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Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

During the hydraulic fracturing process, some of the fracturing fluid may leave the fracture and enter the targeted formation adjacent to the created fracture(i. e. untreated formation). This phenomenon is known as fluid leak-off. The fluid flows into the micropore or pore spaces of the formation or into existing natural fractures in the formation or into small fractures opened and propagated into the formation by the pressure in the induced fracture.  7, record 1, English, - fracture%20fluid%20leak%2Doff

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Phénomène se produisant lorsque le liquide de fracturation hydraulique s'écoule de la fracture principale et s'infiltre dans une autre partie de la formation ou dans un autre réseau de fractures.  2, record 1, French, - fuite%20de%20fluide%20de%20fracturation

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The fracturing of rock in an oil or gas reservoir by pumping a fluid under high pressure into the well.  6, record 2, English, - hydraulic%20fracturing

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Although various forms of fracturing exist, authors often use the term "fracturing," or any one of its derivatives: fracking, fraccing or fracing (all pronounced "fracking"), in the sense of "hydraulic fracturing."  7, record 2, English, - hydraulic%20fracturing

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Procédé qui consiste à créer artificiellement, par pression hydraulique, des fractures afin d'augmenter la perméabilité au voisinage d'un puits.  3, record 2, French, - fracturation%20hydraulique

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Método para inducir caudal en pozos de petróleo por inyección de agua a aguas saladas bajo presión en el estrato petrolífero.  1, record 2, Spanish, - fracturaci%C3%B3n%20hidr%C3%A1ulica

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A hydraulic fracture is formed by pumping the fracturing fluid into the wellbore at a rate sufficient to increase the pressure downhole to a value in excess of the fracture gradient of the formation rock. The pressure causes the formation to crack, allowing the fracturing fluid to enter and extend the crack farther into the formation. To keep this fracture open after the injection stops, a solid proppant, commonly a sieved round sand, is added to the fracture fluid. The propped hydraulic fracture then becomes a high permeability conduit through which the formation fluids can flow to the well.  2, record 3, English, - hydraulic%20fracture

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 OBS

La fracture hydraulique se forme dans une formation rocheuse après que celle-ci ait subi une opération de fracturation hydraulique.  2, record 3, French, - fracture%20hydraulique

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Horizontal hydraulic fracturing is accomplished by drilling vertically to the depth of the shale formation, which is generally found between 0. 6 – 1. 5 km below the surface. When the gas-containing shale is intercepted, the drill bit is maneuvered to travel horizontally through the center of the formation for a distance of up to 1. 6km. Water, biocides, surfactants, sands, and other chemicals are forced into the borehole under extremely high pressure to induce fractures in the shale that allow gas to rise to the surface for collection...  1, record 4, English, - horizontal%20hydraulic%20fracturing

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The terms "fraccing" and "fracing," short for "fracturing," are pronounced "fracking."  3, record 4, English, - horizontal%20hydraulic%20fracturing

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Processus qui consiste à créer de multiples fractures le long du segment horizontal d'un puits de forage afin d'en augmenter la perméabilité et de permettre au gaz de s'échapper.  2, record 4, French, - fracturation%20hydraulique%20horizontale

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Water that has been injected into a formation under high pressure for hydraulic fracturing, and then returns to the surface.  7, record 5, English, - fracture%20flowback%20water

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Much of the flowback returns to the surface within the first few days or weeks following the hydraulic fracturing job. Smaller volumes of flowback may return to the surface over many months.  7, record 5, English, - fracture%20flowback%20water

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Flowback is ultimately disposed of at waste treatment centres.  8, record 5, English, - fracture%20flowback%20water

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L’eau de reflux des opérations qui ne peut être réutilisée dans le forage ou lors de la complétion est envoyée dans des centres de traitement des eaux.  3, record 5, French, - eau%20de%20reflux

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The second common technique is pressure acidizing, a particular method of fracturing. The method consists of using and acid solution instead of brine or water as frac fluid.  1, record 6, English, - pressure%20acidizing

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The pressure at which a formation will break down, or fracture.  4, record 7, English, - fracturing%20pressure

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... once a vertical fracture has been formed, the pressure exerted by one wall of a crack against the other(on reclosure) will be less than half the fracturing pressure...  1, record 7, English, - fracturing%20pressure

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 OBS

fracture: A crack or crevice in a formation, either natural or induced.  4, record 7, English, - fracturing%20pressure

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les procédés SCV [stimulation cyclique par la vapeur] nécessitent le forage de puits horizontaux plutôt que de puits verticaux ou inclinés ainsi que l'injection de vapeur à une pression supérieure à la pression de fracturation de la formation. La pression plus élevée permettra à la vapeur de pénétrer plus avant dans les sables bitumineux, réduisant ainsi le nombre de puits et de cycles nécessaires et augmentant la production.  2, record 7, French, - pression%20de%20fracturation

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... another possible way of creating permeability in hot dry rocks is «impact fracturing». This method... [may be described in its principle. ] A bore, cased except near the lower extremity, is surmounted by a hydraulic accumulator, filled with water and pressurized by means of a pump until the accumulator weight is lifted. The lifting pressure should be perhaps about 90% of the estimated hydro-fracturing pressure. A dynamic blow would then be struck upon the top of the water column by means of some device resembling a pile-driver, so that shock waves would travel to the base of the bore and be reflected up and down at attenuating intensity. Very high instantaneous pressures would be generated which would fracture the rock, and it is expected that the steepness of the pressure rise would be such as to resemble explosive action, so that the «star» formation... would be produced.  1, record 8, English, - impact%20fracturing

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF

That part of the Earth's crust which is under sufficient pressure to prevent fracturing, i. e. is ductile, so that deformation is by flow.  2, record 9, English, - zone%20of%20flowage

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Parties profondes de l'écorce terrestre où la roche cède par fluage [...]  1, record 9, French, - zone%20de%20fluage

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

AFEX Process. The ammonia freeze explosion process is a pretreatment process developed at Texas A&M University. The fibrous material is soaked in high pressure liquid ammonia at elevated temperatures. When the pressure is released, the ammonia evaporates rapidly, fracturing the fibre structure, making it susceptible to enzyme hydrolysis. Residual ammonia in the disrupted fibre provides a nitrogen source for the fermenting microbes. The process was demonstrated at a pilot scale, but demonstration or full scale production had not been achieved. [Source : ethanol project-Sncwork. en p. 2].  1, record 10, English, - ammonia%20freeze%20explosion%20%28AFEX%29%20process

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Procédé d'explosion à froid à l'ammoniaque. Le procédé d'explosion à froid à l'ammoniaque est un procédé de prétraitement mis au point à la Texas A&M University. La matière fibreuse est mise à tremper dans de l'ammoniaque liquide à pression et température élevées. Lorsqu'on abaisse la pression, l'ammoniaque s'évapore rapidement, ce qui brise la structure des fibres et les rend sensibles à l'hydrolyse enzymatique. L'ammoniaque résiduel dans les fibres rompues fournit une source d'azote pour les microorganismes qui vont effectuer la fermentation. Le procédé a fait l'objet d'une démonstration à l'échelle pilote, mais pas encore à l'échelle industrielle. [Source : projet éthanol - Sncwork.fr p. 2].  1, record 10, French, - proc%C3%A9d%C3%A9%20d%27explosion%20%C3%A0%20froid%20%C3%A0%20l%27ammoniaque

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish