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Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[The] mechanism by which the concentration of ice particles in clouds may increase without the action of ice nuclei...  2, record 1, English, - ice%20multiplication

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 OBS

[The] fragmentation of ice crystals or ... splintering of an ice shell during the process of water-droplet freezing [are examples of ice multiplication].  2, record 1, English, - ice%20multiplication

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Mécanisme par lequel la concentration des particules de glace dans les nuages peut augmenter sans l'action de noyaux glacigènes [...]  1, record 1, French, - multiplication%20de%20la%20glace

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 OBS

[...] par exemple, par fragmentation des cristaux de glace ou par éclatement de la couche extérieure de glace lors de la congélation de gouttelettes d'eau.  1, record 1, French, - multiplication%20de%20la%20glace

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Mecanismo por el cual puede aumentar la concentración de partículas de hielo en las nubes sin la acción de núcleos glaciógenos [...]  1, record 1, Spanish, - multiplicaci%C3%B3n%20del%20hielo

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 OBS

[...] por ejemplo, por fragmentación cristales de hielo o por estallido de la cubierta de hielo durante el proceso de congelación de las gotitas de agua.  1, record 1, Spanish, - multiplicaci%C3%B3n%20del%20hielo

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Two pathways to glaciogenic cloud seeding were developed. Static seeding aims at using modest or "optimal" amount of seeds with the target of forming ice (or snow) crystals that collect supercooled droplets in a process called riming, which leads to formation of graupels and their precipitation. The dynamic seeding aims at rapid glaciation of the whole cloud by using large amounts of seeds.  2, record 2, English, - dynamic%20cloud%20seeding

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Glaciogenic cloud seeding is usually done by dispersing efficient ice nuclei, such as silver iodide particles or dry ice(solid carbon dioxide) into the cloud, causing heterogeneous ice nucleation.  2, record 2, English, - dynamic%20cloud%20seeding

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le principe de l'ensemencement dynamique consiste essentiellement à provoquer une glaciation rapide des nuages surfondus en y introduisant des quantités suffisantes de noyaux glaçogènes ou réfrigérant. La libération de chaleur latente dont s'accompagne le gel des gouttes surfondues et/ou la croissance des cristaux de glace due au dépôt de vapeur augmente la poussée hydrostatique dans le nuage. En présence de conditions favorables, ceci entraîne l'épaississement et le gonflement du nuage, renforce le transport vertical d'eau à l'intérieur de celui-ci, et peut augmenter les quantités de précipitations reçues au sol.  1, record 2, French, - ensemencement%20dynamique

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

There are a number of mechanisms of ice nucleation in the atmosphere through which ice nuclei can catalyse the formation of ice particles.  1, record 3, English, - ice%20nucleation

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Certains aérosols facilitent la nucléation de la glace en raison de leur structure moléculaire souvent semblable à celle de la glace. On appelle ces aérosols les noyaux glaçogènes.  1, record 3, French, - nucl%C3%A9ation%20de%20la%20glace

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A process by which a perturbation to aerosol affects the microphysical properties and evolution of clouds through the aerosol role as cloud condensation nuclei or ice nuclei, particularly in ways that affect radiation or precipitation...  1, record 4, English, - aerosol%2Dcloud%20interaction

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

… such processes can also include the effect of clouds and precipitation on aerosol. The aerosol perturbation can be anthropogenic or come from some natural source.  1, record 4, English, - aerosol%2Dcloud%20interaction

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Processus par lequel une perturbation des aérosols influe sur les propriétés microphysiques et sur le développement des nuages, les aérosols servant de noyaux de condensation des nuages ou de noyaux glaciogènes, en particulier par un effet sur le rayonnement et les précipitations [...]  2, record 4, French, - interaction%20a%C3%A9rosols%2Dnuages

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les aérosols anthropiques sont responsables d'un forçage radiatif du climat par des processus multiples qui peuvent être classés en deux catégories : les interactions aérosols–rayonnement (iar) et les interactions aérosols-nuages (ian).  1, record 4, French, - interaction%20a%C3%A9rosols%2Dnuages

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

[...] cela peut comprendre aussi l'effet des nuages et des précipitations sur les aérosols.  2, record 4, French, - interaction%20a%C3%A9rosols%2Dnuages

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[A] nucleus which sets up the formation of ice crystals in the atmosphere ...  7, record 5, English, - ice%20nucleus

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

An ice nucleus may be either a freezing nucleus or a sublimation nucleus. Recent studies of ice nucleation strongly indicate that natural ice nuclei, whatever their exact physicochemical nature, are freezing nuclei rather than sublimation nuclei.  8, record 5, English, - ice%20nucleus

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

ice nucleus; ice-forming nucleus; ice-producing nucleus : The plural form of "nucleus" is "nuclei. "  9, record 5, English, - ice%20nucleus

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Noyau donnant naissance à de la glace [...]  4, record 5, French, - noyau%20gla%C3%A7og%C3%A8ne

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[...] certains aérosols, appelés «noyaux glacigènes», peuvent provoquer la nucléation de gouttelettes à des températures de l'ordre de -4 °C; plus la température est basse, plus ils sont actifs, et c'est ainsi qu'à -20 °C, près de 90 % des gouttelettes ont été nucléées en glace.  5, record 5, French, - noyau%20gla%C3%A7og%C3%A8ne

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Núcleo que ocasiona la formación de cristales de hielo.  2, record 5, Spanish, - n%C3%BAcleo%20glaci%C3%B3geno

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Instrument to determine the number of condensation nuclei or ice nuclei in a sample of air.  3, record 6, English, - nucleus%20counter

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 2 DEF

...dust counter which measures the number of drops of water which condense on the dust particles serving as condensation nuclei.  4, record 6, English, - nucleus%20counter

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Type de pulvimètre dans lequel les poussières sont amenées à servir de noyaux de condensation et dans lequel on compte les gouttelettes d'eau condensée.  2, record 6, French, - compteur%20de%20noyaux

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Certains auteurs confondent le pulvimètre et le compteur de noyaux. Ce dernier compte les poussières qui servent de noyaux de condensation.  3, record 6, French, - compteur%20de%20noyaux

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

... un tipo de contador de polvo en que las partículas de polvo actúan como núcleos de condensación, contando luego las gotas de agua producidas.  1, record 6, Spanish, - contador%20de%20n%C3%BAcleos

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Substance used to provide condensation nuclei within a cloud(e. g., silver iodide, dry ice and other chemical hygroscopic particles) and dispersed from the ground, from an airplane or from a rocket.  1, record 7, English, - seeding%20agent

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Substance utilisée pour fournir des noyaux de condensation dans un nuage (p. ex. iodure d'argent, neige carbonique et autres particules chimiques hygroscopiques) et dispersée à partir du sol, d'un avion ou d'une fusée.  1, record 7, French, - agent%20d%27ensemencement

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Sustancia utilizada para producir núcleos de condensación en una nube (por ejemplo, yoduro de plata, nieve carbónica y otras partículas químicas higroscópicas), dispersada a partir del suelo, de una aeronave o de un cohete.  1, record 7, Spanish, - agente%20de%20siembra

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The temperature at which a liquid solidifies under the influence of a particular set of conditions.  3, record 8, English, - freezing%20point

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

It may or may not be the same as the melting point or the more rigidly defined true freezing point or(for water) ice point. It is not an "equilibrium" property of a substance; it applies to the liquid phase only. The freezing point is somewhat dependent upon : the "purity" of the liquid; the volume and shape of the liquid mass; the availability of freezing nuclei; and the pressure acting upon the liquid.  2, record 8, English, - freezing%20point

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Température de solidification d'un liquide dans des conditions données.  5, record 8, French, - point%20de%20cong%C3%A9lation

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Ne pas confondre avec le point de gelée blanche et le point de glace.  6, record 8, French, - point%20de%20cong%C3%A9lation

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Temperatura de solidificación de un líquido en condiciones determinadas.  3, record 8, Spanish, - temperatura%20de%20congelaci%C3%B3n

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Construir un diagrama eutéctico simple en un equilibrio sólido-liquido. Efectuar el análisis térmico de las curvas de enfriamiento y los sistemas eutécticos simples. Construir los diagramas de temperatura de congelación en formación de compuesto. Graficar diagramas de soluciones sólidas y determinar su elevación de su temperatura de solidificación.  4, record 8, Spanish, - temperatura%20de%20congelaci%C3%B3n

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Esta información es importante porque un material congelado puede reventar el recipiente donde está contenido o los peligros pueden cambiar.  5, record 8, Spanish, - temperatura%20de%20congelaci%C3%B3n

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF

In meteorology, the condition existing in a given portion of the atmosphere (or other space) when the relative humidity is greater than 100 per cent, that is, when it contains more water vapor than is needed to produce saturation with respect to a plane surface of pure water or pure ice.  2, record 9, English, - supersaturation

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Such supersaturation does develop because frequently there is no "plane surface of pure water(or ice) "available. In the absence of water surfaces and in the absence of condensation nuclei or any wettable surfaces, phase change from vapor to liquid cannot occur due to the free energy barrier imposed by the surface free energy of the embryonic droplets which would then have to form by spontaneous nucleation... Cloud condensation occurs in our atmosphere at relative humidities near 100 per cent only because nature provides an abundance of condensation nuclei.  2, record 9, English, - supersaturation

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 2 OBS

A most air sample is said to be supersaturated with respect to water or to ice.  3, record 9, English, - supersaturation

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Formation des nuages. - La condensation se produit théoriquement quand l'air qui se refroidit atteint le point de condensation mais si l'air est très pur, il peut contenir une quantité de vapeur d'eau supérieure à la saturation sans que la phase liquide apparaisse. On parle alors de sursaturation.  2, record 9, French, - sursaturation

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Il faut préciser s'il s'agit d'une sursaturation par rapport à la glace ou par rapport à l'eau.  3, record 9, French, - sursaturation

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Le terme «sursaturation» a aussi un autre sens en chimie physique.  3, record 9, French, - sursaturation

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Estado del aire que contiene más vapor del que corresponde, como máximo, a su temperatura y presión.  1, record 9, Spanish, - sobresaturaci%C3%B3n

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Precipitation processes are complex.... Snow crystals begin as minute ice particles which have formed around condensation nuclei in the atmosphere. These nuclei may be dust particles with favorable molecular structure or even minute crystals of sea salt. If these ice particles exist in an atmosphere with an excess supply of water vapor(supersaturated air) they will continue to grow. Upon reaching a critical size, they begin to fall. Depending on the conditions they encounter in different layers of air during their descent, they may continue to grow, may stop growing, or may experience a succession of growth patterns. What arrives at the ground can be a simple product of the initial ice crystal formation, or it may be the result of a complex life history.  2, record 10, English, - ice%20particle

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La naissance de «germes de glace» à partir de microgouttelettes d'eau surfondue cristallisant autour d'un noyau de congélation, et la croissance de ces germes en un cristal du système hexagonal (symétrie d'ordre six) conduisent à la formation de la neige au sein des nuages.  3, record 10, French, - germe%20de%20glace

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Les cristaux de neige prennent naissance dans les nuages. Les gouttes d'eau en surfusion rencontrent des germes de glace (particules de poussières ou gouttes gelées) pour ainsi donner les cristaux de glace.  4, record 10, French, - germe%20de%20glace

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 3 CONT

nuage : ensemble visible de minuscules particules d'eau liquide ou de glace, ou des deux à la fois, en suspension dans l'atmosphère.  2, record 10, French, - germe%20de%20glace

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Nucleus on which the freezing of water occurs.  2, record 11, English, - freezing%20nucleus

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Freezing nuclei are thus special forms of ice nuclei which nucleate the liquid phase, while the other type, sublimation nuclei, nucleate the vapor phase in starting the growth of an ice crystal.  3, record 11, English, - freezing%20nucleus

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Noyau sur lequel s'opère la congélation de l'eau.  2, record 11, French, - noyau%20de%20cong%C3%A9lation

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Núcleo sobre el que se produce la congelación del agua.  1, record 11, Spanish, - n%C3%BAcleo%20de%20congelaci%C3%B3n

Record 12,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Such nuclei are much less common than condensation nuclei. Measurement indicates that their size distribution is of the order 0. 1 to several micrometres and that they are composed of volcanic dust and clay and other soil particles of crystalline structure similar to that of ice.  1, record 12, English, - soil%20particle

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Although the term "dust" more specifically means: a particle larger than one micron in size, commonly it is considered a synonym of the word "particle".  3, record 12, English, - soil%20particle

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les poussière sédimentables sont recueillies à l'aide d'appareils simples, généralement placés sur des supports à une certaine hauteur du sol de façon à éviter que les poussières du sol, soulevées par les vents, ne viennent également s'y déposer.  1, record 12, French, - poussi%C3%A8re%20du%20sol

Record 12,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 13,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 CONT

There is still another effect of volcanic dust which may be just as important as its direct screening of solar radiation, and that is its ability to serve as nuclei for ice-crystal formation in the atmosphere. Schaefer has studied the nucleating efficiency of volcanic-ash particles in serving as nuclei for the formation of ice crystals.  1, record 13, English, - volcanic%20ash%20particle

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Ces noyaux de condensation comprennent d'une part des [noyaux neutres] - poussières d'origines diverses, cendres volcaniques, débris végétaux (pollens), petites particules hygroscopiques de sel marin... - qui sont surtout abondants dans les deux ou trois premiers kilomètres de l'atmosphère, et d'autre part des particules électrisées, les ions, présents partout.  1, record 13, French, - poussi%C3%A8re%20de%20cendres%20volcaniques

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Les termes «poussières» et «particule» sont généralement synonymes.  2, record 13, French, - poussi%C3%A8re%20de%20cendres%20volcaniques

Record 13,  Textual support,  Spanish