TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[Researchers] introduce a theorem proving algorithm that uses practically no domain heuristics for guiding its connection-style proof search. Instead, it runs many Monte-Carlo simulations guided by reinforcement learning from previous proof attempts.  2, record 1, English, - theorem%2Dproving%20algorithm

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... improvement heuristics start with a complete solution and iteratively improve the solution by slight modifications.  1, record 2, English, - improvement%20heuristic

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Este análisis se centra en el estudio teórico de la convergencia de la heurística de mejora basada en el azar o aleatoriedad Simulated Annealing hacia el conjunto de soluciones óptimas, así como la aplicación de este algoritmo a resolver el supuesto práctico arriba descrito.  1, record 2, Spanish, - heur%C3%ADstica%20de%20mejora

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Static AI is trained offline, meaning that the model is trained to a final version and then used as is. It uses heuristics, which are static, fixed rules governing decision making.  3, record 3, English, - static%20artificial%20intelligence

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[...] l'IA statique [est] formée sur un ensemble de données spécifiques [...]  2, record 3, French, - intelligence%20artificielle%20statique

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Knowledge about the structure, use and control of knowledge.  3, record 4, English, - meta%2Dknowledge

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 2 DEF

Knowledge about the structure and form of the representation, about the extent and origin of expert knowledge, about the reliability of information and processes.  4, record 4, English, - meta%2Dknowledge

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Explanations help the students to acquire meta-knowledge which shall enhance their reasoning capacities. In other words, these explanations shall help the students to get better control of their problem-solving capacities....  5, record 4, English, - meta%2Dknowledge

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 2 CONT

... the student's meta-knowledge, namely the strategy and heuristics which are used.  5, record 4, English, - meta%2Dknowledge

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

metaknowledge: term and definition standardized by ISO/IEC.  6, record 4, English, - meta%2Dknowledge

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Connaissance sur la structure, l'emploi et le contrôle [de] connaissances [...]  3, record 4, French, - m%C3%A9ta%2Dconnaissance

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La méta-connaissance est fondamentale pour des systèmes qui, non seulement utilisent leur base de connaissance telle quelle, mais savent aussi raisonner sur elle, la structurer, l'abstraire, la généraliser et enfin décider des cas où elle peut être utile.  4, record 4, French, - m%C3%A9ta%2Dconnaissance

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 2 CONT

La métaconnaissance exprime les stratégies qui per mettent d'utiliser intelligemment les connaissances. C'est le «comment faire» par opposition au «que faire».  5, record 4, French, - m%C3%A9ta%2Dconnaissance

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

métaconnaissance : terme et définition normalisés par l'ISO/CEI [Commission électrotechnique internationale].  6, record 4, French, - m%C3%A9ta%2Dconnaissance

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 2 OBS

[C'est] un puissant mécanisme de contrôle dans les systèmes experts et autres systèmes à base de connaissances.  3, record 4, French, - m%C3%A9ta%2Dconnaissance

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The knowledge underlying expertise; rules ... that usually achieve desired results but do not guarantee them.  5, record 5, English, - heuristics

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Some computer aids for knowledge acquisition inductively infer strategic knowledge or heuristics from the observed performance of experts.  6, record 5, English, - heuristics

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 2 CONT

If the student’s knowledge has complex structure and includes many misconceptions the system needs heuristic knowledge for finding out which correct conception should be replaced with a wrong one....  7, record 5, English, - heuristics

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 3 CONT

Heuristic knowledge specific to the domain ... enables the building block to solve the given problem more efficiently and intelligently.  7, record 5, English, - heuristics

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

See also "experiential knowledge".  6, record 5, English, - heuristics

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Connaissance telle que : «Si A et B sont observés, alors C est une hypothèse plausible mais certainement pas D» avec éventuellement un poids associé à chacune des conclusions.  4, record 5, French, - connaissance%20heuristique

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 2 DEF

Connaissances de bon sens, implicites, difficiles à verbaliser. Le savoir-comment de l'expert.  5, record 5, French, - connaissance%20heuristique

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les heuristiques expriment les connaissances empiriques.  3, record 5, French, - connaissance%20heuristique

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Les connaissances stratégiques sont de trois types. Premièrement, les relations d'ordre sur les descripteurs et les procédures, c'est-à-dire toute préférence accordée à une procédure, un descripteur, ou un paramètre quelconque pour décrire le domaine. Le second type de connaissance stratégique est constitué par les connaissances relatives à la proximité, aux relations de voisinage et de distance entre les descripteurs ou entre les concepts. La troisième forme d'information stratégique est faite de l'absence de certaines informations, et de l'impossibilité où l'on se trouve à acquérir cette connaissance manquante.  6, record 5, French, - connaissance%20heuristique

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 3 CONT

Aplusix [...] est un logiciel d'enseignement [...] Ses objectifs sont [...] de renforcer les connaissances de base de l'élève [...] [et] d'apprendre à chercher en apportant des connaissances heuristiques.  7, record 5, French, - connaissance%20heuristique

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A hyper-heuristic is a heuristic search method that seeks to automate, often by the incorporation of machine learning techniques, the process of selecting, combining, generating or adapting several simpler heuristics(or components of such heuristics) to efficiently solve computational search problems.  3, record 6, English, - hyper%2Dheuristic

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Une hyper-heuristique est une méthode heuristique de recherche qui vise à automatiser, souvent par l'intégration de techniques d'apprentissage machine, le processus de sélection, de combinaison, de génération ou d'adaptation de plusieurs heuristiques plus simples (ou des composants de ces heuristiques) pour résoudre efficacement les problèmes de calcul de recherche.  3, record 6, French, - hyper%2Dheuristique

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Stochastic gradient algorithms are widely used for large-scale learning and inference problems. However, their use in practice is typically guided by heuristics and trial-and-error rather than rigorous, generalizable theory.  5, record 7, English, - stochastic%20gradient%20algorithm

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) and its variants have established themselves as the go-to algorithms for large-scale machine learning problems with independent samples due to their generalization performance and intrinsic computational advantage.  3, record 7, English, - stochastic%20gradient%20algorithm

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Heuristics are efficient cognitive processes, conscious or unconscious, that ignore part of the information. Because using heuristics saves effort, the classical view has been that heuristic decisions imply greater errors than do ’’rational' ’decisions as defined by logic or statistical models.  2, record 8, English, - heuristic

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Très souvent, [les] biais résultent de l'application d'heuristiques. Il s'agit de règles qui conduisent à des approximations souvent efficaces, mais faillibles. Elles permettent notamment de simplifier les problèmes […] Elles reposent en général sur un traitement partiel des informations disponibles, mais leur emploi fréquent au quotidien tient à leur fonction de simplification des problèmes, de réduction de l'incertitude et au fait qu'elles permettent de proposer des réponses socialement acceptables […]  2, record 8, French, - heuristique

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Admissible heuristics are those that always lead to a solution that is as good as or better than the solutions that could be found using other heuristics.  2, record 9, English, - admissible%20heuristic

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Un algorithme de recherche qui garantit de toujours trouver le chemin le plus court à un but s'appelle «algorithme admissible».  2, record 9, French, - heuristique%20admissible

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... construction heuristics develop a solution to a problem by iteratively adding elements to partial solutions until a complete solution is achieved...  1, record 10, English, - construction%20heuristic

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les heuristiques de construction élaborent graduellement la tournée en ajoutant une ville (nœud) à chaque étape.  3, record 10, French, - heuristique%20de%20construction

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Las heurísticas constructivas son procedimientos que se encargan de obtener una solución a partir de un criterio inicial, esto es, construyen una solución factible.  1, record 10, Spanish, - heur%C3%ADstica%20constructiva

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

File carving refers to the reconstruction of computer files that takes place without helpful metadata indicators or other specific guidance. In the absence of this directive information, software systems have to use sophisticated heuristics and probability handling tools in order to successfully reassemble files.  2, record 11, English, - file%20carving

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 2 CONT

The end result of successful file carving is the reconstruction of a file in such a way that its contents are fully present, although an acceptable result in some situations can be a partially reconstructed file if enough pertinent information is recovered.  3, record 11, English, - file%20carving

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 12,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The domain knowledge necessary to solve problems.  2, record 12, English, - ideal%20student%20model

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Ideal Student Model. The tutor must be able to solve problems in the domain so that it can understand the student's behavior and assist in the problem-solving as required. However, an expert system could not adequately serve as the basis for the tutor. Experts will solve problems using more advanced heuristics, macro-rules, and other techniques not yet in the curriculum for the student. Instead, the tutor must not only be able to solve problems, but must be able to solve them as advanced students would do.... the LISP tutor contains an ideal student model : a simulation of the programming knowledge ideal students use in solving LISP problems.  2, record 12, English, - ideal%20student%20model

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 2 CONT

The "ideal student model", or the domain expert, enables the tutor to solve for itself the problem on which the student is working.  3, record 12, English, - ideal%20student%20model

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 3 CONT

The ideal model contains both planning and coding production rules. The planning rules design an algorithm to achieve a particular program specification, and the coding productions then write the code to achieve the algorithm.  2, record 12, English, - ideal%20student%20model

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 4 CONT

The complete set of correct rules for writing code is referred to as the ideal student model and represents the instructional objectives of the text and tutor.  4, record 12, English, - ideal%20student%20model

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Représentation du niveau de connaissance qu'un apprenant devrait idéalement atteindre dans le domaine enseigné afin de résoudre des problèmes de façon optimale.  2, record 12, French, - mod%C3%A8le%20de%20l%27%C3%A9l%C3%A8ve%20id%C3%A9al

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La mise en œuvre du modèle de «l'élève idéal». Ce modèle de «l'élève idéal» est appelé à jouer un rôle dans deux contextes différents : Il sert de référence si l'élève pose une question au système sur la résolution proprement dite. [...] Il assure avec le module de diagnostic et le module pédagogue, le suivi du travail de l'élève. Ce module est mis en œuvre par un système expert [...]  1, record 12, French, - mod%C3%A8le%20de%20l%27%C3%A9l%C3%A8ve%20id%C3%A9al

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Ce modèle reflète l'attente de l'enseignant et formalise les connaissances et les processus de résolution d'un élève idéal à un niveau donné de sa scolarité.  2, record 12, French, - mod%C3%A8le%20de%20l%27%C3%A9l%C3%A8ve%20id%C3%A9al

Record 12,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 13,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A rule-of-thumb or other device or simplification that reduces or limits search in large problem spaces.  4, record 13, English, - heuristic

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Unlike algorithms, heuristics do not guarantee correct solutions.  4, record 13, English, - heuristic

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 2 OBS

heuristic rule : Term standardized by ISO/IEC [International Electrotechnical Commission].  5, record 13, English, - heuristic

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Règle de l'art visant à réduire la complexité d'un problème et plus spécifiquement la recherche arborescente.  4, record 13, French, - heuristique

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 OBS

À l'inverse d'un algorithme, une heuristique ne garantit pas une solution correcte.  4, record 13, French, - heuristique

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 2 OBS

règle heuristique : terme normalisé par ISO/CEI [Commission électrotechnique internationale].  5, record 13, French, - heuristique

Record 13,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 14,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Repair theory is proposed by J.S. Brown and K. Van Lehn (1980) in "Repair Theory: a generative theory of bugs in procedural skills" as an information processing model of the rational genesis of bugs. It builds on BUGGY’s extensive data to achieve the explanatory power lacking in its diagnostic models.  2, record 14, English, - repair%20theory

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Compare to remediation.  3, record 14, English, - repair%20theory

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 2 OBS

See also repair heuristics.  4, record 14, English, - repair%20theory

Record 14,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 DEF

En diagnostic cognitif, théorie avancée en 1980 par J.S. Brown et K. Van Lehn pour expliquer l'autocorrection des erreurs chez l'apprenant. Lorsque celui-ci aboutit à une impasse en suivant une procédure incorrecte, il s'invente des rectificatifs afin de pouvoir résoudre le problème.  2, record 14, French, - rectification

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Terme proposé par un professeur du CNRS-Paris qui le préfère à «reprise» et à «redressement». Voir aussi «redressement».  1, record 14, French, - rectification

Record 14,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 15,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A computer program that incorporates general methods for discovering domain-dependent problem-solving heuristics... in the domain of symbolic integration.  1, record 15, English, - LEX

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The main characteristic of LEX is that it tries to improve the precision of the conditions under which the use of a rule is beneficial, based upon its experience of solving problems.  2, record 15, English, - LEX

Record 15,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Système de résolution de problèmes d'intégration symbolique.  2, record 15, French, - LEX

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Il faut souligner l'avantage d'une utilisation complémentaire des stratégies empirique et analytique; le système LEX est sans doute l'illustration la plus évidente.  2, record 15, French, - LEX

Record 15,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 16,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Any device or procedure used to reduce problem-solving effort.  2, record 16, English, - heuristics

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 2 DEF

A systematic, experimental method of approaching unstructured, symbolic, or unmeasurable problems for which solutions are found by successive identification and evaluation of the progress made toward the final solution. Additional elements of heuristic reasoning include a tradition of independent investigation, heavy reliance on common sense, and the use of intuition.  3, record 16, English, - heuristics

Record 16,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Méthode de résolution de problèmes, non fondée sur un modèle formel et qui n'aboutit pas nécessairement à une solution.  2, record 16, French, - heuristique

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Une heuristique est une méthode empirique : une procédure qui atteint un but donné dans une proportion acceptable de cas.  3, record 16, French, - heuristique

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Aussi, discipline qui se propose de dégager et de formuler les règles de la découverte.  4, record 16, French, - heuristique

Record 16,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 17,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A form of learning by deduction which transforms an abstract not directly usable, concept definition to an operational definition using a concept example for guidance.  3, record 17, English, - explanation%2Dbased%20learning

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 CONT

An explanation-based learning of diagnostic heuristics(abstract) : the author compares strategies of learning from failure to learning from successes in the context of a generate-and-test problem solver. Failure-driven learning creates rules which distinguish between failures. This is demonstrated by the fact that the number of hypotheses decreases after learning.  4, record 17, English, - explanation%2Dbased%20learning

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 OBS

It involves the learning of the concept from a single example. The domain they held by the system is used to explain why the example is an instance of the concept under study.  5, record 17, English, - explanation%2Dbased%20learning

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Explanation-based learning emphasises the role of domain knowledge in promoting learning from a single example, rather than by generalising over several examples.  6, record 17, English, - explanation%2Dbased%20learning

Record 17,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Type d'apprentissage qui prend place quand on dispose d'un système en situation de résolution de problèmes. Il consiste à améliorer les performances de la résolution de problèmes pendant qu'il est en train d'agir. Il a été qualifié aussi d'apprentissage par recherche d'explication [...] car une de ses caractéristiques essentielles est qu'il utilise des explications de son comportement (de ses échecs ou de ses réussites selon les systèmes) pour s'améliorer.  2, record 17, French, - apprentissage%20par%20explication

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L'apprentissage par explication consiste à élaborer une caractérisation générale d'un concept ou d'une procédure à partir d'un très petit nombre d'exemples (en général, on ne considère qu'un seul exemple); l'élève dispose de connaissances du domaine qu'il exploite systématiquement.  1, record 17, French, - apprentissage%20par%20explication

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Cet apprentissage se fait dans un domaine déjà bien formalisé où on connaît une théorie initiale à partir de laquelle on va apprendre. Cette théorie initiale consiste en un ensemble de théorèmes qui décrivent précisément le domaine dans lequel on désire que l'apprentissage ait lieu.  6, record 17, French, - apprentissage%20par%20explication

Record 17,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 18,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A collection or combination of heuristics used for solving a particular problem.  1, record 18, English, - heuristic%20program

Record 18,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 OBS

heuristique: qui consiste ou qui tend à trouver.  1, record 18, French, - programme%20heuristique

Record 18,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 19,  Textual support,  French

Record 19,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 20,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Rules written to capture the heuristics an expert uses to solve a problem.  1, record 20, English, - heuristic%20rules

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 OBS

heuristic rules: term and definition reproduced with the permission of the copyright holder, the Canadian Standards Association (CSA), 178 Rexdale Blvd., Toronto, Ontario Canada M9W 1R3. However, CSA shall not be responsible for the manner in which the information is presented, nor for any interpretations thereof. This CSA material may not have been updated to reflect amendments subsequently made to the original content. For further information, contact CSA.  2, record 20, English, - heuristic%20rules

Record 20,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Règles permettant de formaliser les connaissances et l'expérience utilisées par un spécialiste pour résoudre un problème.  1, record 20, French, - r%C3%A8gles%20heuristiques

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 OBS

règles heuristiques : terme et définition reproduits avec l'autorisation de l'Association canadienne de normalisation (CSA), 178, boul. Rexdale, Toronto (Ontario), Canada M9W 1R3 (détentrice des droits d'auteur). La CSA décline toute responsabilité quant à la façon dont la matière est présentée et quant à toute interprétation pouvant en découler. L'information reproduite pourrait ne pas être à jour. Pour plus de renseignements, communiquer avec la CSA.  2, record 20, French, - r%C3%A8gles%20heuristiques

Record 20,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 21,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Declarative knowledge that has been translated into procedural knowledge so that it can be immediately processed by a computer.  2, record 21, English, - compiled%20knowledge

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 CONT

As a person acquires and organizes knowledge into chunks and networks, the knowledge becomes compiled. Some individuals compile knowledge into more and more abstract and theoretical patterns(deep knowledge). Others compile knowledge as a result of practical experience(surface knowledge). Most people begin by acquiring theoretical knowledge and then, when they finish their schooling, they recompile what they have learned into practical heuristics. Expertise consists of large amounts of compiled knowledge.  3, record 21, English, - compiled%20knowledge

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Wenger presents the now standard idea of compiled vs. articulated knowledge (terms that are preferable, in my mind, to shallow and deep).  4, record 21, English, - compiled%20knowledge

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 OBS

compiled knowledge: term standardized by ISO/IEC and CSA.  5, record 21, English, - compiled%20knowledge

Record 21,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[...] type de connaissance [...] acquis par l'expérience à partir d'une connaissance de base analytique.  4, record 21, French, - connaissance%20compil%C3%A9e

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Comparer à savoir articulé. Voir aussi connaissances profondes et connaissances de surface.  5, record 21, French, - connaissance%20compil%C3%A9e

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 2 OBS

connaissance compilée; connaissances compilées : termes normalisés par ISO/CEI et la CSA.  5, record 21, French, - connaissance%20compil%C3%A9e

Record 21,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 22,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A common form of state search based on reasoning by elimination. The system generates possible solutions and the tester prunes those solutions that fail to meet appropriate criteria.  1, record 22, English, - generate%20and%20test

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 CONT

This crude generate-and-test algorithm has no heuristics : it just generates sequences of squares and tests each sequence to see if it is a solution.  3, record 22, English, - generate%20and%20test

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Term standardized by ISO/IEC.  4, record 22, English, - generate%20and%20test

Record 22,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Dans une recherche en profondeur, méthode de production et de vérification des solutions possibles permettant au système d'éliminer les solutions qui ne rencontrent pas les critères du test.  3, record 22, French, - g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rer%20et%20tester

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Approche guidée par des concepts approximatifs. Ces approximations sont produites comme résultats d'exécution d'un autre algorithme.  4, record 22, French, - g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rer%20et%20tester

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Termes normalisés par ISO/CEI.  5, record 22, French, - g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rer%20et%20tester

Record 22,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 23,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The identification of the relevant parts of the source to map to the appropriate parts of the target.  2, record 23, English, - analogical%20mapping

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 1 CONT

We have replaced bottom-up matching with an approach based on analogical mapping. Such an approach uses a set of heuristics to delimit what is to be "imported" from a base to a target domain at a given time. One such heuristic involves mapping previously formed abstractions, such as those embodying causal and planning rules.  3, record 23, English, - analogical%20mapping

Record 23,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Apprentissage par analogie. L'objectif est de privilégier les caractéristiques qui ont le plus d'utilité et de chance d'être préservées ou transposables d'une analogie à l'autre. Les travaux de Gentner ont mis en évidence que les mises en correspondance de systèmes de relations sont nettement plus puissantes à cet égard.  1, record 23, French, - mise%20en%20correspondance%20analogique

Record 23,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 24,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The set of alternative candidate concept descriptions that are consistent with the training data, knowledge, and assumptions of the concept learner. This set defines a partially learned concept and can be represented in terms of its maximally general and maximally specific members.  1, record 24, English, - concept%20version%20space

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 CONT

For each partially-learned heuristic, we refer to the set of all plausible descriptions of the heuristic as the version space of the partially-learned heuristic, relative to the observed instances and the language in which heuristics are described.  1, record 24, English, - concept%20version%20space

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Any version space can be represented compactly by storing only its maximally-specific and maximally-general elements.  1, record 24, English, - concept%20version%20space

Record 24,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Ensemble des descriptions de concept compatibles avec les données, connaissances ou présuppositions disponibles.  2, record 24, French, - espace%20de%20versions

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 CONT

On définit l'espace de versions pour un ensemble d'instances E comme étant l'ensemble de toutes les descriptions admissibles pour E. Chaque élément de cet ensemble représente une version du concept recherché.  3, record 24, French, - espace%20de%20versions

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Le contour inférieur d'un espace de versions bien formé V est l'ensemble de ses descriptions minimales; son contour supérieur est l'ensemble de ses descriptions maximales.  3, record 24, French, - espace%20de%20versions

Record 24,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 25,  Textual support,  French

Record 25,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 26,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Reasoning where plausible inferences are derived from the application of heuristics rather than formal rules of inference. The semantics of heuristic reasoning is difficult to state formally, since such inferences are of the nature "x appears most similar to y. "  3, record 26, English, - heuristic%20reasoning

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 OBS

See "detective knowledge" and "factual knowledge".  2, record 26, English, - heuristic%20reasoning

Record 26,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Si l'information disponible était toujours suffisante, le raisonnement investigatif du médecin pourrait s'effectuer de façon entièrement déductive ou catégorique.  1, record 26, French, - raisonnement%20investigatif

Record 26,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 27,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The old set of guiding heuristics, may become less ideal, less effective. This in turn would be detected by some of the "meta"-heuristics, and they would cause the system to recover its equilibrium, to search for new representations and new heuristics to deal effectively once again with the objects and operations at the object level.  1, record 27, English, - meta%2Dlevel%20heuristic

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 OBS

meta: a prefix indicating that a term is being used to refer to itself. Thus, a meta-rule is a rule about other rules.  2, record 27, English, - meta%2Dlevel%20heuristic

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 2 OBS

heuristic rules : rules capturing the heuristics an expert uses to solve a problem.  2, record 27, English, - meta%2Dlevel%20heuristic

Record 27,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Découvrir de nouvelles heuristiques supposerait la présence de méta-heuristiques manipulant les heuristiques, qui nécessiterait des méta-méta-heuristiques, et ainsi de suite.  1, record 27, French, - m%C3%A9ta%2Dheuristique

Record 27,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 28,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 28, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Successive versions of BACON... have incorporated similar data-driven heuristics to direct their search for interesting laws.... A major goal of our research has been the identification of general discovery mechanisms, and we have focused on data-driven approaches because they seem more likely to provide insight into general mechanisms than theory-driven ones.  1, record 28, English, - data%2Ddriven%20discovery

Record 28,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 28, Textual support number: 1 OBS

L'apprentissage par expérimentation. Un apprentissage par découverte implique qu'il se déroule sans la supervision d'un maître. Cette approche est clairement guidée par les données observées à l'issue d'expériences.  2, record 28, French, - d%C3%A9couverte%20guid%C3%A9e%20par%20les%20donn%C3%A9es

Record 28,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 29,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 29, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... deep knowledge(considered to be factual, causal or generally accepted)(is) supporting heuristic knowledge.... The causal knowledge would be used to induce new heuristics or to amend the existing ones.  1, record 29, English, - causal%20knowledge

Record 29,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 29, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Une connaissance est dite causale quand on peut l'utiliser pour une inférence considérée comme explicative par l'utilisateur.  2, record 29, French, - connaissance%20causale

Record 29,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 30,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 30, Textual support number: 1 CONT

This way of guessing D will be denoted here as Lipschitz-Holder heuristics. It is robust and effective.  1, record 30, English, - Lipschitz%2DHolder%20heuristic

Record 30,  Textual support,  French

Record 30,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 31,  Textual support,  French

Record 31,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 32,  Textual support,  French

Record 32,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 33,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 33, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A component that consists of naive physics knowledge, domain equations, and interfaces between these knowledge types and a data base of heuristics.  1, record 33, English, - reasoning%20component

Record 33,  Textual support,  French

Record 33,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 34,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 34, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Links stand both for domain-dependent constraints whose procedure must comply with regarding the operation, the representation, or the physical substrate, and for general planning and derivational heuristics used to resolved violations of constraints.  2, record 34, English, - domain%2Ddependent

Record 34,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 34, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Dont l'application est restreinte à un domaine d'expertise donné.  1, record 34, French, - d%C3%A9pendant%20du%20domaine

Record number: 34, Textual support number: 1 CONT

connaissance spécifique du domaine, règle dépendante du domaine.  1, record 34, French, - d%C3%A9pendant%20du%20domaine

Record 34,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 35,  Textual support,  English

Record 35,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 35, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Stratégie de recherche utilisée lorsqu'un élément de l'objet prototype correspond à un élément tout à fait différent dans l'objet observé. Elle retrace le parcours du mouvement dans l'arbre de classification jusqu'à la classe d'objets commune au prototype et à l'objet observé.  1, record 35, French, - remont%C3%A9e%20d%27arbre

Record 35,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 36,  Textual support,  English

Record 36,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 36, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Heuristique qui minimise l'étape initiale de la recherche en examinant les alternatives les plus proches, mais qui ne réussit pas nécessairement à raccourcir l'itinéraire de la recherche.  1, record 36, French, - heuristique%20du%20plus%20proche%20voisin

Record 36,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 37,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 37, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A knowledge representation framework that places the emphasis on the crucial rides of the domain, adapting instruction to different viewpoint.  1, record 37, English, - planning%20net

Record number: 37, Textual support number: 1 CONT

VanLehn and Brown(1980) propose the mechanism of planning nets for representing the meaning of procedures from a teleological perspective. A planning net is a directed graph. Nodes contain increasingly expanded flow charts that represent the partial design stages of a procedure being synthesized from first principles. Links stand both for domain-dependent constraints the procedure must comply with regarding the operation, the representation, or the physical substrate, and for general planning and derivational heuristics used to resolve violations of constraints. Two nodes are linked if applying a constraint or a heuristic to the procedure of the first one leads to the new version of the second one. The last node of the graph is the complete procedure.  1, record 37, English, - planning%20net

Record 37,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 37, Textual support number: 1 OBS

planificateur: programme générateur d'énoncés d'action à partir d'une base de tels énoncés et d'un but déterminé.  2, record 37, French, - r%C3%A9seau%20de%20planification

Record 37,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 38,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 38, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... appearance acquisition uses an instruction phase to calibrate the system to the appearance of the work piece.  1, record 38, English, - instruction%20phase

Record number: 38, Textual support number: 2 CONT

(In heuristic acquisition)... the instruction phase consists of testing different heuristics for acquiring a part, such as "look for the hole that is large enough to insert a finger into" or "find a flat surface large enough to accommodate the cupon a SAVG".  1, record 38, English, - instruction%20phase

Record number: 38, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Compare to execution phase. See heuristic acquisition; appearance acquisition.  2, record 38, English, - instruction%20phase

Record 38,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 38, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Voir phase d'exécution, acquisition heuristique, acquisition de traits manifestes.  1, record 38, French, - phase%20d%27instruction

Record 38,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 39,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 39, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Methods that use vision to locate a workpiece and the sites on it suitable for gripping have been reported by Birk, Kelley, and Wilson. The proposed three approaches, each of which utilizes two distinct phases called the instruction phase and the execution phase.... An approach called "heuristic acquisition" uses rules based on a priori knowledge of the workpiece and its hold sites. Here, the instruction phase consists of testing different heuristics for acquiring a part, such as "look for the hole that is large enough to insert a finger into" or "find a flat surface large enough to accommodate the cup on a SAVG". During execution, the image of the workpiece is examined to satisfy the heuristics for that part, and the robot proceeds. Since a heuristic does not guarantee that there is a solution, safety mechanisms such as contact sensors must be included to protect both the robot and the part from damage.  1, record 39, English, - heuristic%20acquisition

Record number: 39, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Contrast with appearance acquisition.  1, record 39, English, - heuristic%20acquisition

Record 39,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 39, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Voir acquisition de connaissance, acquisition de traits visibles, heuristique.  1, record 39, French, - acquisition%20heuristique

Record 39,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 40,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 40, Textual support number: 1 CONT

For diagnosis, the system simply updates the probabilities in the student's matrix with methods from probability theory. When problem classes occur for the first time, ad hoc heuristics generate a seed probability. Kimball claims that the probabilistic approach allows precise measurements of student learning revealing its discontinuities. He suggests that the identification of these discontinuities, which are apparently associated with failures, is an important pedagogical task. Kimball goes into a lengthy technical argument to support the applicability of his probabilistic approach to modeling the student, mainly from the standpoint of independence of the probabilities associated with the various approaches. Many of his concerns actually apply to other modular representations, such as rule-based ones, used more recently for student modeling.  2, record 40, English, - probabilistic%20approach

Record 40,  Textual support,  French

Record 40,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 41,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 41, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Links stand both for domain-dependent constraints whose procedure must comply with regarding the operation, the representation, or the physical substrate, and for general planning and derivational heuristics used to resolve violations of constraints.  1, record 41, English, - derivational%20heuristics

Record 41,  Textual support,  French

Record 41,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 42,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 42, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Microdevelopmental research(Inhelder, Karnirloff-Smith) studies the dialectical interplay between the child's action-sequences and changing cognitive representations(theories, models, heuristics, choice-criteria).  1, record 42, English, - microdevelopmental%20research

Record 42,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 42, Textual support number: 1 OBS

psychologie du développement de l'enfant-Piaget.  1, record 42, French, - recherche%20en%20microd%C3%A9veloppement

Record 42,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 43,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 43, Textual support number: 1 CONT

We use heuristics that represent the probabilistic information we need to help us move in the direction that is most likely to lead to a solution.  2, record 43, English, - probabilistic%20inference

Record 43,  Textual support,  French

Record 43,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 44,  Textual support,  French

Record 44,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 45,  Textual support,  French

Record 45,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 46,  Textual support,  French

Record 46,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 47,  Textual support,  French

Record 47,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 48,  Textual support,  French

Record 48,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 49,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 49, Textual support number: 1 CONT

It is the use of focusing heuristics which exploit the information about objects that is contained in the semantic database.  1, record 49, English, - focusing%20heuristics

Record 49,  Textual support,  French

Record 49,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 50,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 50, Textual support number: 1 DEF

It means in heuristics, experience, good engineering judgment.  2, record 50, English, - informal%20knowledge

Record 50,  Textual support,  French

Record 50,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 51,  Textual support,  French

Record 51,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 52,  Textual support,  French

Record 52,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 53,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 53, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The advantage of hierarchical programming is that heuristics can be used on every level.... For example, if the program is to use the problem-reduction method to solve the problem of the sick carpenter, the complete state graph of the project must be searched.... if each level consisted of isolated subgoals, the program would halt dead in its tracks when confronted with a sick contractor.... Another example of how this hierarchy of goals can be used is in the programming of robots.  1, record 53, English, - goal%20hierarchy

Record 53,  Textual support,  French

Record 53,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 54,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 54, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The method the GPS uses can be stated simply as follows : 1. Determine the difference between the present situation and the goal. 2. Find some action that reduces this difference and perform that action. 3. Determine if the final goal has been reached. If so, then end. If hot, back to step 1. Newell and Simon called this type of heuristics means-end.  1, record 54, English, - means%2Dend%20heuristic

Record 54,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 54, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Procédures de choix d'opérateurs ayant pour unique but de réduire la différence entre l'état courant et le but.  1, record 54, French, - m%C3%A9thode%20des%20fins%20et%20des%20moyens

Record 54,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 55,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 55, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Some issues in machine learning are the nature of most appropriate knowledge representation, the problem of knowledge reorganization as new knowledge forces change existing concepts(Schank, 1982a), inductive inference, and the role of heuristics in discovery(Michaloki et al. 1983).  1, record 55, English, - knowledge%20reorganization

Record 55,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 55, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Parmi les questions reliées à l'apprentissage de la machine, mentionnons la nature de la représentation des connaissances qui soit la plus pertinente, le problème de la réorganisation des connaissances alors que de nouvelles forces cognitives modifient les concepts existants (Schank, 1982a), l'inférence inductive et le rôle des heuristiques dans la découverte (Michalski et autres, 1983).  1, record 55, French, - r%C3%A9organisation%20des%20connaissances

Record 55,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 56,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 56, Textual support number: 1 CONT

We begin by introducing a group of induction heuristics that enable a procedure to learn class descriptions from positive and negative samples.  1, record 56, English, - induction%20heuristics

Record 56,  Textual support,  French

Record 56,  Textual support,  Spanish