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Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Homologous recombination is that which we are taught about in introductory biology class. It is the crossing-over process observed during meiosis, though it occurs in bacteria as well. The process involves pairing up of similar DNA sequences, with then one sequence replacing the other, or indeed for meiotic crossing over, with the generation of now two recombinant strands, one for each chromosome homolog, rather than just one. In either case, key is that it is DNA that is highly similar in terms of DNA sequence that is being either replaced or swapped. This allows for a replacement of alleles following horizontal gene transfer, or allele swapping...  2, record 1, English, - homologous%20recombination

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Recombinaison qui s'effectue par échange de segments d'ADN entre deux séquences identiques ou proches.  2, record 1, French, - recombinaison%20homologue

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 OBS

La recombinaison homologue intervient notamment dans la recombinaison génétique au cours de la méiose.  2, record 1, French, - recombinaison%20homologue

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

recombinaison homologue : désignation et définition publiées au Journal officiel de la République française le 4 février 2021.  3, record 1, French, - recombinaison%20homologue

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Intercambio de fragmentos de ADN entre las dos cromátidas no hermanas del mismo cromosoma durante la meiosis.  1, record 1, Spanish, - recombinaci%C3%B3n%20hom%C3%B3loga

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Illegitimate recombination, also known as non-homologous recombination, is much less well understood mechanistically than homologous recombination. It either involves recombination based on little sequence homology between recombining strands, or no sequence homology at all. Furthermore, rather than replacing alleles, illegitimate recombination results... in insertion of new DNA... Illegitimate recombination... is both very rare and results... in gains in the amount of DNA carried by an organism.  3, record 2, English, - heterologous%20recombination

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[...] recombinaison pouvant avoir lieu entre deux molécules d'ADN ayant peu ou pas d'homologies de séquences.  4, record 2, French, - recombinaison%20h%C3%A9t%C3%A9rologue

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

recombinaison hétérologue; recombinaison illégitime : désignations publiées au Journal officiel de la République française le 4 février 2021.  5, record 2, French, - recombinaison%20h%C3%A9t%C3%A9rologue

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Deletions are usually caused by recombination between directly repeated sequences in different locations of the DNA. In recombination, the strands of two DNA molecules are broken and rejoined in new combinations—hence the name recombination... Homologous recombination occurs at sites of identical sequences in the two DNAs because the strands of the two DNAs must be complementary to each other to initiate recombination. This ensures that the recombination usually occurs at the same place in the two DNAs, where their sequences are the same. However, sometimes similar or identical sequences exist in more than one location in the DNA, and recombination can sometimes mistakenly occur between these two different locations. Such recombination is called ectopic recombination(Greek for out of place) because it is occurring outside the correct place.  2, record 3, English, - ectopic%20recombination

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Recombinaison génétique qui s'effectue entre deux gènes ou deux segments d'ADN dont les localisations chromosomiques sont différentes.  2, record 3, French, - recombinaison%20ectopique

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les duplications complètes de génome sont des évènements évolutifs majeurs, mais rares. Les mécanismes de duplication les plus fréquents sont probablement la transposition et la recombinaison ectopique (c'est-à-dire entre deux locus différents, par opposition à la recombinaison allélique), qui conduisent à la duplication d'un fragment génomique relativement court. La recombinaison ectopique est typiquement due à des séquences répétées, qui induisent en erreur le processus de recombinaison homologue.  3, record 3, French, - recombinaison%20ectopique

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 OBS

recombinaison ectopique : désignation et définition publiées au Journal officiel de la République française le 26 septembre 2025.  4, record 3, French, - recombinaison%20ectopique

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

NHEJ [Non-homologous end-joining] can also be used to integrate DNA exactly at the cut site. This integration, called homology-independent targeted integration(HITI...), is not dependent on any homologous side arms, and the whole targeting construct is introduced into the DSB [double-strand DNA break].  3, record 4, English, - homology%2Dindependent%20targeted%20integration

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Gene conversion is the process by which one DNA sequence replaces a homologous sequence such that the sequences become identical after the conversion event. Gene conversion can be either allelic, meaning that one allele of the same gene replaces another allele, or ectopic, meaning that one paralogous DNA sequence converts another.  2, record 5, English, - gene%20conversion

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Modification spontanée ou expérimentale d'un gène par remplacement d'un segment d'ADN par un autre segment provenant d'un gène différent apparenté ou d'un allèle de ce gène.  2, record 5, French, - conversion%20g%C3%A9nique

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

La conversion génique non allélique est observée chez la levure et les lymphocytes B des oiseaux; la conversion génique allélique est observée au cours de la méiose, qu'il y ait ou non enjambement.  2, record 5, French, - conversion%20g%C3%A9nique

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 2 OBS

conversion génique : terme et définition publiés au Journal officiel de la République française le 14 juin 2017.  3, record 5, French, - conversion%20g%C3%A9nique

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

... the modification or cloning and cloning of DNA [deoxyribonucleic acid] molecules via homologous recombination...  1, record 6, English, - recombinogenic%20engineering

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L'ingénierie recombinogène fait appel aux propriétés des virus bactériennes (les phages) pour effectuer des recombinaisons ciblées du génome, c'est-à-dire y insérer des gènes en des endroits précis.  1, record 6, French, - ing%C3%A9nierie%20recombinog%C3%A8ne

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The smallest unit(corresponding to a single DNA nucleotide) which is exchangeable but not divisible by intragenic recombination between homologous linkage structures(chromosomes).  2, record 7, English, - recon

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Le plus petit élément génétique qui puisse être échangé entre des chromosomes ou des molécules nues d'acide désoxyribonucléique homologues par recombinaison génétique sans pouvoir subir de fragmentation. Il correspond à un seul nucléotide de la chaîne polymérique.  2, record 7, French, - recon

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Recombination between specific pairs of sequences. It is responsible for the integration of phage genomes into the bacterial chromosome. The recombination event involves a specific sequence of the phage DNA and a specific sequence of the bacterial DNA. Within these sequences, there is only a short stretch of homology, necessary for the recombination event, but not sufficient for it. The enzymes involved in this event cannot recombine other pairs of(homologous or nonhomologous) sequences, but act only on the particular pair of phage and bacterial sequences.  2, record 8, English, - site%2Dspecific%20recombination

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Recombinaison de fragments cohésifs d'ADN engendrés par des coupures nucléasiques à des sites très spécifiques. Un exemple est l'insertion d'une molécule circulaire d'ADN de lambda dans le site récepteur du chromosome d'E. coli.  2, record 8, French, - recombinaison%20%C3%A0%20des%20sites%20sp%C3%A9cifiques

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

During the normal production of sperm and egg cells, DNA strands occasionally break and rejoin in different places on the same chromosome or on the other copy of the same chromosome(i. e., the homologous chromosome). This process(called meiotic recombination) can result in the separation of two markers orginally on the same chromosome.  1, record 9, English, - meiotic%20recombination

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 2 CONT

A genetic linkage map shows the relative locations of specific DNA markers along the chromosome. Any inherited physical or molecular characteristic that differs among individuals and is easily detectable in the laboratory is a potential genetic marker.  1, record 9, English, - meiotic%20recombination

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Nos travaux concernent l'étude des sites d'initiation et la caractérisation des lésions initiatrices. Il s'agit de cassures double-brin de l'ADN (CDBs) dont la réparation sur le chromosome homologue conduit à la recombinaison méiotique, qui est une étape nécessaire à la ségrégation réductionnelle des chromosomes homologues lors de la 1ère division de méiose.  1, record 9, French, - recombinaison%20m%C3%A9iotique

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

... Protein [that] is a central component of the bacterial system [and] mediates recombinational DNA repair and homologous genetic recombination.  1, record 10, English, - recA%20protein

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Genomic DNA is maintained with high fidelity to guarantee the integrity of genetic information. Damaged DNA must be properly repaired by sophisticated DNA repair systems to sustain cell viability and genomic stability. Homologous recombination is the major pathway for repairing DNA double strand breaks and for re-initiating stalled replication forks in E. coli and eukaryotes. In E. coli, there are several important proteins involved in homologous recombination : RecA protein is essential for pairing homologous DNA, and for promoting the strand exchange process.  2, record 10, English, - recA%20protein

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La protéine recA, expression du gène du même nom, joue un rôle essentiel dans le processus de recombinaison homologue, qui permet la réparation de l’ADN chez Escherichia coli. La protéine recA a pour effet de dissocier les deux brins d’un ADN normal pour permettre l’excision d’une séquence destinée à complèter une brèche d’un ADN dont les deux brins sont lésés irréversiblement. Ainsi au cours de la réplication si un des deux ADN produits est anormal et ne contient plus d’information, l’autre ADN, dissocié par recA, détachera un de ses brins pour le recombiner avec l’autre ADN : de sorte qu’il y aura de chaque côté un brin porteur de l’information et que les enzymes de réparation pourront complèter les deux doubles hélices avec la même information.  1, record 10, French, - prot%C3%A9ine%20recA

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Proteína que contienen la mayoría de las bacterias, esencial para la reparación y la recombinación del ADN.  1, record 10, Spanish, - prote%C3%ADna%20recA

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

PCR methods can be expensive, time-consuming and tedious. The ligase detection reaction(LDR) can be used as an alternative to PCR. In this method, homologous DNA sequences, which may differ by a single nucleotide, can be distinguished. These DNA sequences provide the templates to which oligonucleotides probes anneal.  1, record 11, English, - ligase%20detection%20reaction

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 12,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 DEF

In meiotic cells, a protein with broad phyletic distribution and unique cellular localization which shows a high binding efficiency for single-stranded DNA and the property of catalyzing the renaturation of thermally denatured DNA. The protein is assumed to play a role in meiotic recombination and to promote chromosome pairing and crossing over between homologous chromosomes. It is absent from somatic tissues.  1, record 12, English, - DNA%2Dbinding%20protein

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le déroulement des deux biens de la molécule de DNA entraîne la formation de zones monocoténaires. Ces zones simple brin doivent être stabilisées (suppression du réappariement des deux brins de la molécule de DNA) et protégées de l'action des DNases. Ces fonctions semblent être assurées par une protéine appelée «DNA binding protein» qui se lie spécifiquement au DNA simple chaîne [...]. C'est le complexe formé par l'association entre le DNA monocoténaire et la protéine de liaison au DNA qui constitue en fait le substrat de la DNA polymérase III et des autres protéines qui jouent un rôle dans la réplication.  1, record 12, French, - prot%C3%A9ine%20de%20liaison%20au%20DNA

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 2 CONT

La régulation de l'expression d'un gène passe, entre autres mécanismes, par l'association de protéines à certaines des séquences d'acides nucléiques qui le constituent. L'analyse de ces séquences et celles des protéines régulatrices qui s'y fixent est donc d'une importance capitale pour la compréhension des mécanismes de régulation de l'expression des gènes.  2, record 12, French, - prot%C3%A9ine%20de%20liaison%20au%20DNA

Record 12,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 13,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A double-strained DNA molecule with heteroduplex regions.  2, record 13, English, - hybrid%20DNA

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 CONT

It was also assumed that the reconstruction of DNA molecules in new ways, following breakage, took place not by an end-to-end association of broken chains but by a lateral association of complementary segments from homologous regions, to give hybrid DNA.  2, record 13, English, - hybrid%20DNA

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Molécule d'ADN contenant une région hétéroduplex.  2, record 13, French, - ADN%20hybride

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 2 DEF

Molécule d'ADN composée de 2 brins d'origine distinctes.  3, record 13, French, - ADN%20hybride

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Si l'on admet que le cross-over - source de recombinaison génétique réciproque - est ainsi associé à la formation d'un ADN hybride, un site mutationnel peut occasionnellement se situer à l'intérieur d'une région hybride, donnant ainsi naissance à un ADN hétérozygote.  4, record 13, French, - ADN%20hybride

Record 13,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 14,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A very original set of experiments carried out by the Unit of Molecular Biology of Gene Expression concerns another protein essential for mouse development that is also a transcription factor. This factor known as KBF2 or RBP-Jk is homologous to a Drosophila gene product, Su(H)(Suppressor of Hairless), which belongs to the Notch signal transduction cascade involved in regulating the competence of a cell to respond to specific developmental cues. A likely function of the Su(H) protein is to serve as an anchor on DNA for non DNA-binding transcriptional activators. This function is conserved in the Notch pathway : the activation of this transmembrane receptor likely involves a proteolytic cleavage step which releases its intracellular domain; following nuclear translocation, it activates its target genes by binding to the Su(H) protein, which is already bound to several sites in the target promoters.  2, record 14, English, - Su%28H%29%20protein

Record 14,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La protéine Su(H), impliquée dans l'activité de transmission de ce signal, semble capable de s'associer à la région intracellulaire de Notch. C'est un facteur de transcription qui se lie à certaines séquences localisées dans les promoteurs de plusieurs des gènes cibles de Notch.  1, record 14, French, - prot%C3%A9ine%20Su%28H%29

Record 14,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 15,  Textual support,  English

Record 15,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Molécule d'ADN dont les séquences sont très proches. C'est le cas pour l'ADN de deux chromosomes homologues.  1, record 15, French, - ADN%20homologue

Record 15,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 16,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Heating DNA molecules to temperatures just below 100 [degrees] C breaks the hydrogen bonds holding the complementary strands together; they then quickly separate from each other(DNA denaturation). If the temperature is gradually lowered, the complementary strands again form the correct hydrogen bonds and the double-helical form is regained(renaturation of DNA). If, however, this gentle cooling is done in the presence of single-stranded RNA that has been synthesized on homologous DNA, then DNA-RNA hybrids form as well as denatured DNA double helices. These DNA-RNA hybrids are very specific and form only if some of the nucleotide sequences in the DNA are complementary to the RNA nucleotide sequences.  1, record 16, English, - renatured%20DNA

Record 16,  Textual support,  French

Record 16,  Textual support,  Spanish