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Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In lytic infection, the virus attaches to a host cell and injects its nucleic acid. This nucleic acid(sometimes accompanied by proteins carried by the virus) causes the host to produce numerous progeny viruses, the cell then bursts, progeny are released and the cycle begins again.  1, record 1, English, - burst

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les phages lytiques, comme leur nom l'indique, détruisent la bactérie. Ils détournent la machinerie bactérienne à leur profit pour se reproduire et se multiplier. Au terme du processus appelé cycle lytique, la bactérie éclate et plusieurs dizaines de nouveaux phages – identiques à l'original - sont libérés dans le milieu et donc disponibles pour s'attaquer à d'autres bactéries de la même espèce.  1, record 1, French, - %C3%A9clater

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The specificity of a given virus for a cell type, tissue or species — collectively known as viral tropism — is an important factor in determining the outcome of viral infection in any particular host.  3, record 2, English, - viral%20tropism

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

While most currently existing broad-spectrum antivirals inhibit viral genome replication or host cell functions after virus infection of host cells has occurred, direct targeting of virus particles offers the potential to stop viruses before infection of host cells occurs. Such capabilities also have the potential to reduce virus infectivity levels, which could accelerate recovery while reducing transmission risks.  2, record 3, English, - broad%2Dspectrum%20antiviral%20drug

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A cell invaded by an infectious agent.  2, record 4, English, - host%20cell

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Cellule envahie par un agent infectieux.  2, record 4, French, - cellule%20h%C3%B4te

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Reactivation is the mechanism whereby a latent virus that has infected a host cell switches to a lytic stage, undergoing productive viral replication and allowing the virus to spread. Viral reactivation is associated with several stress factors, including viral infection(with other viruses), nerve trauma, physiologic and physical changes(e. g., fever, menstruation and exposure to sunlight) and immunosuppression(as in cytomegalovirus [CMV] disease).  2, record 5, English, - viral%20reactivation

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A microbe capable of causing host damage that is completely dependent on a host cell for survival and replication.  2, record 6, English, - obligate%20intracellular%20pathogen

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Lawsonia intracellularis es un patógeno intracelular obligado, lo cual significa que crece y se multiplica dentro de las células intestinales.  2, record 6, Spanish, - pat%C3%B3geno%20intracelular%20obligatorio

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Viral entry is the earliest stage of infection in the viral life cycle, as the virus comes into contact with the host cell and introduces viral material into the cell.  3, record 7, English, - viral%20entry

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Pour interrompre l'entrée virale, on doit d'abord comprendre les changements conformationnels et structurels qui permettent aux glycoprotéines de l'enveloppe du VIH [virus de l'immunodéficience humaine] d'interagir avec [des] récepteurs [spécifiques] afin de fusionner avec les cellules hôtes.  3, record 7, French, - entr%C3%A9e%20du%20virus

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... nuclei from transformed cultured cells or transformed cells from a mosaic animal can be used as donor material for somatic cell nuclear transfer-mediated cloning, producing individuals that are transgenic in all cells. This approach might eventually be used to produce transgenic lines for food production, as is already being applied for development of pigs intended for xenotransplantation, where several transgenes will have to be expressed and several host genes knocked out.  2, record 8, English, - transgenic%20line

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[...] des noyaux de cellules mises en culture ou de cellules transformées issues d'un animal mosaïque peuvent être utilisées comme matériel de donneur pour réaliser des clonages de cellules somatiques par transfert de noyaux permettant d'obtenir des individus transgéniques dans toutes leurs cellules. Cette méthode pourrait en fin de compte être utilisée pour produire des lignées transgéniques destinées à la production alimentaire, comme cela se fait déjà avec la création de porcs destinés à la xénotransplantation; dans ce cas, plusieurs transgènes devront être exprimés et plusieurs gènes endogènes désactivés.  2, record 8, French, - lign%C3%A9e%20transg%C3%A9nique

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Viruses only exist to make more viruses. The virus particle attaches to the host cell before penetrating it. The virus then uses the host cell' s machinery to replicate its own genetic material. Once replication has been completed the virus particles leave the host by either budding or bursting out of the cell(lysis).  3, record 9, English, - virus%20particle

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L'hérédité virale se transmet grâce à un cycle, au cours duquel une particule virale infecte une cellule hôte pour produire des particules virales filles, identiques à elle-même.  2, record 9, French, - particule%20virale

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Antithymocyte globulin(ATG) is a concentrated anti-human T-lymphocyte immunoglobulin preparation derived from rabbits after immunization with a T-lymphoblast cell line. ATG is an immunosuppressive product for the prevention and treatment of acute rejection following organ transplantation. ATG reduces the host immune response against tissue transplants or organ allografts.  4, record 10, English, - antithymocyte%20globulin

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Immunosuppressive therapy with antithymocyte globulin (ATG) plus cyclosporine is an effective alternative to stem-cell transplantation and improves blood counts and survival. Although horse ATG is the standard therapy, rabbit ATG is more potent in depleting peripheral-blood lymphocytes and is preferred in other clinical circumstances.  5, record 10, English, - antithymocyte%20globulin

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Animal cells in which DNA virus replication aborts. In a small percentage of cases, the DNA virus instead transforms cells into their cancerous equivalents. In such neoplastic transformation, one or more of the viral genes becomes integrated into the genome of the host cell.  2, record 11, English, - nonpermissive%20cell

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Cellule dans laquelle la croissance virale n'a pas lieu. Une lignée cellulaire permissive provient, en général, d'un animal chez lequel un virus donné se reproduit normalement. En revanche, les lignées non permissives proviennent en général d'animaux incapables d'assurer la multiplication d'un virus donné. Ainsi, selon le virus étudié, une cellule peut être permissive ou non.  1, record 11, French, - cellule%20non%20permissive

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 12,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Conversion of eucaryotic cells to a state of unrestrained growth in culture, resembling or identical with the tumorigenic condition. It is most frequently accompanied by alteration of cell shape, karyotype and cell surface architecture, by loss of contact inhibition, changes in glycolytic rate, production of increased amounts of organic acids and acid mucopolysaccharides as well as acquisition of malignant potential(production of tumors by transformed cells when inoculated into host animals.).  2, record 12, English, - transformation

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Transformation in this sense should not be confused with bacterial transformation.  2, record 12, English, - transformation

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Acquisition, par des cellules eucaryotes, de nouvelles propriétés leur permettant de s'affranchir des contraintes auxquelles sont soumises les cellules normales : de telles cellules, dites cellules "transformées", sont généralement caractérisées par une multiplication active et illimitée ne requérant plus leur ancrage sur un support. Au sein d'un organisme, l'apparition de cellules transformées, dont le développement échappe à tout contrôle, se manifeste par la formation de tumeurs cancéreuses.  2, record 12, French, - transformation%20maligne

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Ne pas confondre avec la transformation bactérienne.  2, record 12, French, - transformation%20maligne

Record 12,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 13,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Bacteriophage particle whose genetic material is a single-stranded RNA molecule surrounded by 180 identical molecules of coat protein with a second protein called the maturation factor(A-protein), associated with attachment of the bacteriophage to the host cell. They are the simplest known viruses.  2, record 13, English, - RNA%20bacteriophage

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Type de bactériophage qui a un génome constitué d'ARN. Ce sont les plus simples des virus connus; ils ne contiennent que 3 gènes distribués le long de leur chromosome. Deux de ces trois gènes codent pour deux types de protéines de structure. L'une d'entre elles, la protéine capsidiaire au sens strict (CP) est présente à raison de 180 exemplaires dans chaque particule virale. L'autre protéine de structure est la protéine "A" (attachement), requise pour l'adsorption des phages sur les bactéries hôtes.  2, record 13, French, - phage%20%C3%A0%20ARN

Record 13,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 14,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The DNA that has been derived from a source organism and has been integrated into a host cell.  3, record 14, English, - heterologous%20DNA

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The situation of expressing heterologous DNA (DNA from a different species) in E. coli [Escherichia coli] has been discussed and it is clear that the well investigated genetic system of E. coli has enabled much valuable information to be gathered.  1, record 14, English, - heterologous%20DNA

Record 14,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Fragment, plus ou moins long, d'ADN qui provient d'un organisme étranger ou externe et qui est intégré dans une cellule hôte.  4, record 14, French, - ADN%20h%C3%A9t%C3%A9rologue

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les données relatives à l'expression d'un ADN hétérologue (ADN d'une espèce différente) dans E. coli [Escherichia coli] ont été examinées et il est manifeste que le système génétique bien étudié d'E. coli a permis de rassembler un grand nombre d'informations précieuses.  1, record 14, French, - ADN%20h%C3%A9t%C3%A9rologue

Record 14,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 DEF

ADN que proviene de un organismo y que se introduce en una célula de otro organismo de una especie diferente.  2, record 14, Spanish, - ADN%20ex%C3%B3geno

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Transfección de ADN: introducción en una célula en cultivo [...] permeable al ADN, de moléculas [...] de ADN extrañas (heterólogas) insertadas en un vector. [...] La transformación requiere la integración del ADN exógeno en el cromosoma bacteriano mientras que la transfección usualmente no la requiere. El ADN extraño se asocia con el del cromosoma del huésped y se expresa como un fenotipo identificable.  3, record 14, Spanish, - ADN%20ex%C3%B3geno

Record 15,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Infectious agent of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies which, within the framework of the unified theory, combines a proteinaceaous component(the apoprion) associated with a small nucleic acid(the coprion) within the host cell.  2, record 15, English, - holoprion

Record 15,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Dans le cadre de la théorie unifiée, agent infectieux des encéphalopathies spongiformes transmissibles, composé de l'apoprion et du coprion.  2, record 15, French, - holoprion

Record 15,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 16,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The physical insertion site of DNA into the host cell genome.  2, record 16, English, - integration%20site

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The process is used by retroviruses where a specific enzyme catalyses the process or can occur at random sites with other DNA (eg. transposons).  1, record 16, English, - integration%20site

Record 16,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Site d'insertion d'une petite molécule d'ADN dans une plus grande à la suite d'un processus de recombinaison in vivo.  2, record 16, French, - site%20d%27int%C3%A9gration

Record 16,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 17,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A temperate bacteriophage integrated into the genome of lysogenic bacteria which replicates in coordination with the replication of the genetic material of the host cell.  2, record 17, English, - prophage

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The viral genome [of the lysogenic bacterium] becomes inserted at a specific location within the host chromosome and is duplicated into each cell generation.  3, record 17, English, - prophage

Record 17,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Forme non infectieuse d'un phage, sous laquelle celui-ci est perpétué dans une bactérie qui est alors lysogène. [Définition normalisée par l'AFNOR et reproduite avec son autorisation.]  2, record 17, French, - prophage

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Le matériel génétique du bactériophage peut être intégré au matériel génétique de la bactérie. [Observation reproduite avec l'autorisation de l'AFNOR.]  2, record 17, French, - prophage

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 2 OBS

prophage : terme normalisé par l'AFNOR.  3, record 17, French, - prophage

Record 17,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 18,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A virus which integrates into and replicates in coordination with a host cell chromosome and thus is transmitted from one cell generation to another.  2, record 18, English, - provirus

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 OBS

[Provirus is also] a DNA copy ... of RNA tumor viruses produced by RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase). Its synthesis is believed to be an obligatory step in infection and cell transformation by these viruses.  2, record 18, English, - provirus

Record 18,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 DEF

ADN viral intégré dans l'ADN chromosomique d'une cellule-hôte.  2, record 18, French, - provirus

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 2 DEF

Séquence d'ADN double brin située dans un chromosome d'Eucaryote et correspondant au génome d'un rétrovirus à ARN. [Définition normalisée par l'AFNOR et reproduite avec son autorisation.]  3, record 18, French, - provirus

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 OBS

provirus : terme normalisé par l'AFNOR.  4, record 18, French, - provirus

Record 18,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Virus que está integrado al ADN de la célula que parasita.  2, record 18, Spanish, - provirus

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Por diversos estímulos puede activarse para entrar en fase de replicación.  2, record 18, Spanish, - provirus

Record 19,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The process by which a host organism or cell becomes invaded by a virus or viral genetic material.  2, record 19, English, - viral%20infection

Record 19,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Pénétration d'un virion ou d'un matériel génétique viral dans un organisme ou dans une cellule.  1, record 19, French, - infection%20virale

Record 19,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 20,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The product of segmentation of a tissue schizont, or of an erythrocytic schizont before entering a new host cell.  3, record 20, English, - merozoite

Record 20,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Produit de segmentation d'un schizonte tissulaire ou d'un schizonte érythrocytaire avant sa pénétration dans une nouvelle cellule-hôte.  1, record 20, French, - m%C3%A9rozo%C3%AFte

Record 20,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 21,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 DEF

An enzyme that is coded for by a viral gene rather than by a host cell gene, and that is produced in the host cell after its infection by the virus.  2, record 21, English, - viral%2Dspecific%20enzyme

Record 21,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Enzyme produite lors de l'infection virale de la cellule hôte, à partir de l'information génétique du virus.  1, record 21, French, - enzyme%20sp%C3%A9cifiquement%20virale

Record 21,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Tradicionalmente, la Real Academia Española (RAE) admitía únicamente el género femenino para el sustantivo enzima; así fue hasta 1984, fecha en que pasó a considerarlo de género ambiguo, que puede funcionar por igual como masculino y como femenino. El uso, no obstante, parece haberse decantado claramente en español por el femenino, que hoy se emplea en el 90% de los casos [...]  3, record 21, Spanish, - enzima%20de%20virus

Record 22,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 DEF

... a method developed to inject DNA [desoxyribonucleic acid] into cells by mixing the DNA with small metal particles and then firing the particles into the host cell at very high speeds.  7, record 22, English, - biolistics

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 OBS

gene-gun method: The gene gun is the tool that fires the particles. Although this expression is used by many, the terms biolistics, bioballistics and biological ballistics seem more correct.  8, record 22, English, - biolistics

Record 22,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Méthode utilisée en transgenèse, consistant à propulser des particules métalliques enduites d'ADN [acide désoxyribonucléique], dans une cellule, en vue de transférer cet ADN à la cellule.  4, record 22, French, - biolistique

Record 22,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Introducción de ADN [ácido desoxirribonucleico] en células mediante la aceleración (disparo) de [...] microproyectiles [los cuales] tienen alrededor de una micra [...] de diámetro, y son de un material inerte (oro o tungsteno); [estos] se pueden recubrir de ADN [ácido desoxirribonucleico], y se pueden acelerar mediante pólvora, una descarga eléctrica, o utilizando gases a presión (por ejemplo helio comprimido).  2, record 22, Spanish, - biol%C3%ADstica

Record 23,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A polysulfated polysaccharide and an antiviral agent given to people living with HIV. The drug is thought to attach itself to host cell surfaces, conferring a negative charge that limits viral binding to CD4.  2, record 23, English, - dextran%20sulfate

Record 23,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Traitement à visée spécifique du VIH : analogues de nucléosides. Le dextran-sulfate est un long polymère de glucose contenant 20% de sulfates. Il peut être administré per os. Il inhibe la fixation du V.I.H. sur son récepteur (CD4) et la formation de syncitia.  2, record 23, French, - dextran%20sulfate

Record 23,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 24,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Small nucleic acid within the host cell which, within the framework of the unified theory, combines with the infectious proteinaceous component(the apoprion) to confer strain-specific information.  2, record 24, English, - coprion

Record 24,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Dans le cadre de la théorie unifiée, composant de l'holoprion qui pourrait être un petit acide nucléique héritable et transmissible codé par le génome normal de l'hôte ou acquis, ubiquitaire, et qui serait responsable des propriétés phénotypiques et notamment de l'existence des souches différentes.  2, record 24, French, - coprion

Record 24,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 25,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A genus of bacteria of the family Chlamydiaceae, order Chlamydiales, occurring as gram-negative, coccoid organisms that multiply only within a host cell and have a unique growth cycle...  1, record 25, English, - Chlamydia

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 OBS

They are common pathogens of animals and cause a variety of diseases in humans.  1, record 25, English, - Chlamydia

Record 25,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L'ordre des Chlamydiales rassemble des bactéries parasites intracellulaires obligatoires caractérisées par l'existence d'un cycle de développement au sein des cellules eucaryotes. [...] Pendant longtemps, l'ordre des Chlamydiales a été constitué d'une seule famille (la famille des Chlamydiaceae) et d'un seul genre (le genre Chlamydia). En 1980, les «Approved Lists of Bacterial Names» citent deux espèces au sein du genre Chlamydia : Chlamydia trachomatis et Chlamydia psittaci.  1, record 25, French, - Chlamydia

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Pluriel : des chlamydiae ou des chlamydias.  2, record 25, French, - Chlamydia

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 2 OBS

chlamydias (pl.) : Cette graphie, puisée des Rectifications de l'orthographe recommandées par le Conseil supérieur de la langue française, est attestée dans le Petit Robert (2004).  3, record 25, French, - Chlamydia

Record 25,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 26,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A plasmid which only replicates along with the host and is present in a limited number of copies per cell.  2, record 26, English, - stringent%20plasmid

Record 26,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Plasmide dont la replication est couplée avec celle du chromosome bactérien et qui est maintenu en nombre limité dans chaque cellule.  2, record 26, French, - plasmide%20de%20type%20strict

Record 26,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 27,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) consists of a nucleoid core and the surrounding protein matrix, both enclosed in a lipid envelope. The nucleoid core contains the viral genetic material and the reverse transcriptase enzyme, which are used in viral replication. The transmembrane glycoprotein and the envelope glycoprotein are attached to the envelope; these proteins enable HIV to bind and fuse with a target host cell.  1, record 27, English, - envelope%20glycoprotein

Record 27,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le VIH 1 se réplique dans les cellules exprimant le récepteur CD4, macrophages et lymphocytes T auxiliaires essentiellement. L'entrée du VIH 1 requiert la molécule CD4, sur laquelle s'attache la glycoprotéine d'enveloppe du virus.  1, record 27, French, - glycoprot%C3%A9ine%20d%27enveloppe

Record 27,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 28,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 28, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The significance of mixed chimerism has been well studied in the later post-transplant period. By this stage, the immunological events giving rise to graft-versus-host disease, graft-versus-leukemia or graft rejection may be confused by inability to distinguish between mature T-cells infused with the graft and stem cell derived T-cells that are tolerant to host antigens.  3, record 28, English, - graft%20versus%20leukemia

Record 28,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 28, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Un greffon hématopoïétique allogénique comprend des cellules souches capables de reconstituer, de façon durable une hématopoïèse complète. Il comprend aussi des cellules matures, immunocompétentes, susceptibles de reconnaître l'hôte comme étranger. Cette réactivité allogénique est responsable, d'une part, d'une complication de la greffe, la GvH (graft versus hôte) et d'autre part, d'effets bénéfiques, sur la prise du greffon et surtout d'une activité antitumorale, la GvL (graft versus leukemia).  1, record 28, French, - GvL

Record 28,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 29,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 29, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[Plasmids] generally account for only a small fraction of the total host cell DNA, they often carry vital genes, such as those that confer resistance to antibiotics. Because it is so much smaller, plasmid DNA can easily be separated from the DNA of the host cell and purified. For use as cloning vectors, such purified plasmid DNA molecules are cut once with a restriction nuclease and then annealed to the DNA fragment that is to be cloned. The hybrid plasmid DNA molecules produced are then reintroduced into bacteria that have been made transiently permeable to macromolecules. Only some of the treated cells will take up a plasmid. They can be selected by the antibiotic resistance conferred on them by the plasmid since they alone will grow in the presence of antibiotic. As these bacteria divide, the plasmid also replicates to produce an enormous number of copies of the original DNA fragment.  1, record 29, English, - plasmid%20DNA

Record 29,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 29, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La parenté entre les ADN de deux plasmides peut être mesurée par hybridation; il peut s'agir d'hybridation entre plasmides entiers ou entre fragments d'ADN plasmidique après coupure par une endonucléase de restriction. L'ADN non radioactif du premier plasmide est fixé soit entier, soit après fragmentation et séparation par électrophorèse, sur un filtre, et l'hybridation se fait avec l'ADN radioactif préparé avec l'autre plasmide. La mesure de la radioactivité fixée sur le filtre se fait soit par comptage de la radioactivité dans le cas des plasmides entiers, soit par autoradiographie pour les ADN fragmentés. Les plasmides appartenant au même groupe d'incompatibilité ont un très fort pourcentage d'homologie ADN-ADN.  2, record 29, French, - ADN%20plasmidique

Record 29,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 30,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 30, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The most important aspect of our cloning vectors is that they are based on the E. coli F-factor replicon. It allows for strict copy number control of the clones so that they are stably maintained at 1-2 copies per cell. The stability of the cloned DNA during propagation in E. coli host is substantially higher in lower-copy number vectors than in multi-copy counterparts.... The stabilizing effect of BAC and cosmid vectors is notable especially for certain genomic DNA that are normally unstable in high copy number vectors.  1, record 30, English, - bacterial%20artificial%20chromosome

Record 30,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 30, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Fragment d'ADN cloné dans une souche d'E. coli contenant le facteur F.  1, record 30, French, - chromosome%20artificiel%20bact%C3%A9rien

Record number: 30, Textual support number: 1 OBS

L'avantage [du facteur F] est sa grande efficacité de clonage, la stabilité de l'insert et la facilité de manipulation et de préparation de l'ADN cloné qui représente une source facile à produire.  3, record 30, French, - chromosome%20artificiel%20bact%C3%A9rien

Record 30,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 30, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Vector de clonación generado en el laboratorio que permite insertar segmentos largos de ADN [...] provenientes de otras especies en el genoma de bacterias.  1, record 30, Spanish, - cromosoma%20artificial%20bacteriano

Record 31,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 CONT

HIV-1 is an RNA-containing retrovirus that codes for a DNA intermediary that can integrate into the host genome and persist for the life of the cell.  2, record 31, English, - retrovirus

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 OBS

A second human retrovirus, genetically distinct from HTLV-I, termed HTLV-II, has been isolated from several patients with a syndrome resembling hairy cell leukemia.  2, record 31, English, - retrovirus

Record 31,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 CONT

HIV ou VIH, virus appartenant à la famille des rétrovirus, de la sous-famille des lentivirus. [...] Les rétrovirus ont pour caractéristique de transcrire l'ARN de leur génome en ADN [...] en ayant recours à une enzyme présente dans leur noyau, la transcriptase inverse.  2, record 31, French, - r%C3%A9trovirus

Record 31,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Virus de la familia Retroviridae cuyo genoma está constituido por ARN monocatenario que contiene cuatro genes.  2, record 31, Spanish, - retrovirus

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Este virus posee la cualidad de transformar su ARN en ADN para de esta manera transmitir su código genético a la célula infectada y lograr así que cuando la célula intente reproducirse, en realidad produzca retrovirus. En la naturaleza lo común es ver como el ADN se transforma en ARN, pero no al contrario, por eso este tipo de virus, por la cualidad de realizar este proceso al revés, se llama retrovirus. El proceso de transcripción genética lo efectúa una enzima viral llamada transcriptasa inversa.  3, record 31, Spanish, - retrovirus

Record 32,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 32, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Treated with these two genomes, the packaging cell produces a crop of retroviruses with : the envelope protein needed to infect the human target cells; an RNA copy of the human ADA [adenosine deaminase] gene, complete with R sequences at each end; reverse transcriptase, needed to make a DNA copy of the ADA gene that can be inserted into the DNA of the target cell and none of the genes(gag, pol, env) that would enable the virus to replicate in its new host.  3, record 32, English, - packaging%20cell

Record number: 32, Textual support number: 2 CONT

To create the retroviral vectors that are used in gene therapy, the life-cycles of their naturally occurring counterparts are exploited. The transgene (in this case, the gene for factor IX) in a vector backbone is put into a packaging cell, which expresses the genes that are required for viral integration.  4, record 32, English, - packaging%20cell

Record 32,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 32, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les différents modes de transfert sont : [...] Injection de cellules produisant le vecteur viral pour éviter son inactivation trop rapide par le complément. Ces cellules sont appelés cellules transcomplémentantes (ou cellules d'encapsidation).  3, record 32, French, - cellule%20d%27encapsidation

Record number: 32, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Il s'agit d'un type de cellules utilisées pour produire des virus non pathogènes en supprimant les gènes nécessaires à leur réplication et en les remplaçant par une séquence choisie et des éléments régulateurs.  4, record 32, French, - cellule%20d%27encapsidation

Record 32,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 33,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 33, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The adenovirus fiber protein, a homotrimeric molecule mediates viral attachment to host cell receptors.  1, record 33, English, - mediate

Record 33,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 33, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les récepteurs MT2 pourraient aussi médier l'activité de synchronisation de la mélatonine sur le noyau suprachiasmatique, l'horloge interne de l'organisme.  2, record 33, French, - m%C3%A9dier

Record number: 33, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Néologisme très répandu dans divers documents scientifiques de langue française provenant de sources fiables.  3, record 33, French, - m%C3%A9dier

Record 33,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 34,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 34, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Cell found in many tissues in the body which is derived from the blood monocyte and which has an important role in host defense mechanisms. It phagocytizes and kills many bacteria and is the site of infection for a number of intracellular parasites.  2, record 34, English, - macrophage

Record 34,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 34, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Phagocyte de grande dimension qui dérive des monocytes du sang, de cellules conjonctives ou endothéliales.  2, record 34, French, - macrophage

Record 34,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 34, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Tipo de glóbulo blanco que se encuentra en la sangre y otros tejidos del cuerpo.  2, record 34, Spanish, - macr%C3%B3fago

Record number: 34, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Los macrófagos devoran y destruyen sustancias ajenas al cuerpo, como las bacterias, por medio de la amplia gama de sustancias químicas que poseen. Eliminan asimismo las sustancias de deshecho y las células desgastadas del cuerpo.  2, record 34, Spanish, - macr%C3%B3fago

Record 35,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 35, Textual support number: 1 OBS

A replication cycle begins with the infection of a host cell and ends with the release of mature progeny virus particles.  2, record 35, English, - virus%20replication%20cycle

Record 35,  Textual support,  French

Record 35,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 36,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 36, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A virus that infects and replicates within the host cells of bacteria.  4, record 36, English, - bacteriophage%20lambda

Record number: 36, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Some viruses may remain dormant inside host cells for long periods, causing no obvious change in their host cells(a stage known as the lysogenic phase). But when a dormant virus is stimulated, it enters the lytic phase : new viruses are formed, [they] self-assemble, and burst out of the host cell, killing the cell and going on to infect other cells. The diagram below at right shows a virus that attacks bacteria, known as the lambda bacteriophage, which measures roughly 200 nanometers.  2, record 36, English, - bacteriophage%20lambda

Record 36,  Textual support,  French

Record 36,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 37,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 37, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The Habitat Holding Rack(HHR) is a host system that accommodates SSBRP [Space Station Biological Research Project] subrack payloads(that is, habitats) that house biological specimens(e. g. rodent, plant, insect, aquatic, egg, cell and tissue culture, etc.) in a low-acceleration environment on the International Space Station(ISS). The HHR provides the functional support services required by each subrack payload, including structural, mechanical, power, thermal conditioning, data, video, and command and control functions. The HHR also provides a passive vibration control system to protect the payloads from International Space Station(ISS) vibration.  2, record 37, English, - habitat%20holding%20rack

Record number: 37, Textual support number: 1 OBS

habitat holding rack; HHR: term and abbreviation officially approved by the International Space Station official approval Group (ISSOAG).  3, record 37, English, - habitat%20holding%20rack

Record 37,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 37, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le HHR [Habitat Holding Rack] fournit les supports d'expériences ayant trait à la science «du vivant», y compris l'énergie électrique, les transmissions de données et divers autres équipements scientifiques.  3, record 37, French, - b%C3%A2ti%20de%20recherche%20en%20sciences%20de%20la%20vie

Record number: 37, Textual support number: 1 OBS

bâti de recherche en sciences de la vie; HHR : terme et abréviation uniformisés par le Groupe de travail de la terminologie de la Station spatiale internationale (GTTSSI).  2, record 37, French, - b%C3%A2ti%20de%20recherche%20en%20sciences%20de%20la%20vie

Record 37,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 38,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 38, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A Rhizobium bacterium in a legume root nodule after it has undergone an increase in size(to about forty times its original size) and a change in shape to characteristic X-or Y-shaped cell. Bacteroids lose their capacity for autonomous growth and are dependent on the host. It is in this metamorphosed state that the bacteria carry out nitrogen fixation.  2, record 38, English, - bacteroid

Record number: 38, Textual support number: 1 OBS

[It is also] found ... in the body of certain insects.  3, record 38, English, - bacteroid

Record 38,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 38, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Cellule bactérienne modifiée ou cellule ressemblant à une bactérie.  2, record 38, French, - bact%C3%A9ro%C3%AFde

Record number: 38, Textual support number: 1 OBS

On retrouve ce microorganisme principalement dans les nodosités des racines des plantes et il a faculté de fixer l'azote atmosphérique.  3, record 38, French, - bact%C3%A9ro%C3%AFde

Record 38,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 39,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 39, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A cell or chamber excavated by certain bark beetles under the host bark, in which mating takes place.  1, record 39, English, - nuptial%20chamber

Record number: 39, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The building of nuptial chambers may also be accomplished by other similar types of insects.  2, record 39, English, - nuptial%20chamber

Record 39,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 39, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Petite cellule creusée sous l'écorce des arbres par certains insectes en vue de réaliser l'accouplement.  2, record 39, French, - chambre%20nuptiale

Record number: 39, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[...] un bostryche [...] est un insecte qui mange l'intérieur de l'arbre pour nourrir ses larves [...] La chambre nuptiale est creusée par les mâles. Leurs habitats sont sous l'écorce des arbres.  1, record 39, French, - chambre%20nuptiale

Record 39,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 40,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 40, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Both cyclases are activated by the host calmodulin. Their genes have been cloned and expressed in E. coli... using an original technique, using E. coli cells expressing one of the components of the activation system for the screening of a library of the pathogen's genome. Accordingly, this technique must be considered as the first example of the "double hybrid" technique : it has for example been used to clone the cDNA for calmodulin from human or mouse cell lines, by functional complementation of the B. pertussis adenylyl cyclase gene.  1, record 40, English, - double%20hybrid%20technique

Record 40,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 40, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Savoir où et quand un gène est transcrit en ARN et traduit en protéine constitue souvent un indice important pour déterminer sa fonction biologique. Certaines méthodes ont été mises au point chez la levure, les animaux et les végétaux, afin d'obtenir ces informations. Il est par exemple possible d'étudier en parallèle les quantités d'ARNm et de protéines produites à un instant donné. L'utilisation systématique et à grande échelle de la technique du double hybride qui permet chez la levure, l'étude des interactions protéine-protéine pourrait être adaptée aux végétaux dans le futur.  1, record 40, French, - technique%20du%20double%20hybride

Record number: 40, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Tiré du Technoscope.  2, record 40, French, - technique%20du%20double%20hybride

Record 40,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 41,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 41, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The second group, comprising the Orthomyxoviruses, Paramyxoviruses, Bunyaviruses, Arenaviruses and Rhabdoviruses all have(-) sense RNA genomes. The genomes of these viruses must serve two functions, firstly to serve as a template for transcription to generate(+) sense RNA and secondly as a template for replication. Upon entry into the host cell the(-) sense genome is transcribed to generate(+) sense monocistronic RNA that serves as mRNA for the production of viral proteins which initiate genome replication.  2, record 41, English, - monocistronic%20RNA%2E

Record 41,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 41, Textual support number: 1 DEF

ARN ne comportant qu'une seule information génétique.  1, record 41, French, - ARN%20monocistronique

Record 41,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 42,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 42, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Host cell to a virus in which replication of the viral genome is allowed to take place.  2, record 42, English, - permissive%20cell

Record 42,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 42, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Cellule qui appartient à l'espèce dont le virus est un hôte habituel.  2, record 42, French, - cellule%20permissive

Record 42,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 43,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 43, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The concept of immunologic surveillance was proposed as a paradigm by Burnet3 in 1970 to explain the spontaneous growth of cancer in a normal host. He proposed that the immune system had the capacity of detecting non-self from self as a general principle. When non-self was detected, the immune systems reacted with a variety of effectors, whose responsibility was to destroy the invading organisms. This understanding was found to be essentially correct when applied to invading organisms such as bacteria, pleuropneumonia-like organisms and viruses. The major cell type of the immune system whose responsibility it was to make the self-nonself determination were T cells.  2, record 43, English, - non%2Dself

Record 43,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 43, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La distinction entre les notions de soi et de non-soi se comprend aisément lorsque l'on considère un antigène dont le caractère "étranger" à l'organisme s'impose d'évidence. Une bactérie, un virus, une toxine de serpent sont, bien entendu, des antigènes étrangers au système immunitaire de l'homme ou de la souris. On notera toutefois qu'une substance n'a nullement besoin d'être pathogène pour stimuler le système immunitaire; il suffit qu'elle soit étrangère à l'organisme chez lequel elle pénètre.  2, record 43, French, - non%2Dsoi

Record number: 43, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Le soi est identifié de manière fonctionnelle comme les déterminants antigéniques potentiels d'un sujet qui ne sont pas reconnus efficacement par son système immunitaire. Le non-soi est l'état symétrique.  3, record 43, French, - non%2Dsoi

Record 43,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 44,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 44, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Life cycle of HIV begins when virus particles attack CD4 receptors on the cell membrane and are drawn into the interior of the cell. The viral core then partially disintegrates as reverse transcriptase produces DNA from the viral RNA. The viral DNA enters the nucleus, where it is integrated into host chromosomes. Host cell proteins bind to DNA, initiating transcription. Short RNA molecules leave the nucleus and make viral regulatory proteins. Later, medium-length and long RNAs have the nucleus and generate structural and enzymatic proteins. Viral proteases become active as RNA and viral proteins enter the budding new virus. Core and other components form after the virus has budded.  1, record 44, English, - life%20cycle%20of%20HIV

Record 44,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 44, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le cycle de vie du VIH commence lorsque des particules virales se lient à des récepteurs membranaires CD4 et pénètrent dans une cellule. La capside virale se désintègre alors partiellement, et la transcriptase inverse synthétise de l'ADN à partir de l'ARN viral. L'ADN viral entre dans le noyau où il est intégré aux chromosomes. Des protéines cellulaires se lient à l'ADN viral, déclenchant la transcription. De courtes molécules d'ARN quittent le noyau et sont traduites en protéines régulatrices du virus. Plus tard, des ARN de moyenne et de grande taille sont traduites en protéines structurales et en enzymes virales. La protéase virale est activée lorsque les protéines et l'ARN viraux s'assemblent et pénètrent dans un nouveau virion qui bourgeonne. Le noyau et d'autres constituants se forment après que le virus a bourgeonné.  1, record 44, French, - cycle%20de%20vie%20du%20VIH

Record 44,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 45,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 45, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The inability of two different plasmids to coexist in the same host cell. Groups of plasmids that are mutually incompatible are considered to belong to the same incompatibility class.  1, record 45, English, - plasmid%20incompatibility

Record 45,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 45, Textual support number: 1 DEF

En génie génétique, désigne l'impossibilité pour deux plasmides de coexister dans la même cellule hôte. Lorsque l'un des deux plasmides a vu l'entrée du deuxième, il l'exclue grâce à un mécanisme de régulation de l'initiation de la réplication qu'il a déjà mis en place.  2, record 45, French, - incompatibilit%C3%A9%20plasmidique

Record 45,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 46,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 46, Textual support number: 1 DEF

oncogenic virus : A virus that carries an oncogene which may be inserted into the genetic elements of an infected host cell or organism resulting in abnormal development.  2, record 46, English, - oncogenic%20retrovirus

Record 46,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 46, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les rétrovirus oncogènes (oncorétrovirus) sont associés à différents types de leucémies, de lymphomes, de sarcomes, d'épithéliomas, dans différentes espèces animales, et leur étude a mené à la découverte des oncogènes.  1, record 46, French, - r%C3%A9trovirus%20oncog%C3%A8ne

Record 46,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 47,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 47, Textual support number: 1 OBS

A virus disease of insects, may be of use in biological pest control.  3, record 47, English, - nuclear%20polyhedrosis

Record number: 47, Textual support number: 2 OBS

polyhedrosis: Insect disease of viral aetiology in which causal virions occur in intracellular polyhedral crystalline protein inclusion bodies-the polyhedra.  4, record 47, English, - nuclear%20polyhedrosis

Record number: 47, Textual support number: 3 OBS

The nuclear polyhedrosis viruses(NPV's) replicate only in the nucleus of the host cell; the virions are rod-shaped and contain DNA.  4, record 47, English, - nuclear%20polyhedrosis

Record 47,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 47, Textual support number: 1 OBS

polyédrose : maladie provoquée chez les insectes par certains virus.  3, record 47, French, - poly%C3%A9drie%20nucl%C3%A9aire

Record number: 47, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La polyédrose est ainsi nommée parce que le virus est contenu dans un «corps d'inclusion» polyédrique de nature protéinique, décelable au microscope optique. On distingue deux sortes de «maladies à polyèdres», dues à des virus très différents selon que la réplication a lieu dans le noyau (polyédrose nucléaire) ou dans le cytoplasme de la cellule hôte (polyédrose cytoplasmique).  3, record 47, French, - poly%C3%A9drie%20nucl%C3%A9aire

Record 47,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 48,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 48, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The circular route of IgA committed B cells from GALT(gut-associated lymphoid tissue) to the systemic circulation and back to the lamina propria is called the IgA cell cycle.... the regulation of the IgA cell cycle is intimately involved with host defense to dietary antigen and the well established phenomenon if immune tolerance.  1, record 48, English, - IgA%20cell%20cycle

Record 48,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 48, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les cellules à IgA parcourent un véritable cycle : les précurseurs abandonnent les plaques de Peyer par voie lymphatique, se différencient en cellules mûres à IgA dans les ganglions mésentériques, gagnent le canal thoracique, puis migrent de façon élective dans les ganglions intestinaux et à un moindre degré dans la rate.  1, record 48, French, - cycle%20des%20cellules%20%C3%A0%20IgA

Record 48,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 49,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 49, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Antigen present on a tumour cell surface that elicits an immune response, in a syngeneic animal or the tumor-bearing animal itself which leads to the rejection of the tumor but has no effect on the normal cells from which the tumour arose.  1, record 49, English, - tumor%20specific%20transplantation%20antigen

Record number: 49, Textual support number: 2 DEF

Any of the cell surface histocompatibility antigens of any given tumour that evoke a specific immune response on transplantation to a syngeneic host.  2, record 49, English, - tumor%20specific%20transplantation%20antigen

Record 49,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 49, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Antigènes de tumeur : [...] les TSTA qui sont des antigènes "TSA" susceptibles d'entraîner le rejet de la cellule qui les porte.  2, record 49, French, - antig%C3%A8ne%20TSTA

Record number: 49, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Antigènes de tumeurs induites par les virus oncogènes. [...] On distingue [...] les antigènes TSTA (Tumor Specific Transplantation Antigens), antigènes membranaires pouvant être à l'origine d'une IMC et donc d'un rejet (tout au moins en expérimentation animale). Ces antigènes cellulaires dépendent de la présence du virus, mais ne sont pas présents sur le virus lui-même [...]  3, record 49, French, - antig%C3%A8ne%20TSTA

Record 49,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 50,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 50, Textual support number: 1 CONT

On initial contact with antigen, the T cell undergoes clonal proliferation and differentiates into sensitized lymphocytes or committed T cells with various functions. Some cells become activated and are responsible for mediating cellular immunity or resulting in injury to host tissue(hypersensitivity reactions). Others become T memory cells, thereby increasing the number of cells with the ability to react to specific antigen. Still others become helper or suppressor cells, regulating B cell production of antibody...  1, record 50, English, - activated

Record 50,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 50, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Lors du contact antigénique initial, la cellule T subit une prolifération clonale et se différencie en lymphocytes sensibilisés ou cellules T compétentes douées de fonctions diverses. Certaines cellules deviennent activées et sont responsables de la médiation de l'immunité cellulaire ou entraînent des lésions des tissus de l'hôte (réaction d'hypersensibilité). D'autres deviennent des cellules helper ou des cellules suppressives, régulant la production d'anticorps par les cellules B (...)  1, record 50, French, - activ%C3%A9

Record 50,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 51,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 51, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The essential ingredients of a recombinant DNA experiment are : 1. A DNA vehicle(vector, replicon) which can replicate in living cells after foreign DNA is inserted into it. 2. A DNA molecule to be replicated(passenger), or a collection of them. 3. A method of joining the passenger to the vehicle. 4. A means of introducing the joined DNA molecule into a host organism in which it can replicate(DNA transformation or transfection). 5. A means of screening or genetic selection for those cells that have replicated the desired recombinant molecule. This is necessary since transformation and transfection methods are inefficient, so that most members of the host cell population have no recombinant DNA replicating in them. This selection or screening for desired recombinants provides a route to recovery of the recombinant DNA of interest in pure form.  1, record 51, English, - DNA%20transformation

Record 51,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 51, Textual support number: 1 CONT

En créant expérimentalement des mutations par des rayons UV p. ex., on observe que le spectre d'action des longueurs d'ondes recouvre celui de l'ADN. Les transformations de l'ADN qui provoquent des mutations donnent des renseignements intéressants (sur] l'ordre linéaire des gènes des chromosomes.  1, record 51, French, - transformation%20de%20l%27ADN

Record 51,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 52,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 52, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Any cell present in an inflammatory lesion as part of the host response.  1, record 52, English, - inflammatory%20cell

Record 52,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 52, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le traitement de l'hypofertilité masculine par FIV parait désormais possible avec des taux de succès inférieurs à ceux des infertilités tubaires. Quand 1 à 3 embryons sont replacés, 45% à 26% de grossesses ont été obtenues selon l'intégrité de la fonction de reproduction féminine. Les facteurs défavorables au succès de la FIV paraissent être la présence de cellules inflammatoires dans le sperme et une asthénospermie marquée. La technique de préparation du sperme parait déterminante  1, record 52, French, - cellule%20inflammatoire

Record number: 52, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Cet exemple a été tiré de la base de données PASCAL.  1, record 52, French, - cellule%20inflammatoire

Record 52,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 53,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 53, Textual support number: 1 OBS

most bacterial viruses [have] a hollow tail with specialized fibrils at its tip(...) The tail fibers attach to the cell wall of the host  1, record 53, English, - fibril

Record 53,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 53, Textual support number: 1 OBS

la queue (...) se termine par une plaque portant des épines et des fibres caudales.  1, record 53, French, - fibre%20caudale

Record 53,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 54,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 54, Textual support number: 1 OBS

moreover, not all viral chromosomes formed in the host cell become embodied into viral progeny.  1, record 54, English, - become%20embodied

Record 54,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 54, Textual support number: 1 OBS

leur ADN a surtout la propriété de s'intégrer dans le chromosome bactérien.  1, record 54, French, - s%27int%C3%A9grer

Record 54,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 55,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 55, Textual support number: 1 OBS

the--mutants [are] so named because their mutation either allows them to grow on a new host cell that they were not able to grow on before or prevents them from growing on their usual host.  1, record 55, English, - host%20range

Record 55,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 55, Textual support number: 1 OBS

la souche sauvage du phage T2 peut lyser certaines bactéries (...) et ne peut lyser certaines autres. (...) On peut [ donc sélectionner des mutants ] et obtenir des phages T2 ayant un -- de plus en plus étendu.  1, record 55, French, - spectre%20d%27activit%C3%A9

Record 55,  Textual support,  Spanish