TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

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Facultative pathogens are organisms for which the host is only one of the niches they can exploit to reproduce. Facultative pathogens are primarily environmental bacteria and fungi that can occasionally cause infection.  1, record 1, English, - facultative%20pathogen

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

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[…] les pathogènes facultatifs sont capables de vivre et de se reproduire en dehors de [leur hôte] en le rendant malade à des degrés divers selon les conditions rencontrées.  2, record 1, French, - agent%20pathog%C3%A8ne%20facultatif

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

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La bacteria Gram negativa Pseudomona aeruginosa se comporta como un agente patógeno facultativo, ya que está presente en el tubo digestivo de los animales sanos, llegando a ser patógeno en condiciones desfavorables.  1, record 1, Spanish, - agente%20pat%C3%B3geno%20facultativo

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

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Both the leaf and root microbiota contain bacteria that provide indirect pathogen protection, but root microbiota members appear to serve additional host functions through the acquisition of nutrients from soil for plant growth. Thus, the plant microbiota emerges as a fundamental trait that includes mutualism enabled through diverse biochemical mechanisms, as revealed by studies on plant growth–promoting and plant health–promoting bacteria.  2, record 2, English, - root%20microbiota

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Land plants host rich and diverse microbial communities in the thin layer of soil adhering to the roots, i.e., the rhizosphere, and within the root tissues, designated rhizosphere and root microbiota, respectively.  3, record 2, English, - root%20microbiota

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

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Une partie importante du carbone fixé par les feuilles par la photosynthèse est secrétée par les racines dans la rhizosphère sous forme de molécules organiques. Ces exsudats racinaires représentent entre 5 à 30 % des produits de la photosynthèse [...] Ils nourrissent une importante communauté microbienne à l'interface sol-racine : le microbiote racinaire.  2, record 2, French, - microbiote%20racinaire

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

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A biotype or group of biotypes within a taxonomic group distinguished by some physiological peculiarity(as host preference, chemical dependence, or pathogenicity)-used esp. of economically important fungi, insects, or bacteria.  1, record 3, English, - ecological%20subspecies

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

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Un groupe de biotypes qui se ressemblent quant à la forme mais différents par leurs caractéristiques physiologiques, biochimiques et pathologiques.  2, record 3, French, - race%20physiologique

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

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The therapeutic use of bacteriophages to treat pathogenic bacterial infections.  4, record 4, English, - phage%20therapy

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Bacteriophages are much more specific than antibiotics, so they can hypothetically be chosen to be indirectly harmless not only to the host organism(human, animal, or plant), but also to other beneficial bacteria, such as gut flora, reducing the chances of opportunistic infections. They would have a high therapeutic index, that is, phage therapy would be expected to give rise to few side effects. Because phages replicate in vivo, a smaller effective dose can be used. On the other hand, this specificity is also a disadvantage : a phage will only kill a bacterium if it is a match to the specific strain. Consequently phage mixtures are often applied to improve the chances of success, or samples can be taken and an appropriate phage identified and grown.  4, record 4, English, - phage%20therapy

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La phagothérapie est l'utilisation de virus bactériophages (simplement appelés bactériophages ou même phages) lytiques afin de traiter certaines maladies infectieuses d’origine bactérienne.  2, record 4, French, - phagoth%C3%A9rapie

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 2 CONT

La phagothérapie est l'usage de virus qui possèdent la particularité de n'infecter que les bactéries (et pas les cellules humaines), pour traiter les infections bactériennes. Ces bactériophages lytiques ont la capacité de reconnaître une bactérie spécifique, de l'infecter, de l'utiliser pour se multiplier in situ, et de la faire éclater en libérant les nouveaux phages produits (environ 100 phages pour une bactérie). Les phages disparaissent lorsque l'infection bactérienne est jugulée. Chaque phage n'infecte qu'un sous-groupe donné au sein d'une espèce bactérienne. Cette stratégie permet donc de n'attaquer que la bactérie pathogène contrairement aux antibiotiques à large spectre.  3, record 4, French, - phagoth%C3%A9rapie

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The most striking form of phage infection is that in which all of the infected bacteria are destroyed in the process of the formation of new phage particles. This results in the clearing of turbid liquid culture as the infected cells lyse. When lysis occurs in cells fixed as a lawn of bacteria growing on a solid medium, it produces holes, or areas of clearing, called plaques. These represent colonies of bacteriophage. The size and other properties of the plaque vary with individual viruses and host cells.  1, record 5, English, - lawn

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

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Les cellules en culture forment habituellement, dans le flacon de culture, ce qu'on nomme un tapis cellulaire, c'est-à-dire un horizon monostratifié de cellules. Lorsque la culture a atteint les limites de la surface du récipient recouverte par le milieu, la croissance s'arrête : on dit qu'il y a inhibition de contact. Différents agents chimiques, physiques ou biologiques (composés cancérigènes, rayonnements, virus) modifient cet état de choses; la croissance continue jusqu'à épuisement du milieu; les cellules grimpent les unes sur les autres, formant, non plus un tapis monostratifié, mais un massif épais et bourgeonnant.  1, record 5, French, - tapis

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Capa de crecimiento bacteriano continua y uniforme, en la que no es posible distinguir colonias individuales, normalmente se produce en la superficie de un medio con agar.  1, record 5, Spanish, - c%C3%A9sped

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

When a susceptible strain of bacteria is exposed to a temperate phage... some of the host cells will lyse... whereas others will not.  1, record 6, English, - susceptible

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Si l'on infecte une bactérie sensible à l'aide d'un bactériophage tempéré, deux réactions sont possibles : [la bactérie devient lysogène ou] il y a production de virions.  1, record 6, French, - sensible

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[Dícese del] organismo que carece de la capacidad de soportar los daños provocados por estrés biótico o abiótico.  1, record 6, Spanish, - susceptible

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

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A temperate bacteriophage integrated into the genome of lysogenic bacteria which replicates in coordination with the replication of the genetic material of the host cell.  2, record 7, English, - prophage

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The viral genome [of the lysogenic bacterium] becomes inserted at a specific location within the host chromosome and is duplicated into each cell generation.  3, record 7, English, - prophage

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Forme non infectieuse d'un phage, sous laquelle celui-ci est perpétué dans une bactérie qui est alors lysogène. [Définition normalisée par l'AFNOR et reproduite avec son autorisation.]  2, record 7, French, - prophage

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Le matériel génétique du bactériophage peut être intégré au matériel génétique de la bactérie. [Observation reproduite avec l'autorisation de l'AFNOR.]  2, record 7, French, - prophage

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 2 OBS

prophage : terme normalisé par l'AFNOR.  3, record 7, French, - prophage

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A genus of bacteria of the family Chlamydiaceae, order Chlamydiales, occurring as gram-negative, coccoid organisms that multiply only within a host cell and have a unique growth cycle...  1, record 8, English, - Chlamydia

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They are common pathogens of animals and cause a variety of diseases in humans.  1, record 8, English, - Chlamydia

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

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L'ordre des Chlamydiales rassemble des bactéries parasites intracellulaires obligatoires caractérisées par l'existence d'un cycle de développement au sein des cellules eucaryotes. [...] Pendant longtemps, l'ordre des Chlamydiales a été constitué d'une seule famille (la famille des Chlamydiaceae) et d'un seul genre (le genre Chlamydia). En 1980, les «Approved Lists of Bacterial Names» citent deux espèces au sein du genre Chlamydia : Chlamydia trachomatis et Chlamydia psittaci.  1, record 8, French, - Chlamydia

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Pluriel : des chlamydiae ou des chlamydias.  2, record 8, French, - Chlamydia

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chlamydias (pl.) : Cette graphie, puisée des Rectifications de l'orthographe recommandées par le Conseil supérieur de la langue française, est attestée dans le Petit Robert (2004).  3, record 8, French, - Chlamydia

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[Plasmids] generally account for only a small fraction of the total host cell DNA, they often carry vital genes, such as those that confer resistance to antibiotics. Because it is so much smaller, plasmid DNA can easily be separated from the DNA of the host cell and purified. For use as cloning vectors, such purified plasmid DNA molecules are cut once with a restriction nuclease and then annealed to the DNA fragment that is to be cloned. The hybrid plasmid DNA molecules produced are then reintroduced into bacteria that have been made transiently permeable to macromolecules. Only some of the treated cells will take up a plasmid. They can be selected by the antibiotic resistance conferred on them by the plasmid since they alone will grow in the presence of antibiotic. As these bacteria divide, the plasmid also replicates to produce an enormous number of copies of the original DNA fragment.  1, record 9, English, - plasmid%20DNA

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La parenté entre les ADN de deux plasmides peut être mesurée par hybridation; il peut s'agir d'hybridation entre plasmides entiers ou entre fragments d'ADN plasmidique après coupure par une endonucléase de restriction. L'ADN non radioactif du premier plasmide est fixé soit entier, soit après fragmentation et séparation par électrophorèse, sur un filtre, et l'hybridation se fait avec l'ADN radioactif préparé avec l'autre plasmide. La mesure de la radioactivité fixée sur le filtre se fait soit par comptage de la radioactivité dans le cas des plasmides entiers, soit par autoradiographie pour les ADN fragmentés. Les plasmides appartenant au même groupe d'incompatibilité ont un très fort pourcentage d'homologie ADN-ADN.  2, record 9, French, - ADN%20plasmidique

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Cell found in many tissues in the body which is derived from the blood monocyte and which has an important role in host defense mechanisms. It phagocytizes and kills many bacteria and is the site of infection for a number of intracellular parasites.  2, record 10, English, - macrophage

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

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Phagocyte de grande dimension qui dérive des monocytes du sang, de cellules conjonctives ou endothéliales.  2, record 10, French, - macrophage

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Tipo de glóbulo blanco que se encuentra en la sangre y otros tejidos del cuerpo.  2, record 10, Spanish, - macr%C3%B3fago

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Los macrófagos devoran y destruyen sustancias ajenas al cuerpo, como las bacterias, por medio de la amplia gama de sustancias químicas que poseen. Eliminan asimismo las sustancias de deshecho y las células desgastadas del cuerpo.  2, record 10, Spanish, - macr%C3%B3fago

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A virus that infects and replicates within the host cells of bacteria.  4, record 11, English, - bacteriophage%20lambda

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Some viruses may remain dormant inside host cells for long periods, causing no obvious change in their host cells(a stage known as the lysogenic phase). But when a dormant virus is stimulated, it enters the lytic phase : new viruses are formed, [they] self-assemble, and burst out of the host cell, killing the cell and going on to infect other cells. The diagram below at right shows a virus that attacks bacteria, known as the lambda bacteriophage, which measures roughly 200 nanometers.  2, record 11, English, - bacteriophage%20lambda

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 12,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A Rhizobium bacterium in a legume root nodule after it has undergone an increase in size(to about forty times its original size) and a change in shape to characteristic X-or Y-shaped cell. Bacteroids lose their capacity for autonomous growth and are dependent on the host. It is in this metamorphosed state that the bacteria carry out nitrogen fixation.  2, record 12, English, - bacteroid

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

[It is also] found ... in the body of certain insects.  3, record 12, English, - bacteroid

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

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Cellule bactérienne modifiée ou cellule ressemblant à une bactérie.  2, record 12, French, - bact%C3%A9ro%C3%AFde

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

On retrouve ce microorganisme principalement dans les nodosités des racines des plantes et il a faculté de fixer l'azote atmosphérique.  3, record 12, French, - bact%C3%A9ro%C3%AFde

Record 12,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 13,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The concept of immunologic surveillance was proposed as a paradigm by Burnet3 in 1970 to explain the spontaneous growth of cancer in a normal host. He proposed that the immune system had the capacity of detecting non-self from self as a general principle. When non-self was detected, the immune systems reacted with a variety of effectors, whose responsibility was to destroy the invading organisms. This understanding was found to be essentially correct when applied to invading organisms such as bacteria, pleuropneumonia-like organisms and viruses. The major cell type of the immune system whose responsibility it was to make the self-nonself determination were T cells.  2, record 13, English, - non%2Dself

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

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La distinction entre les notions de soi et de non-soi se comprend aisément lorsque l'on considère un antigène dont le caractère "étranger" à l'organisme s'impose d'évidence. Une bactérie, un virus, une toxine de serpent sont, bien entendu, des antigènes étrangers au système immunitaire de l'homme ou de la souris. On notera toutefois qu'une substance n'a nullement besoin d'être pathogène pour stimuler le système immunitaire; il suffit qu'elle soit étrangère à l'organisme chez lequel elle pénètre.  2, record 13, French, - non%2Dsoi

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Le soi est identifié de manière fonctionnelle comme les déterminants antigéniques potentiels d'un sujet qui ne sont pas reconnus efficacement par son système immunitaire. Le non-soi est l'état symétrique.  3, record 13, French, - non%2Dsoi

Record 13,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 14,  Textual support,  English

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The fixation is made possible through a symbiotic presence of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in certain cells of the host plant.  3, record 14, English, - nitrogen%20fixing%20bacteria

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e.g. rhizobia  4, record 14, English, - nitrogen%20fixing%20bacteria

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Bacteria is regularly a plural in scientific and pedagogical use ....  5, record 14, English, - nitrogen%20fixing%20bacteria

Record 14,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Par exemple bactéries du genre rhizobiums  2, record 14, French, - bact%C3%A9ries%20fixatrices%20d%27azote

Record 14,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 15,  Textual support,  French

Record 15,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 16,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The pronounced specificity of some bacteria and viruses that attack only a particular host tissue(as Salmonella typhimurium attacks lymphoid patches in the intestine and as the poliovirus attacks nerve cells) may well be explained by the specificity of the glycocalyx of the host-tissue cells.  2, record 16, English, - poliovirus

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Experts have assumed that the virus responsible for the original paralytic attack, decades before, had long since disappeared from the bodies of [post-polio syndrome] patients, because no one has yet found live poliovirus in their tissues.  3, record 16, English, - poliovirus

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 OBS

plural: polioviruses  4, record 16, English, - poliovirus

Record 16,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Certaines bactéries ou virus ont une spécificité étroite, car ils n'attaquent qu'un certain type de tissu (comme Salmonella typhimurium qui n'attaque que les nodules lymphoïdes de l'intestin, ou le virus de la poliomyélite qui ne s'en prend qu'aux cellules nerveuses) : une telle spécificité pourrait bien être due à une particularité du glycocalyx des cellules des tissus-hôtes.  2, record 16, French, - poliovirus

Record 16,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 17,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 DEF

In the case of the lysogenic response upon infection of bacteria with temperate phages, an integrase mediated mechanism for prophage insertion at a specific site on the host DNA.  1, record 17, English, - integration%20system

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The integration system includes a region required for recognition of the proper prophage site in the DNA and one or more cistrons controlling proteins which catalyze the integration process.  1, record 17, English, - integration%20system

Record 17,  Textual support,  French

Record 17,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 18,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 CONT

the pronounced specificity of some bacteria and viruses that attack only a particular host tissue(as Salmonella typhimurium attacks lymphoid patches in the intestine and as the poliovirus attacks nerve cells) may well be explained by the specificity of the glycocalyx of the host-tissue cells.  1, record 18, English, - lymphoid%20patch

Record 18,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Certaines bactéries ou virus ont une spécificité étroite, car ils n'attaquent qu'un certain type de tissu (comme Salmonella typhimurium qui n'attaque que les nodules lymphoïdes de l'intestin, ou le virus de la poliomyélite qui ne s'en prend qu'aux cellules nerveuses) : une telle spécificité pourrait bien être due à une particularité du glycocalyx des cellules des tissus-hôtes.  1, record 18, French, - nodule%20lympho%C3%AFde

Record 18,  Textual support,  Spanish