inch in yarn by twist tester.  1, record 8, English, - ballistic%20tester

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Textiles. - Essais des tissus. - Détermination de la résistance au déchirement en force vive. - Déchirure amorcée (mouton pendulaire de faible capacité).  1, record 8, French, - mouton%20pendulaire

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Textile testing... Yarn testing by ballistic strength tester. Measurement of twist to find out breaking strength of yarn and fabric by ballistic tester to determine twist per inch in yarn by twist tester.  1, record 9, English, - testing%20by%20ballistic%20tester

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The maximum force which a test specimen can support during a test of loading to break under defined conditions.  4, record 10, English, - breaking%20force

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The recommended units for breaking force are the centinewton for fibers and yarns, and decanewton for cabled yarns.  4, record 10, English, - breaking%20force

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Uster Tensorapid 3 : The automatic tensile testing installation determines the breaking force and the corresponding elongation of staple fiber yarns, ply yarns and filament yarns, slivers, skeins and woven fabric samples. Force measurements up to 1000 N are possible without exchanging the force transducer.  5, record 10, English, - breaking%20force

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 3 CONT

1. Force at break before accelerated aging: Ultimate tensile strength (MPA) not less than 21.0. Ultimate elongation (%) not less than 700. 2. Force at break after accelerated aging: Ultimate tensile strength (MPA) not less than 16.0. Ultimate elongation (%) not less than 500 ... .  2, record 10, English, - breaking%20force

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Force maximale que peut supporter l'éprouvette dans un essai de traction conduit jusqu'à la rupture dans des conditions d'essai définies.  2, record 10, French, - force%20de%20rupture

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les unités recommandées pour la force de rupture sont le centinewton pour les fils et les fibres, et le décanewton pour les câblés.  2, record 10, French, - force%20de%20rupture

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

If the fabric producer cannot provide the merchant with reliable information [regarding fibre content], he must... utilize the services of a testing company.  1, record 11, English, - fabric%20producer

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 2 CONT

... those suits are continually being reworked and redesigned by textile manufacturers, who test the clothing in wind tunnel experiments designed to mimic the aerodynamic and meteorological conditions confronted by the speed skater.  2, record 11, English, - fabric%20producer

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 OBS

producer: One that ... manufactures crude materials into articles of use.  3, record 11, English, - fabric%20producer

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Industriel du textile.  2, record 11, French, - fabricant%20de%20textiles

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[...] M. Pierre Lebrun [...] a mis en valeur [...] le rigorisme laborieux de la vie quotidienne des grands textiliens verviétois de cette époque.  2, record 11, French, - fabricant%20de%20textiles

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 12,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Flame retardant refers to materials, usually decorative, which due to chemical treatment or inherent properties do not ignite readily or propagate flaming under small to moderate exposure. It is the preferable term to denote chemicals,processes, paints, or coatings used for the treatment of such materials as fabrics, foliage, Christmas trees and similar items in the class of decorations or furnishings. Flame retardant denotes a lower degree of resistance than fire retardant.  2, record 12, English, - flame%20retardant

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 2 CONT

A flame-resistant fabric is defined as one which either will not burn, or will burn so slowly as to allow time to extinguish the flame or discard the burning fabric, and thus obviate severe injury to the wearer. The flame-resistance rating of a fabric is derived from flammability testing and is equal to the time in seconds necessary for the propagation of flame over a distance of one hundred inches in a vertical strip of fabric.  3, record 12, English, - flame%20retardant

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Flame resistant is a term that may be used more or less interchangeably with "flame retardant".  2, record 12, English, - flame%20retardant

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[...] on s'oriente vers la fabrication de textiles satisfaisant aux tests sévères des laboratoires agréés par le Ministère de l'Intérieur (contrôle de la vitesse de propagation des flammes, du dégagement de gaz toxiques, de l'opacité des fumées) et pouvant ainsi obtenir le label "non-feu" délivré par le Groupement technique des Matières et Produits non inflammables [...] Il faut, à ce propos, distinguer très nettement les textiles non-feu, qui gardent indéfiniment leurs propriétés, des textiles simplement "ignifugés", qui perdent les leurs au bout de trois, quatre ou cinq ans.  1, record 12, French, - non%2Dfeu

Record 12,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 13,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The Corps of Engineers first developed the puncture test for geotextiles in the early 1970s. The original Corps method specified the following : ASTM Method of Testing Coated Fabric... tension testing machine with ring clamp and replacing the steel ball with an 8-mm... diameter solid steel cylinder(flat tip) centered within the ring clamp. Since its origin, the U. S. Corps of Engineers has modified the original puncture test to use a hemispherical tip probe rather than a flat tip probe to penetrate the geotextile.  1, record 13, English, - puncture%20test

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Percement. Cette caractéristique résulte de la concentration d'une sollicitation mécanique qui peut-être engendrée soit à vitesse lente, soit à vitesse rapide (effet dynamique). Le percement d'une nappe est complexe à analyser, car il dépend d'un grand nombre de paramètres que l'on maîtrise difficilement (vitesse d'impact, forme du poinçon ou du projectile). On recense trois types de processus de percements différents qui aboutissent à une altération du géotextile: perforation (coupure), poinçonnement (effet de compression), éclatement (mise en pression localisée). Expression du résultat: selon la méthode d'essai, le percement s'exprime sous forme d'une dimension géométrique, d'une force ou d'une pression.  2, record 13, French, - essai%20de%20r%C3%A9sistance%20au%20percement

Record 13,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 14,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In the context of the discussion on geotextiles in Section 2.8.2.3, this could be called a geogrid effectiveness factor.  1, record 14, English, - geogrid%20effectiveness%20factor

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Geogrid: A deformed or nondeformed netlike polymeric material used with foundation, soil, rock, earth, or any other geotechnical engineering-related material as an integral part of human-made project structure or system.  1, record 14, English, - geogrid%20effectiveness%20factor

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 2 OBS

FEF [fabric effectiveness factor] is the ratio of the cycles to failure of the fabric reinforced specimens to the control specimen without fabric.  1, record 14, English, - geogrid%20effectiveness%20factor

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 3 OBS

The key toward the reinforcement-based design of geotextiles in reflective crack prevention in bituminous pavement overlays is the fabric' s effectiveness as determined by laboratory testing or experience. Quantitatively, it is defined as follows : FEF=N_r/N_n where FEF=fabric effectiveness factor, N_r=number of load cycles to cause failure in the fabric-reinforced case, N_n=number of load cycles to cause failure in the nonreinforced case. Values of FEF vary widely when based on laboratory tests(as they usually are), the range being from 2. 1 to 15. 9....  1, record 14, English, - geogrid%20effectiveness%20factor

Record 14,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Routes. Interfaces antifissures [...] Pour dimensionner correctement une structure, il faut tout d'abord définir le type de fissure à traiter (fatigue, retrait thermique), puis prendre en compte le genre de structure de chaussée (rigide, semi-rigide, souple). On se posera enfin la question sur l'efficacité d'une structure textile en relation avec les sollicitations auxquelles elle sera soumise.  1, record 14, French, - coefficient%20d%27efficacit%C3%A9%20d%27une%20grille

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Grille : Type de géotextile constitué d'une superposition ou d'un entrecroisement, ou d'un liage de fils, filaments, bandelettes, etc., et présentant une structure ouverte, c'est-à-dire dont les ouvertures ont des dimensions très supérieures aux dimensions apparentes des constituants.  2, record 14, French, - coefficient%20d%27efficacit%C3%A9%20d%27une%20grille

Record 14,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 15,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 DEF

the ratio of the cycles to failure of the fabric reinforced specimens to the control specimen without fabric.  1, record 15, English, - fabric%20effectiveness%20factor

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The key toward the reinforcement-based design of geotextiles in reflective crack prevention in bituminous pavement overlays is the fabric' s effectiveness as determined by laboratory testing or experience. Quantitatively, it is defined as follows : FEF=N_r/N_n where FEF=fabric effectiveness factor, N_r=number of load cycles to cause failure in the fabric-reinforced case, N_n=number of load cycles to cause failure in the nonreinforced case. Values of FEF vary widely when based on laboratory tests(as they usually are), the range being from 2. 1 to 15. 9....  1, record 15, English, - fabric%20effectiveness%20factor

Record 15,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Routes. Interfaces antifissures (...) Pour dimensionner correctement une structure, il faut tout d'abord définir le type de fissure à traiter (fatigue, retrait thermique), puis prendre en compte le genre de structure de chaussée (rigide, semi-rigide, souple). On se posera enfin la question sur l'efficacité d'une structure textile en relation avec les sollicitations auxquelles elle sera soumise.  2, record 15, French, - coefficient%20d%27efficacit%C3%A9%20d%27une%20structure%20textile

Record 15,  Textual support,  Spanish