TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

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Immune checkpoints are a normal part of the immune system. Their role is to prevent an immune response from being so strong that it destroys healthy cells in the body. Immune checkpoints engage when proteins on the surface of immune cells called T cells recognize and bind to partner proteins on other cells, such as some tumor cells. These proteins are called immune checkpoint proteins. When the checkpoint and partner proteins bind together, they send an "off" signal to the T cells. This can prevent the immune system from destroying the cancer. Immunotherapy drugs called immune checkpoint inhibitors work by blocking checkpoint proteins from binding with their partner proteins. This prevents the "off" signal from being sent, allowing the T cells to kill cancer cells.  3, record 1, English, - immune%20checkpoint%20inhibitor

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Monoclonal antibodies(mAbs) are... available as immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs). These ICIs target specific immune checkpoints, including cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4(CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein 1(PD-1).  4, record 1, English, - immune%20checkpoint%20inhibitor

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

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Les inhibiteurs de points de contrôle sont des anticorps monoclonaux dirigés contre les signaux inhibiteurs de la réponse immunitaire que les cellules anticancéreuses mettent en place, en particulier en inactivant les lymphocytes T.  3, record 1, French, - inhibiteur%20de%20point%20de%20contr%C3%B4le%20immunitaire

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Record 2,  Textual support,  English

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Damage-associated molecular patterns(DAMPs) are conserved molecular motifs that result from cell death or tissue injury... They serve as important mediators linking sterile inflammation to end-organ damage and life-threatening disease through the modulation of the innate immune response.  2, record 2, English, - damage%2Dassociated%20molecular%20pattern

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Record 3,  Textual support,  English

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Alarmins are molecules released from a damaged or diseased cell that upon release can stimulate a sterile immune or inflammatory response... Alarmins are sometimes referred to as "endokines" to indicate that "endo"genous intracellular molecules acquire cyto"kine"-like functions once release into the extracellular space.  3, record 3, English, - alarmin

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

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Les alarmines sont des molécules endogènes à rôles homéostatiques étudiées au cours de récents programmes de recherche sur l'arthrite inflammatoire [...] La raison principale de cet intérêt repose sur leur capacité à alerter le système immunitaire après [des] lésions tissulaires et [la] libération active ou passive de ces molécules par les cellules endommagées.  1, record 3, French, - alarmine

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

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[Las alarminas son un] grupo estructuralmente diverso de moléculas endógenas que son multifuncionales, que tienen funciones fisiológicas dentro de la célula, pero cuando se liberan de células muertas o de células sometidas a estrés o ciertas células inmunitarias, funcionan para activar la inmunidad innata.  1, record 3, Spanish, - alarmina

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

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The U. S. [United States] Pharmacopoeia(USP) has three general specifications for water quality that are applicable to medical and pharmaceutical uses, namely ’USP Water for Injection’(WFI), ’USP Purified Water’(PW) and ’Drinking Water. ’… WFI requires the removal of a subgroup of endotoxins that are lipopolysaccharides(material that makes up the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria and can cause an immune system response and fever termed "pyrogens"). … Thus, pyrogen-free water is a critical aspect of parenteral drug manufacturing.  1, record 4, English, - pyrogen%2Dfree%20water

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

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Eau exempte de substances pyrogènes.  2, record 4, French, - eau%20apyrog%C3%A8ne

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L'eau stérile est une eau où il y a absence totale de germes. L'eau apyrogène est une eau qui ne provoque pas de fièvre après injection.  1, record 4, French, - eau%20apyrog%C3%A8ne

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pyrogène : qui engendre de la fièvre.  3, record 4, French, - eau%20apyrog%C3%A8ne

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

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Técnicas de purificación. [...] Ultrafiltración: retiene coloides, microorganismos y pirógenos, se utiliza habitualmente para la obtención de agua apirógena y libre de nucleasas.  2, record 4, Spanish, - agua%20apir%C3%B3gena

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

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After the mRNA [messenger ribonucleic acid] vaccine is administered, the body of the vaccinated person produces antigens by translating the administered mRNA. The antigens then stimulate the immune response. Since the vaccine does not contain the whole virus, it does not cause infection. Furthermore, the vaccine's mRNA does not enter the nucleus of the cell.  3, record 5, English, - messenger%20ribonucleic%20acid%20vaccine

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Most RNA [ribonucleic acid] vaccines developed to prevent COVID-19 are mRNA [messenger ribonucleic acid] vaccines.  3, record 5, English, - messenger%20ribonucleic%20acid%20vaccine

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

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Après l'administration du vaccin à ARNm [acide ribonucléique messager], le corps de la personne vaccinée produit des antigènes en traduisant l'ARNm administré. Les antigènes stimulent ensuite la réponse immunitaire. Étant donné que le vaccin ne contient pas le virus entier, il ne cause pas d'infection. En outre, l'ARNm du vaccin ne pénètre pas dans le noyau des cellules.  6, record 5, French, - vaccin%20%C3%A0%20acide%20ribonucl%C3%A9ique%20messager

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La majorité des vaccins à ARN [acide ribonucléique] élaborés pour prévenir la COVID-19 sont des vaccins à ARNm [acide ribonucléique messager].  6, record 5, French, - vaccin%20%C3%A0%20acide%20ribonucl%C3%A9ique%20messager

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

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Vacunas de ácido ribonucleico mensajero (ARNm): Son un nuevo tipo de vacunas que protegen contra enfermedades infecciosas. Enseñan a las células del cuerpo a producir una proteína, o incluso una porción de ella, que hace que inicie una respuesta inmunitaria. [...] Las vacunas de ARNm proporcionan "instrucciones" para que las células humanas produzcan la proteína que se encuentra en la superficie del virus que causa la COVID-19.  1, record 5, Spanish, - vacuna%20de%20%C3%A1cido%20ribonucl%C3%A9ico%20mensajero

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

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A hormone-like protein, secreted by many different cell types, that regulates the intensity and duration of immune responses and is involved in cell-to-cell communication.  2, record 6, English, - cytokine

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

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Protéine hormonoïde, sécrétée par différents types de cellules, qui régule l'intensité et la durée des réponses immunitaires et qui intervient dans la communication intercellulaire.  2, record 6, French, - cytokine

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

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Proteína segregada por las células con la función de regular los procesos celulares.  3, record 6, Spanish, - citocina

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citocina: no confundir con "citosina" que es una base nitrogenada de los ácidos nucleicos.  4, record 6, Spanish, - citocina

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

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A DNA vaccine is a substance that is composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and encodes antigens. After administration of the DNA, antigens are produced and stimulate an immune response.  5, record 7, English, - deoxyribonucleic%20acid%20vaccine

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After the DNA [deoxyribonucleic acid] vaccine is administered, the DNA contained in the vaccine is transcribed into RNA [ribonucleic acid] in a cell without entering the nucleus. The RNA is then translated to produce antigens that will stimulate the immune response. Since the vaccine does not contain the whole virus, it does not cause infection.  6, record 7, English, - deoxyribonucleic%20acid%20vaccine

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

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Après l'administration du vaccin à ADN [acide désoxyribonucléique], l'ADN contenu dans le vaccin est transcrit en ARN [acide ribonucléique] dans une cellule sans pénétrer dans le noyau. L'ARN est ensuite traduit pour produire des antigènes qui stimuleront la réponse immunitaire. Étant donné que le vaccin ne contient pas le virus entier, il ne cause pas d'infection.  5, record 7, French, - vaccin%20%C3%A0%20acide%20d%C3%A9soxyribonucl%C3%A9ique

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Record 8,  Textual support,  English

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Langerhans cell histiocytosis is a disorder in which excess immune system cells called Langerhans cells build up in the body.... In Langerhans cell histiocytosis, excess immature Langerhans cells usually form tumors called granulomas.  6, record 8, English, - Langerhans%20cell%20histiocytosis

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[Some] researchers ... consider Langerhans cell histiocytosis to be a form of cancer, but this classification remains controversial.  6, record 8, English, - Langerhans%20cell%20histiocytosis

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

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[Maladie qui consiste en la prolifération] des cellules de Langerhans [et qui peut] toucher un ou plusieurs organes, notamment la peau, les muqueuses, [...] l'os, le poumon et le système nerveux central.  5, record 8, French, - histiocytose%20langerhansienne

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L'agressivité de la prolifération des cellules de Langerhans est variable.  6, record 8, French, - histiocytose%20langerhansienne

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Record 9,  Textual support,  English

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A new type of immune system cell now comes to light in mice : the interferon-producing killer dendritic cell(IKDC). This cell shares many features with dendritic cells and with natural killer cells. It has cytotoxic and antitumor activity, produces interferons and develops antigen presentation capacity...  3, record 9, English, - interferon%2Dproducing%20killer%20dendritic%20cell

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

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Cellule dendritique qui, par l’intermédiaire de l’interféron gamma qu’elle produit en présence de cellules cancéreuses, s’attaque aux tumeurs en bloquant leur irrigation sanguine, puis en développant à leur encontre une activité cytotoxique et une activité présentatrice d’antigènes.  1, record 9, French, - cellule%20dendritique%20tueuse

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cellule dendritique tueuse; CDT : terme, abréviation et définition publiés au Journal officiel de la République française le 1er octobre 2016.  3, record 9, French, - cellule%20dendritique%20tueuse

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Record 10,  Textual support,  English

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T cell that directs other immune cells to perform special functions.  4, record 10, English, - regulatory%20T%20lymphocyte

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Record 11,  Textual support,  English

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In vivo ..., tumors seem to have evolved multiple means to evade ... immune effector cells, a paradigm known as "immunologic escape." Tumors can engineer such immune escape via a wide range of mechanisms, and the ability to interfere with numbers of antitumor immune cells and/or to subvert their function is considered to be a principal reason underlying the failure of the host to ultimately control tumor progression.  2, record 11, English, - antitumor%20immune%20cell

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

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Le manque d'oxygène dans une tumeur incite parfois des cellules malignes et même normales à sécréter des protéines qui suppriment l'activité des cellules immunitaires antitumorales.  2, record 11, French, - cellule%20immunitaire%20antitumorale

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Record 12,  Textual support,  English

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Antithymocyte globulin(ATG) is a concentrated anti-human T-lymphocyte immunoglobulin preparation derived from rabbits after immunization with a T-lymphoblast cell line. ATG is an immunosuppressive product for the prevention and treatment of acute rejection following organ transplantation. ATG reduces the host immune response against tissue transplants or organ allografts.  4, record 12, English, - antithymocyte%20globulin

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Immunosuppressive therapy with antithymocyte globulin (ATG) plus cyclosporine is an effective alternative to stem-cell transplantation and improves blood counts and survival. Although horse ATG is the standard therapy, rabbit ATG is more potent in depleting peripheral-blood lymphocytes and is preferred in other clinical circumstances.  5, record 12, English, - antithymocyte%20globulin

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Record 13,  Textual support,  English

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[A] cytotoxic cell involved in antibody-dependent cell-mediated immune responses[, that uses Fc] receptors [to recognize] IgG [immunoglobulin G] molecules [to] lyse or damage IgG-coated target cells without mediation of complement.  4, record 13, English, - killer%20cell

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Kinds of null cells are killer cells and natural killer cells.  5, record 13, English, - killer%20cell

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

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La cellule K [...] se lie [aux anticorps] par l'intermédiaire de récepteurs Fc (ou récepteurs pour le fragment Fc des IgG [immunoglobulines G]). [Son] action destructrice est directe et ne nécessite pas l'intervention du complément.  5, record 13, French, - cellule%20tueuse

Record 13,  Textual support,  Spanish

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Linfocito que se desarrolla en la médula ósea representando una pequeña porción de la población de linfocitos y carece de los marcadores de superficie de los linfocitos B y T. Estimulada por la presencia de un antígeno, la célula nula ataca directamente, sin que tenga que mediar otro mecanismo, por lo que se les llama asesinas naturales.  1, record 13, Spanish, - c%C3%A9lula%20nula

Record 14,  Textual support,  English

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The clonal selection theory is based on the proposition that during development each lymphocyte becomes committed to react with a particular antigen before ever being exposed to it. A cell expresses this commitment in the form of surface receptor proteins that specifically fit the antigen. The binding of antigen to the receptors activates the cell, causing it both to multiply and mature. Thus a foreign antigen selectively stimulates those cells that bear complementary antigen-specific receptors and are thus already committed to respond to it. This is what makes immune responses antigen-specific. The term "clonal" in clonal selection derives from the postulate that the immune system is composed of millions of different families, or clones, of cells, each consisting of T or B lymphocytes descended from a common ancestor. Since each ancestral cell is already committed to make one particular antigen-specific receptor protein, all cells in a clone have the same antigen specificity.  1, record 14, English, - clonal%20selection

Record 14,  Textual support,  French

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Selon la théorie de la sélection clonale, les lymphocytes [sont] groupés en clones, un clone étant un ensemble de cellules identiques, descendantes d'une même cellule initiale, et exprimant les mêmes potentialités génétiques. Ainsi, chaque clone de lymphocyte B comporte-t-il un ensemble de cellules identiques, chacune synthétisant une espèce d'immunoglobuline, et une seule. Ce clone est sélectivement stimulé par l'antigène reconnu spécifiquement par l'immunoglobuline qu'il exprime.  1, record 14, French, - s%C3%A9lection%20clonale

Record 14,  Textual support,  Spanish

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Producción de una población de células plasmáticas productoras de un mismo anticuerpo en respuesta a la interacción entre un linfocito B que produce el anticuerpo específico y el antígeno fijado por dicho anticuerpo.  2, record 14, Spanish, - selecci%C3%B3n%20clonal

Record 15,  Textual support,  English

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This is the part of the MHC(major histocompatibility complex) molecule which binds to the antigen. It determines the orientation of the antigen and so which part will be presented to the T cell(derivation : determinant selection). Allotypically different class 2 molecules with different desetopes would vary in the way they associate with antigen and thus in how they stimulate T cells. In this way they could determine immune response(Ir genes).  2, record 15, English, - desetope

Record 15,  Textual support,  French

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Partie de la molécule du CMH associée à l'antigène ou à l'antigène digéré.  2, record 15, French, - d%C3%A9s%C3%A9tope

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Déterminant de l'histotope.  3, record 15, French, - d%C3%A9s%C3%A9tope

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Record 16,  Textual support,  English

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Any of several related cells of the immune system, which variously retain memory of foreign proteins that have been encountered, communicate this information to other cells, synthesize antibodies against these proteins, or actively destroy infected, invading, or damaged cells.  2, record 16, English, - immunocyte

Record 16,  Textual support,  French

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Cellule apte à participer aux réactions immunitaires, i.e. capable de répondre à un stimulus antigénique par une production d'anticorps.  3, record 16, French, - immunocyte

Record 16,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 17,  Textual support,  English

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People are often surprised, even alarmed, to learn that many of their cells crawl around inside them. Yet cell crawling is essential to our survival. Without it, our wounds would not heal; blood would not clot to seal off cuts; the immune system could not fight infections.  1, record 17, English, - cell%20crawling

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 PHR

To inhibit cell crawling.  2, record 17, English, - cell%20crawling

Record 17,  Textual support,  French

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Savez-vous que la plupart de vos cellules se déplacent dans votre corps? La mobilité cellulaire est essentielle pour votre survie : sans elle, le sang ne coagulerait pas, les blessures ne cicatriseraient pas et le système immunitaire ne vaincrait pas les infections. [...] la mobilité cellulaire contribue également au développement de maladies telles que des inflammations destructrices, la formation de plaques d'athérosclérose dans les vaisseaux sanguins ou le cancer.  1, record 17, French, - mobilit%C3%A9%20cellulaire

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 PHR

Limiter la mobilité cellulaire.  2, record 17, French, - mobilit%C3%A9%20cellulaire

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Record 18,  Textual support,  English

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A cell surface molecules on cell of the immune system that specifically binds surface molecules or messenger molecules and trigger changes in the behavior of cells.  1, record 18, English, - immunological%20receptor

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Cells of the immune system expres s a wide variety of receptors, defined as immunoreceptors. These receptors are involved in antigen recognition, B and T lymphocytes express clonally distributed receptors which recognize soluble antigen for the B cell receptor(BcR) or peptide associated to major histocompatibility complex(MHC) molecules for the T cell receptor(TcR).  3, record 18, English, - immunological%20receptor

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Although these receptors were first identified in the immune system, many have important functions elsewhere.  1, record 18, English, - immunological%20receptor

Record 18,  Textual support,  French

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Récepteur spécifique exprimé par les cellules immunocompétentes.  3, record 18, French, - r%C3%A9cepteur%20immunologique

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Signalisation et transport cellulaire des immunorécepteurs. Des récepteurs spécifiques exprimés par les cellules immunocompétentes reconnaissent les antigènes: l'immunoglobuline membranaire exprimée par les lymphocytes B (BcR) les reconnaît sous forme soluble; le récepteur de l'antigène des lymphocytes T (TcR) reconnaît le complexe peptide antigénique-CMH exprimé à la surface des cellules présentatrices.  2, record 18, French, - r%C3%A9cepteur%20immunologique

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Record 19,  Textual support,  English

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A glycoprotein from HIV’s envelope that binds to the CD4 molecules on cells’ outside membrane.  2, record 19, English, - glycoprotein%20120

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gp160, code for a glycoprotein that provides an outer coat for the HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). The outer coat, in turn, is composed of gp120, which protrudes from the virus surface, and gp41, which is embedded in the envelope coat.  2, record 19, English, - glycoprotein%20120

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Free gp120 in the body may be toxic to cells on its own, causing CD4 cell depletion in the immune system through apoptosis and neurological damage leading to AIDS dementia complex.  2, record 19, English, - glycoprotein%20120

Record 19,  Textual support,  French

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Le VIH est constitué d'un noyau central contenant le génome viral et des enzymes dont la principale est la transcriptase inverse; ce noyau est entouré d'une membrane lipidique externe exhibant plusieurs projections [spikes] contenant un antigène, la glycoprotéine 120, qui favorise l'adhésion du virus à la surface de la cellule exprimant le récepteur CD4.  3, record 19, French, - glycoprot%C3%A9ine%20120

Record 19,  Textual support,  Spanish

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Glucoproteína que se encuentra en las espículas del VIH [virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana] que le sirven para adherirse al receptor CD4 de la célula T4.  1, record 19, Spanish, - glucoprote%C3%ADna%20120

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La gp-120 circula libremente en el organismo y como partícula independiente puede por sí misma ser tóxica para las células, causando la depleción del sistema inmune a través de la apoptosis y el daño neurológico que puede conducir al complejo de demencia por sida.  1, record 19, Spanish, - glucoprote%C3%ADna%20120

Record 20,  Textual support,  English

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Interleukin that enhances B cell growth and antibody production and stimulates the production of other immune system cells.  6, record 20, English, - B%20cell%20stimulatory%20factor%201

Record 20,  Textual support,  French

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Cytokine qui stimule la prolifération des lymphocytes B et T et la sécrétion des IgE et IgG4.  3, record 20, French, - interleukine%204

Record 20,  Textual support,  Spanish

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Es secretada por las células CD4 para promover la producción de anticuerpos, estimulando la proliferación y maduración de células B.  1, record 20, Spanish, - interleucina%204

Record 21,  Textual support,  English

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Originally, the various processes of the immune system which augmented the phytogenetically primitive mechanisms of phagocytosis and the inflammatory response. Now often used to refer to any processes which are capable of increasing the effects of activated T cells or antibody molecules. Examples : The effects of opsonization by antibody, complement activation, mast cell release of vasoactive amines, and the production of lymphokines by activated T cells.  1, record 21, English, - amplification

Record 21,  Textual support,  French

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Les fonctions régulatrices des lymphocytes T sont décrites selon le sens de leur effet, en termes d'amplification (T"helper", ou Th) ou de suppression (Ts).  2, record 21, French, - amplification

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Régulation des réponses immunitaires [...] Mécanismes d'amplification.  3, record 21, French, - amplification

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Record 22,  Textual support,  English

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Cellular distribution and regulatory effects of the immunoregulator dextran sulfate... :[The] results indicate dextran sulfate may regulate the immune response by influencing T cell function and that dextran sulfate may be rapidly metabolized in vivo to a low molecular-weight sub-unit.  1, record 22, English, - immunoregulator

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Réorientation de la médecine du XXIe siècle (...) : En ce qui concerne la recherche thérapeutique publique et privée, les médicaments de la prévention (antithrombotiques, immuno-régulateurs, neuro-drogues) sont prioritaires à côté des médicaments de défense contre les agressions (antibiotiques, antiviraux, anticancéreux).  1, record 22, French, - immuno%2Dr%C3%A9gulateur

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Record 23,  Textual support,  English

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The yeast cell wall is the portion remaining after the inner contents of the yeast cell have been removed ... Yeast cell wall products consist of two major active components: Mannan oligosaccharides [and] Beta glucans.  2, record 23, English, - yeast%20cell%20wall%20product

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Beta-glucan is an immunomodulator that can be extracted from the cell walls of yeasts, fungi, and some grains. It has enhanced the innate immune system providing protection against bacterial, protozoan, and viral diseases.  3, record 23, English, - yeast%20cell%20wall%20product

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Fibosel® est un produit composé de parois cellulaires de levure de boulangerie, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, riches en béta-glucans [...] Les ß-glucans, contenus dans Fibosel sont des composés essentiels de la paroi des cellules de levure. Ils sont particulièrement intéressants pour leur pouvoir de stimulation du système immunitaire non spécifique chez l'animal [...] Fibosel® est une matière première réservée exclusivement à la fabrication des aliments pour animaux.  1, record 23, French, - produit%20compos%C3%A9%20de%20parois%20cellulaires%20de%20levure

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Record 24,  Textual support,  English

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The technical problems involved in gene transfer therapy make heart transplant surgery look easy. Theoretically, recombinant DNA(inserting strands of DNA where they don’t naturally occur) allows for gene transplantation. Realistically, it is extremely difficult. Researchers have yet to find a way to put a healthy gene into a human somatic cell. DNA is well protected within the cells. DNA writes codes for life, and life would change if DNA were altered. The cell views altered(mutant) DNA as foreign, just like the body views a donor heart. Just like the body has an immune system, the cell has defenses against mutant DNA.  2, record 24, English, - gene%20transplantation

Record 24,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Si on parvient par exemple à introduire un gène d'une cellule humaine dans l'ADN d'une bactérie, ce gène se comportera dans cette bactérie comme chez l'homme. Pour pouvoir réaliser une telle «transplantation génétique» il faut que le gène en question soit découpé au bon endroit de la chaîne d'ADN de la cellule humaine et que l'ADN récepteur de la bactérie puisse être ouvert artificiellement au bon endroit. Pour faire sortir les gènes, on fait intervenir des enzymes dites de restriction et des ligases (enzymes collantes) pour leur incorporation dans le nouvel ADN. Si on parvient par une telle transplantation de gène à faire en sorte que la cellule hôte produise la protéine voulue, commandée par le gène du donneur, on obtiendra alors une protéine recombinante. La cellule hôte, une bactérie dans notre exemple, se multiplie rapidement avec son nouveau gène, ce qui fait que très rapidement, une multitude de bactéries seront en mesure de produire la protéine voulue en grande quantité, ce qui n'aurait pas été possible avec la cellule donneuse. Les bactéries sont particulièrement indiquées, car une partie de leur ADN se trouve sous forme de plasmide. Les plasmides sont parfaits pour la transmission de gènes.  1, record 24, French, - transplantation%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique

Record 24,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Inserción de ADN foráneo dentro de las células de un organismo.  5, record 24, Spanish, - trasplante%20de%20genes

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Existen muchas razones para la transferencia génica: por ejemplo, intentar tratar una enfermedad suministrándole al paciente genes terapéuticos. Hay muchas formas de transferir genes. La mayoría implican el uso de un vector, como un virus modificado especialmente, que pueda llevar los genes consigo al penetrar en la célula.  5, record 24, Spanish, - trasplante%20de%20genes

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Trasplante. Término recomendado por la Real Academia Española. Transplante es una variante de trasplante.  4, record 24, Spanish, - trasplante%20de%20genes

Record 25,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A primary transmembrane protein of immune cells that serves as a key part of the innate immune system.  3, record 25, English, - Toll%2Dlike%20receptor

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 OBS

[Toll-like receptors] are a group of pattern recognition receptors(PRRs) that bind to pathogen-associated molecular patterns(PAMPs). Their function is the recognition of pathogens and the activation of immune cell responses directed against those pathogens.  3, record 25, English, - Toll%2Dlike%20receptor

Record 25,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 CONT

En revanche, ces cellules expriment des récepteurs spécialisés de description récente, les récepteurs Toll ou TLR (Toll-like receptors) se liant à différents composés bactériens: des peptidoglycanes et des lipoprotéines bactériennes dans le cas de TLR2 [...]  1, record 25, French, - r%C3%A9cepteur%20Toll

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 OBS

TLR : Bien que la plupart des ouvrages utilisent l'abréviation TLR pour désigner la notion, on devrait éviter de l'utiliser, lorsque c'est possible, car elle est issue du syntagme anglais Toll-like receptor.  5, record 25, French, - r%C3%A9cepteur%20Toll

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 2 OBS

récepteur TLR : Bien que plusieurs auteurs utilisent cette expression, issue de l'anglais (Toll-Like Receptor), il vaudrait mieux lui préférer l'expression française récepteur Toll, qui n'est guère plus longue à écrire.  5, record 25, French, - r%C3%A9cepteur%20Toll

Record 25,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La porción citoplasmática del receptor de IL-1 tipo I también es homóloga a la de un receptor de superficie de Drosophila denominado receptor de tipo Toll, que está implicado en la defensa frente a las infecciones.  2, record 25, Spanish, - receptor%20de%20tipo%20toll

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 OBS

receptor de tipo toll; receptor de tipo Toll: Los expertos no se ponen de acuerdo si se debe escribir "toll" con mayúscula o minúscula. Algunos afirman que las normas de nomenclatura génica prefieren la minúscula si la palabra no se refiere a un nombre propio. En este caso, "toll" es una palabra alemana que significa "extraordinario".  4, record 25, Spanish, - receptor%20de%20tipo%20toll

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 2 OBS

receptor tipo peaje: La palabra "toll" no proviene del inglés, que en español equivale a "peaje". Es un adjetivo alemán que significa "extraordinario".  4, record 25, Spanish, - receptor%20de%20tipo%20toll

Record 26,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 CONT

An encounter with a foreign pathogen or antigen stimulates naive T lymphocyte activation and the generation of immunologic memory. The T cells which are responsible for immunologic memory differ, both phenotypically and functionally, from naive T cells. Of interest is the observation that aging is associated with an enhanced level of memory T cells, suggesting that the qualitative T cell response differs in the elderly. Further, differences in the proportion of memory to naive T cells may be responsible for immune dysfunction and autoimmunity associated with the aging process. In general, the goal of our research is to characterize the differences between antigenically naive(virgin) and memory T helper cells at the developmental, phenotypic, and functional levels  1, record 26, English, - naive%20T%20lymphocyte

Record 26,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Pour être efficace, la réponse immunitaire doit être adaptée à chaque type d'infection. De ce fait, les lymphocytes T naïfs peuvent se différencier, en fonction des besoins, soit en lymphocytes auxiliaires de type Th1, soit en Th2.  1, record 26, French, - lymphocyte%20T%20naif

Record 26,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 27,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The conversion of an antigen into a form in which it can be recognized by lymphocytes.  1, record 27, English, - antigen%20processing

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Antigen processing. Antigen entering the immune system sometimes requires processing before it can be recognized by lymphocytes. Phagocytes which take up antigen can either degrade it completely in their phagolysosomes or can return partly degraded antigen to the cell surface where it is presented to the lymphocytes.  1, record 27, English, - antigen%20processing

Record 27,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Transformation d'un antigène sous une forme reconnaissable par les lymphocytes.  2, record 27, French, - traitement%20de%20l%27antig%C3%A8ne

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La phase finale de maturation des cellules de Langerhans [...] et le rôle précis des granules de Birbeck (dans le traitement de l'antigène ou «antigen processing») sont des voies de recherche [...]  1, record 27, French, - traitement%20de%20l%27antig%C3%A8ne

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 2 CONT

(Les mécanismes immunologiques) dépendent [...] d'autres cellules présentant l'antigène (par exemple les cellules cutanées de Langherhans) nécessaires au «traitement» («processing») de la plupart des antigènes.  3, record 27, French, - traitement%20de%20l%27antig%C3%A8ne

Record 27,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 28,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 28, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The intestinal M cell is a target to regulate the mucosal immune system.  1, record 28, English, - M%20cell

Record 28,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 28, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Cellule de l'épithélium muqueux, spécialisée dans la captation des antigènes du milieu extérieur.  1, record 28, French, - cellule%20M

Record 28,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 29,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 29, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Non-lymphotic cell which functions as a modulator of immune responses or of lymphocyte function of development. Usually Ia positive.  1, record 29, English, - accessory%20cell

Record 29,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 29, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Cellule participant au fonctionnement du système immunitaire, aidant à l'activation des effecteurs, les lymphocytes T et B, mais non directement impliquée dans les réponses spécifiques.  1, record 29, French, - cellule%20accessoire

Record 29,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 30,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 30, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A subpopulation of lymphoid stem cells differentiates along T-cell lineage to become pre-T cells. These migrate to the thymus cell, where they become thymocytes then acquire different cell-surface antigen markers and functionally differentiate into subpopulations of T helper(inducer) cells, T suppressor cells, and T cytotoxic(killer) cells. These cells are involved in the regulation of the immune response and the manifestations of cell-mediated immunity.  1, record 30, English, - pre%2DT%20cell

Record 30,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 30, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Précurseurs déterminés (cellules pré-B et pré-T). L'existence de ces cellules n'est pas formellement démontrées. [...] Certains auteurs pensent [...] que ce sont les signaux cellulaires et/ou humoraux délivrés par les microenvironnements du thymus, de la bourse de Fabricius ou de son équivalent qui orientent la cellule souche lymphoïde vers la lignée T ou B. Certains arguments donnent à penser qu'il existe une prédétermination B ou T survenant avant le contact avec ces microenvironnements.  1, record 30, French, - cellule%20pr%C3%A9%2DT

Record 30,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 31,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Cell of the immune system that inhibits or helps to terminate an immune response.  1, record 31, English, - suppressor%20cell

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Related terms: suppressor macrophage; suppressor T cell.  2, record 31, English, - suppressor%20cell

Record 31,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Toute cellule qui contrôle, en la diminuant, la réponse d'autres cellules du système immunitaire.  1, record 31, French, - cellule%20suppressive

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Terme connexe : cellule T suppressive.  2, record 31, French, - cellule%20suppressive

Record 31,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 32,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 32, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A serum globulin (invariably an immunoglobulin) that precipitates at low temperatures (e.g., 4°C) and redissolves at 37°C.  2, record 32, English, - cryoglobulin

Record number: 32, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Cryoglobulins are classified as Type I, monoclonal immunoglobulins; Type II, immune complexes involving immunoglobulins with antibody activity against polyclonal immunoglobulins; or Type III, immune complexes involving polyclonal immunoglobulins; in most cases, these are globulin-antiglobulin immune complexes like type II complexes. Types I and II occur in plasma cell dyscrasias and lymphoproliferative disorders Types II and III occur in autoimmune disease such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjogren's syndrome.  2, record 32, English, - cryoglobulin

Record 32,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 32, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Immunoglobuline ayant la propriété de précipiter "à froid" à des températures variables selon le type de cryoglobuline au-dessous de 37°C, et de se redissoudre à 37°C.  2, record 32, French, - cryoglobuline

Record number: 32, Textual support number: 1 OBS

On distingue les cryoglobulines monoclonales des cryoglobulines mixtes, de type IgM-IgG où, en général, l'IgG est l'antigène et l'IgM un anticorps anti-IgG (cette IgM pouvant être monoclonale ou non).  2, record 32, French, - cryoglobuline

Record 32,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 32, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Globulinas que precipitan espontáneamente cuando la temperatura del suero baja de 37º C.  2, record 32, Spanish, - crioglobulina

Record 33,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 33, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Non-lymphocytic cell that carries antigen and presents it to lymphocytes resulting in the induction of an immune response. In many cases, such induction shows MHC-restriction usually for Class II antigens, thus the antigen-presenting cell and the antigen-recognizing lymphocytes must be syngenic.  1, record 33, English, - antigen%2Dpresenting%20cell

Record number: 33, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Macrophages and other types of accessory cell may act as antigen-presenting cells.  1, record 33, English, - antigen%2Dpresenting%20cell

Record 33,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 33, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Selon la conception actuelle, le récepteur T(RT) reconnait l'antigène (AG) au niveau de la membrane (m) des cellules présentatrices de l'antigène (CPA) en association avec les molécules HLA de classe II [...].  1, record 33, French, - cellule%20pr%C3%A9sentatrice%20de%20l%27antig%C3%A8ne

Record 33,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 34,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 34, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Scientists report in Wednesday's edition of the journal Nature Genetics that they have created the first functioning, artificial human chromosome. The new technology, developed by researchers from Case Western Reserve University and Athersys Inc., may eventually provide a way to cure inherited diseases by altering the cell' s genetic structure. Athersys officials say they would like to use artificial chromosomes as a way to package treatments for diseases affecting the immune system, such as AIDS, as well as blood disorders such as sickle cell anemia.  2, record 34, English, - artificial%20human%20chromosome

Record 34,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 34, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La synthèse d'un chromosome humain artificiel constitue un autre événement majeur de cette année 1997 dans le domaine de la génétique. Grâce à ces molécules fabriquées par des chercheurs américains, les généticiens disposent désormais de remarquables outils pour mieux comprendre les mécanismes qui régissent la conservation et les remaniements du patrimoine génétique humain. Depuis des années, on sait que ces mécanismes interviennent dans l'apparition de cancers et de nombreuses autres maladies graves. Selon les chercheurs, les chromosomes humains artificiels pourraient se révéler d'excellents vecteurs pour assurer le transfert de gènes « normaux » dans l'organisme de personnes atteintes de pathologies génétiques.  1, record 34, French, - chromosome%20humain%20artificiel

Record 34,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 35,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 35, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The concept of immunologic surveillance was proposed as a paradigm by Burnet3 in 1970 to explain the spontaneous growth of cancer in a normal host. He proposed that the immune system had the capacity of detecting non-self from self as a general principle. When non-self was detected, the immune systems reacted with a variety of effectors, whose responsibility was to destroy the invading organisms. This understanding was found to be essentially correct when applied to invading organisms such as bacteria, pleuropneumonia-like organisms and viruses. The major cell type of the immune system whose responsibility it was to make the self-nonself determination were T cells.  2, record 35, English, - non%2Dself

Record 35,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 35, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La distinction entre les notions de soi et de non-soi se comprend aisément lorsque l'on considère un antigène dont le caractère "étranger" à l'organisme s'impose d'évidence. Une bactérie, un virus, une toxine de serpent sont, bien entendu, des antigènes étrangers au système immunitaire de l'homme ou de la souris. On notera toutefois qu'une substance n'a nullement besoin d'être pathogène pour stimuler le système immunitaire; il suffit qu'elle soit étrangère à l'organisme chez lequel elle pénètre.  2, record 35, French, - non%2Dsoi

Record number: 35, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Le soi est identifié de manière fonctionnelle comme les déterminants antigéniques potentiels d'un sujet qui ne sont pas reconnus efficacement par son système immunitaire. Le non-soi est l'état symétrique.  3, record 35, French, - non%2Dsoi

Record 35,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 36,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 36, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The body's immune system distinguishes normal from "foreign" cells by the molecules, called antigens, found on each cell wall. Cancer cells have specific antigens that act as targets for the immune system. Some scientists say a vaccine containing the right combination and number of these antigens-a cocktail, in research lingo-is the best potential weapon.  1, record 36, English, - antigen%20cocktail

Record 36,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 36, Textual support number: 1 OBS

antigène : substance qui peut engendrer des anticorps. (antigènes microbiens).  2, record 36, French, - cocktail%20antig%C3%A9nique

Record 36,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 37,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 37, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Activation of macrophages by bacterial lipopolysaccharide(LPS) induces transcription of genes that encode for proinflammatory regulators of the immune response. Previous work has suggested that activation of the transcription factor activator protein 1(AP-1) is one LPS-induced event that mediates this response. Consistent with this notion, we found that LPS stimulated AP-1-mediated transcription of a transfected reporter gene in the murine macrophage cell line RAW 264. 7. As AP-1 activity is regulated in part by activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase(JNK), which phosphorylates and subsequently increases the transcriptional activity of c-Jun, we examined whether LPS treatment of macrophages resulted in activation of this kinase.  3, record 37, English, - jun%20N%2Dterminal%20kinase

Record number: 37, Textual support number: 1 OBS

PNAS Activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase in bacterial lipopolysaccharide-sti. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Volume 93, Number 07; Pages: 2774-2778 Immunology.  4, record 37, English, - jun%20N%2Dterminal%20kinase

Record 37,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 37, Textual support number: 1 OBS

JNK  2, record 37, French, - prot%C3%A9ine%20JNK

Record 37,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 38,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 38, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Immune cells that have the chance to react to a foreign substance multiply thereafter and remain in the body at high concentrations, ready to defend against another potential invasion.  3, record 38, English, - immune%2Ddefense%20cell

Record number: 38, Textual support number: 2 CONT

... one effect of the substances released by mast cells is to attract other immune-defense cells to the area, where they can be available to join the fight against any invader.  1, record 38, English, - immune%2Ddefense%20cell

Record 38,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 38, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Lors d'un contact avec un antigène étranger, par exemple une molécule virale, les macrophages, cellules immunitaires non spécifiques, sont les premiers à réagir: ils ingèrent l'antigène puis le découpent.  1, record 38, French, - cellule%20immunitaire

Record 38,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 39,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 39, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Raji cells test. Raji cells are lymphoblastoid B cell lines infected with Epstein-Barr virus that replicate in culture condition. These cells have C3 receptor on their surface than can fix immune complexes and permits the measurement of immune complexes by secondary fixation with radiolabeled anti-Ig antibody.  1, record 39, English, - Raji%20cell%20test

Record number: 39, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Assays such as the Raji cell assay are based on the interaction of ICs containing complement components with cellular receptors, e.g. a C3 receptor on the Raji cell.  2, record 39, English, - Raji%20cell%20test

Record 39,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 39, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le test utilisant les cellules «Raji» consiste à incuber le sérum à tester avec des cellules lymphoblastoïdes maintenues en culture, les cellules «Raji». La suspension cellulaire est ensuite lavée et on lui ajoute la fraction Ig radiomarquée d'un sérum de lapin anti-Ig humaine. Les complexes immuns qui se sont fixés sur les cellules «Raji» (par l'intermédiaire du Ciq et du C3 qu'ils ont fixé in vivo) lient l'antisérum marqué. Le test peut être faussé par la présence d'anticorps antilymphocytaires.  1, record 39, French, - test%20utilisant%20les%20cellules%20%C2%ABRaji%C2%BB

Record 39,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 40,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 40, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Transplantation... Some allogeneic tissues induce only weak immune reactions, eg. liver. One explanation is that the privileged tissues express relatively few MHC antigens on their cell surfaces.  1, record 40, English, - privileged%20tissue

Record 40,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 40, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les tissus privilégiés sont des tissus non vascularisés particulièrement résistants aux phénomènes de rejet. Ainsi, les cartilages, recouverts de sialomucine, ne sont pas rejetés quand ils sont greffés à des hôtes allogéniques.  1, record 40, French, - tissu%20privil%C3%A9gi%C3%A9

Record 40,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 41,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 41, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The major histocompatibility system in the mouse, it is composed of a number of H-2 genes which control the histocompatibility antigens on somatic cell surfaces as well as the immune responses of the animal. The antigens within a given mouse strain are controlled by arrangement of alleles of these tightly linked loci.  1, record 41, English, - H%2D2%20histocompatibility%20system

Record 41,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 41, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Système majeur d'histocompatibilité contrôlant le rejet des greffes et dont les gènes obéissent à une ségrégation mendélienne. Ces gènes sont situés dans une région appelée H-2 (chez la souris).  1, record 41, French, - syst%C3%A8me%20H%2D2

Record 41,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 42,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 42, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The circular route of IgA committed B cells from GALT(gut-associated lymphoid tissue) to the systemic circulation and back to the lamina propria is called the IgA cell cycle.... the regulation of the IgA cell cycle is intimately involved with host defense to dietary antigen and the well established phenomenon if immune tolerance.  1, record 42, English, - IgA%20cell%20cycle

Record 42,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 42, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les cellules à IgA parcourent un véritable cycle : les précurseurs abandonnent les plaques de Peyer par voie lymphatique, se différencient en cellules mûres à IgA dans les ganglions mésentériques, gagnent le canal thoracique, puis migrent de façon élective dans les ganglions intestinaux et à un moindre degré dans la rate.  1, record 42, French, - cycle%20des%20cellules%20%C3%A0%20IgA

Record 42,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 43,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 43, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Antigen present on a tumour cell surface that elicits an immune response, in a syngeneic animal or the tumor-bearing animal itself which leads to the rejection of the tumor but has no effect on the normal cells from which the tumour arose.  1, record 43, English, - tumor%20specific%20transplantation%20antigen

Record number: 43, Textual support number: 2 DEF

Any of the cell surface histocompatibility antigens of any given tumour that evoke a specific immune response on transplantation to a syngeneic host.  2, record 43, English, - tumor%20specific%20transplantation%20antigen

Record 43,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 43, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Antigènes de tumeur : [...] les TSTA qui sont des antigènes "TSA" susceptibles d'entraîner le rejet de la cellule qui les porte.  2, record 43, French, - antig%C3%A8ne%20TSTA

Record number: 43, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Antigènes de tumeurs induites par les virus oncogènes. [...] On distingue [...] les antigènes TSTA (Tumor Specific Transplantation Antigens), antigènes membranaires pouvant être à l'origine d'une IMC et donc d'un rejet (tout au moins en expérimentation animale). Ces antigènes cellulaires dépendent de la présence du virus, mais ne sont pas présents sur le virus lui-même [...]  3, record 43, French, - antig%C3%A8ne%20TSTA

Record 43,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 44,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 44, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Made immunologically responsive by original exposure to antigen, as a lymphocyte or other cell of the immune system.  1, record 44, English, - primed

Record number: 44, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Upon subsequent exposure to antigen a primed cell is capable of dividing into other primal cells, synthesizing antibody, or taking part in a cell-mediated immune reaction.  1, record 44, English, - primed

Record 44,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 44, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Se dit d'un organisme ou d'une cellule ayant subi une sensibilisation.  1, record 44, French, - sensibilis%C3%A9

Record number: 44, Textual support number: 1 OBS

sensibilisation : In vivo : administration d'un antigène susceptible de provoquer une réponse immunologique que révélera, par exemple, la réaction provoquée par une seconde administration du même antigène.  1, record 44, French, - sensibilis%C3%A9

Record 44,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 45,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 45, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Equimmune TM is an adjuvanted, stabilized emulsion of immune stimulants. It is obtained from microbacterial cell wall immunostimulant  1, record 45, English, - microbacterial%20cell%20wall%20immunostimulant

Record 45,  Textual support,  French

Record 45,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 46,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 46, Textual support number: 1 OBS

... the immune system has the duty to police cell growth and prevent the survival and replication of abnormal or "outlaw" cells.(March)  1, record 46, English, - outlaw%20cell

Record 46,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 46, Textual support number: 1 OBS

toute cellule étrangère est impitoyablement rejetée. Un système spécial de défense, le système immunitaire, monte la garde en permanence contre toute intrusion de l'extérieur. (26 mars)  1, record 46, French, - cellule%20%C3%A9trang%C3%A8re

Record 46,  Textual support,  Spanish