TERMIUM Plus^®

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[A] thermonuclear bomb, also called hydrogen bomb, or H-bomb, [is a] weapon whose enormous explosive power results from an uncontrolled self-sustaining chain reaction in which isotopes of hydrogen combine under extremely high temperatures to form helium in a process known as nuclear fusion. The high temperatures that are required for the reaction are produced by the detonation of an atomic bomb. A thermonuclear bomb differs fundamentally from an atomic bomb in that it utilizes the energy released when two light atomic nuclei combine, or fuse, to form a heavier nucleus.  4, record 1, English, - hydrogen%20bomb

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[...] la bombe thermonucléaire ou à hydrogène, utilise un autre type de réaction nucléaire [que celui utilisé par une bombe atomique]. En fait, c'est le processus inverse de la bombe atomique, soit la fusion d'atomes plus légers, dans la plupart des cas, des atomes d'hydrogène. [...] pour provoquer cette fusion, il faut beaucoup d'énergie. On utilise alors une bombe atomique comme détonateur.  3, record 1, French, - bombe%20%C3%A0%20hydrog%C3%A8ne

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Thermonuclear fusion of deuterium and tritium will produce a helium nucleus and an energetic neutron.  2, record 5, English, - energetic%20neutron

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Durant le réaction de fusion, un noyau de deutérium et un noyau de tritium se combinent pour former un noyau d'hélium accompagné d'un neutron énergétique.  2, record 5, French, - neutron%20%C3%A9nerg%C3%A9tique

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It's very difficult to squeeze matter until it's denser than an atomic nucleus. The core resists further compression at this density, and bounces back outward. The rebounding core sends a shock wave through the outer layers of the star(the silicon, oxygen, carbon, helium, hydrogen layers), and heats them up. The shock heating is assisted by neutrinos... and by convection. The shock-heated gas expands outward to form a... supernova remnant, such as the Crab Nebula.  2, record 6, English, - shock%2Dheated%20gas

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The method by which incident radiation interacts with the medium to cause ionization may be direct or indirect. Electromagnetic radiations (X rays and gamma photons) are indirectly ionizing; that is, they give up their energy in various interactions with cellular molecules, and the energy is then utilized to produce a fast-moving charged particle such as an electron. It is the electron that then secondarily may react with a target molecule. Charged particles, in contrast, strike the tissue or medium and directly react with target molecules, such as oxygen or water. These particulate radiations are directly ionizing radiations.  1, record 7, English, - gamma%20photon

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The third step is to fuse two tritium nuclei into one helium and two proton products. The end result of fusing four hydrogen nuclei(protons) is one helium nucleus, and two gamma ray photons, and two electron neutrinos, and kinetic heat energy.  2, record 7, English, - gamma%20photon

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Gamma rays: A very penetrating electromagnetic radiation emitted from a nucleus of an atom during radioactive decay. Radiation: An emission of energy in the form of photons (gamma, x-rays) or particles (alpha, beta, positron, neutron radiation). Photon: A type of radiation in the form of an electromagnetic wave, having zero mass and zero charge.  3, record 7, English, - gamma%20photon

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Les photons gamma très pénétrants permettent de réaliser de véritables radiographies des matériaux les plus denses. Cette technique [gammamétrie] est appliquée depuis quelques années à la détermination de la densité et de l'humidité des sols.  1, record 7, French, - photon%20gamma

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The thought experiments are concerned with the behavior of two types of helium atoms, denoted³He and⁴He. These two types differ only in the nature of their nuclei. The³He nucleus contains two protons and one neutron, whereas the⁴He nucleus contains two protons and two neutrons.  4, record 8, English, - helium%2D4

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The goal of the project at the VU is to reach BEC with helium-4 atoms in the metastable 2 [superscript 3S state (He).  5, record 8, English, - helium%2D4

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L'hélium existe en deux isotopes : l'hélium-4 (⁴He) est l'isotope courant, représentant pratiquement 100% de l'hélium naturel. Son noyau comporte deux protons et deux neutrons (un nombre pair de nucléons) de sorte que l'atome est un boson.  1, record 8, French, - h%C3%A9lium%2D4

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Propriétés de l'He⁴.  4, record 8, French, - h%C3%A9lium%2D4

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[...] dos clases de átomos de helio:³He y⁴He, que se distinguen por la naturaleza de sus núcleos. El núcleo de³He contiene dos protones y un neutrón; el de⁴He, dos protones y dos neutrones. Ambos núcleos poseen, pues, el mismo número de protones, lo que indica que presentarán la misma carga eléctrica.  1, record 8, Spanish, - 4He

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The thought experiments are concerned with the behavior of two types of helium atoms, denoted³He⁴He. These two types differ only in the nature of their nuclei. The³He nucleus contains two protons and one neutron, whereas the⁴He nucleus contains two protons and two neutrons.  4, record 9, English, - helium%2D3

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L'autre isotope est l'hélium-3 (³He) qui ne comprend qu'un seul neutron et deux protons, de sorte que l'atome d'hélium-3 (³)He est un fermion. L'hélium-3 est très rare (un atome sur un million) et s'obtient en pratique de la désintégration du tritium, isotope instable de l'hydrogène utilisé principalement dans les [...] armes nucléaires.  4, record 9, French, - h%C3%A9lium%203

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[...] dos clases de átomos de helio:³He y⁴He, que se distinguen por la naturaleza de sus núcleos. El núcleo de³He contiene dos protones y un neutrón; el de⁴He, dos protones y dos neutrones. Ambos núcleos poseen, pues, el mismo número de protones, lo que indica que presentarán la misma carga eléctrica.  1, record 9, Spanish, - 3He

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The nuclear process that powers the sun. It involves the fusion of nuclei in 3 kinds of collisions. The cycle starts for any one proton when it collides with another. This collision produces a deuterium nucleus, a neutrino that shoots off into space and a position that eventually annihilates a stray electron. Next, the deuterium nucleus is hit by another proton, producing a nucleus of helium-3 and a burst of gamma rays. The helium-3 hits another helium-3, producing a nucleus of inert helium and two protons. These 2 protons now start the proton-proton cycle over again.  4, record 10, English, - proton%2Dproton%20chain

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Deep within the sun a series of nuclear reactions called the proton-proton chain converts hydrogen(protons) into helium by merging sets of 4 hydrogen nuclei into one helium nucleus(alpha particle).  4, record 10, English, - proton%2Dproton%20chain

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La chaîne proton-proton ne comporte que 3 étapes. Le premier mécanisme est celui des étoiles chaudes, le second celui des étoiles froides. Dans le soleil à la jonction des 2 types d'étoiles, les 2 régimes doivent fonctionner simultanément. Environ 638 millions de tonnes d'hydrogène sont transformés par seconde, dont 0.6 p. 100 est libéré sous forme d'énergie; à ce rythme, la perte de masse par seconde est de 3,83 millions de tonnes.  2, record 10, French, - cycle%20proton%2Dproton

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Mais il fallut attendre 1937-1938 avant que la connaissance empirique des sections efficaces de capture ait suffisamment progressé pour permettre à Von Weizsacker et à Bethe d'isoler enfin les deux réactions responsables de la génération d'énergie dans la majorité des étoiles, la chaîne proton-proton et le cycle du carbone, toutes deux transformant quatre protons en un noyau d'hélium; mais par des processus différents.  2, record 10, French, - cycle%20proton%2Dproton

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Au centre du Soleil, à 15 millions de degrés, c'est le cycle proton-proton qui est le plus efficace et contribue à l'émission d'énergie pour environ 90 p. 100.  1, record 10, French, - cycle%20proton%2Dproton

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